Enclosing the land: Cotton,population growth and tenure in Mali

On-going tenure changes in the cotton zone in southern Mali are discussed. Land tenure in the area is changing and adapting to the rapid agricultural development taking place. This adaptation supports the main tenets of Property Rights Theory (PRT). The driving forces behind enclosure of land rights as described by PRT, such as population pressure and increased market access, are acknowledged. Enclosure takes two forms in the study area. First, some customary authorities in villages where population pressure is relatively high attempt to restrict access to pastures and woods on village land to create exclusive village commons. Second, holdings are being subdivided and farmers are increasingly confining their fields through tree planting. Except around the towns, where semi-formal land sales are becoming increasingly frequent, this individualisation does not imply exclusive and absolute private property to land. Bundles of overlapping rights still exist where various individuals or groups control access to different resources on the same piece of land.     

Alpine medicinal plant trade and Himalayan mountain livelihood strategies

Commercial alpine medicinal plants are collected from the wild by local rural households throughout the Himalaya and sold in order to increase household incomes. Recent studies indicate that this annual trade amounts to thousands of tonnes of roots, rhizomes, tubers, leaves, etc., worth millions of US dollars. The main market is in India. Based on a national survey, including the most commonly traded species, and a village study this paper investigates the importance of the alpine medicinal plant trade at national and local levels in Nepal. The national survey included standardized open-ended interviews with 232 harvesters, 64 local traders, 66 central wholesalers, 47 regional wholesalers, and 16 production companies. The village survey is based on the daily records of household activities in 15 households in a one-year period. The annual Nepalese alpine and sub-alpine medicinal plant trade is conservatively estimated to vary from 480 to 2500 t with a total harvester value of US$0.8–3.3 million; the average harvester value is estimated at US$66.0 ± 99.0. The trade in 1997/98 amounted to 1600 t with a harvester value of US$2.3 million and an export value equivalent to 2.5% of total export from Nepal. Medicinal plant harvesting was found to constitute an integrated part of local livelihood strategies, contributing from 3 to 44% (average of 12%) of the annual household income. Importance at household level depended on land and animal holdings, and the availability of adult male labour. The validity and reliability of methods and analyses is evaluated, and issues of conservation and management of alpine medicinal plant species under the community forestry scheme are discussed.     

珠江三角洲地区城中村土地供求的动态均衡分析

土地问题是我国城中村研究的核心问题。在对珠江三角洲地区城中村进行实地调研的基础上,就城中村主体的行为特征、城中村土地供应和需求的基本特征进行了总结。以理论推导与现实印证相结合的方法,基于经济学中的供求理论,对城中村土地供求变化进行了动态均衡分析。从村庄"内部人"的视角,考察在各种内外部因素变动(征地与留用地,城中村改造,村民城市化转型)的情况下,城中村主体如何实现土地的供应和需求均衡。总体上,城中村土地变化表现为土地需求被动地追随(因征地而发生的)供应减少而下降,以实现供求均衡。具体而言,在城中村形成阶段,供求均衡借助乡村工业化,即农业用地转为工业用地而实现;在城中村存续阶段,存在土地供求的逐渐失衡;在城中村改造阶段,供求均衡最终必须通过城市化,即村民转为市民而实现。     

A method to dynamically subdivide parcels in land use change models

Spatial simulation models have become a popular tool in studying land use/land cover (LULC) change. An important, yet largely overlooked process in such models is the land subdivision, which is known to govern LULC change and landscape restructuring to a large extent. To fill this gap, we propose an efficient and straightforward method to simulate dynamic land subdivision in LULC change models. Key features in the proposed method are implementing a hierarchical landscape where adjacent cells of the same LULC type form patches, patches form properties, and properties form the landscape and incorporating real subdivision layouts. Furthermore, we use a queue-based modified flood-fill algorithm to dynamically reset LULC patches following a subdivision. The proposed subdivision method is demonstrated in action using a prototype agent-based LULC model developed for an amenity landscape in Australia. Results show that it is computationally feasible to run the subdivision method even as spatial resolution is increased, thus providing a proven means for spatial simulation models to dynamically split parcel land.     

Farm Size Change in New Zealand

The size of farm holdings is a commonly used indicator of change in rural societies and economies. This paper reviews the explanation for changes in farm size in developed western countries and identifies the inadequacy of national data in presenting an accurate explanation of change. The literature is characterised by relative neglect of the influence of different farming systems, policy and legislative changes and other factors. In New Zealand, national farm size has decreased since the mid-1970s, but the experiences of different parts of the country has varied considerably. Farm size has decreased the most where subdivision and intensification of land use have taken place, whilst in some pastoral regions farm size has been maintained or has even increased.     

吉林省村域尺度下居民点空间分布特征及优化重组模式

乡村聚落的空间优化与重构是提高土地资源利用效率,改善农村生产生活条件,促进乡村可持续发展的重要手段。以吉林省为例,采用核密度估计方法和景观形状指数分析了农村居民点空间分布特征,基于农户调查数据估算了吉林省不同区域的农村宅基地闲置情况,将农村居民点长期存在的“破碎化”和日益突出的“空心化”相结合,提出了在行政村尺度下农村居民点优化重组的“整小填大”新模式。结果表明：① 吉林省农村居民点规模小且零散分布,尤其中部呈破碎化分布,形态不规则,具有较大的整治潜力;② 吉林省农村宅基地平均闲置率为18.32%,西部地区最高（24.48%）,分别高于东部和中部地区约6%和12%;③“整小填大”模式可使农村居民点数量减少44.6%,增加有效耕地面积1 046.66 km²。     

基于RS和GIS的土地生产力与人口承载量──以向家坝库区为例

本文在分析土地生产力与承载力研究现状的基础上 ,以向家坝库区耕地为研究对象 ,根据库区经济地理现状 ,确定土地人口载量研究区域 ,并利用GIS和RS技术对研究区土地利用现状和地形地貌特点进行深入分析 ,建立“空间·属性一体化”数据库。本文还建立了土地资源人口承载量评价指标体系 ,利用潜力递减法 ,进行以村级为单位的耕地粮食综合村尺度的近期和远景 (2 0 12 )土地人口承载量研究 ,提出与当地农业发展相一致的整个研究区环境容量。结果表明 ,与其它耕作方式相比 ,复种耕种可获得更大的人口承载量 ;库区环境容量已趋饱和 ,而且未来库区土地承载力呈下降趋势 ;通过改良品种、扩大水稻播种面积可在一定程度上缓解地矛盾。     

川中丘陵区土地利用变化的生态环境效应——以中国科学院盐亭紫色土农业生态试验站集水区为例

通过长期的观测数据分析与土地利用现状的对比 ,研究四川盆地中部丘陵盐亭紫色土农业生态试验站集水区的土地利用变化及其环境效应。结果表明 ,截流村土地利用自 6 0年代以来发生了巨大变化 ,其中有林地增长约 30 % ,有林地分布在丘陵坡顶、陡坎和地边 ,与农田形成镶嵌格局 ,由此构成的农林复合系统有较好的水土保持能力 ,缓减了农村燃料、饲料、材料和肥料的不足 ,具有良好的生态、社会和经济效应 ,初步实现了生态系统的良性循环。     

Monitoring land use change in an African tribal village on the rural-urban fringe

Urban land uses commonly compete favourably with rural land uses on the rural-urban fringe under the principal of land rents in a free market. Where a free market does not exist, complications in land use competition may develop and make it difficult to acquire land for the ever increasing demands of urban use. This study uses GIS to quantify and analyse patterns of land use change reflecting competition among various types of land use in the village of Tlokweng on the rural-urban fringe of the city of Gaborone, Botswana, over a 26-year period between 1963 and 1989. The villages in the tribal territories on the rural-urban fringe where Tlokweng is located practise communal land tenure under which individuals are allocated land parcels free of monetary cost. The city of Gaborone, on the other hand, has a free land market. Differences in the price of land have encouraged migrants to the city to attempt to acquire residential plots from the tribal territories on the city's rural-urban fringe. However, since there are no incentives for exchanging land, would-be purchasers have faced resistance in acquiring plots on the outskirts of the village. During the period of study there was no organized expansion of the village and patterns of land use change could only be analysed by monitoring the increase in the number of plots allocated to various uses and the aggregate area occupied by these plots. Results indicate that more and more allocations of residential plots are made from vacant land within the older part of the village, resulting in increased congestion. It is recommended that commercialization of the communal lands, already contemplated by the government, may partially reduce resistance to changes in land ownership and arrest further congestion in the villages on Gaborone's rural-urban fringe.     

武汉市城市边缘区村镇发展模式与土地利用政策研究

在城乡统筹发展战略的指引下,探讨武汉市城市边缘区实现生态框架构建、区域经济发展诉求、城市整体空间优化与农用地资源保护协调共赢的土地利用机制。分析武汉市城市边缘区的土地利用特点、产业发展规划及其导向作用对村镇建设模式与土地利用政策的要求,将该区涉及的12个区、37个乡(镇、街、场)分为生态控制型乡镇、引导发展型乡镇和城镇发展型乡镇3类。以区域产业布局为支撑,构建"镇区+社区+园区"的区域村镇发展体系;将区域内650个原有村庄分为搬迁型、控制性和发展型进行社区化建设,以期为促进城市边缘区村镇发展提供模式借鉴;并从城乡建设用地增减挂钩、集体建设用地流转、农用地制度改革及区域土地综合整治等方面,探索相关土地利用政策的应对机制。     

重庆市武隆县农地流转下农业劳动力对耕地撂荒的不同尺度影响

在农地流转市场日趋完善的背景下,农户间的耕地流转无疑会缓解因部分农户劳动力不足造成的耕地撂荒现象,但仅从农户尺度上分析难以揭示农业劳动力数量与耕地撂荒间的关系。运用重庆市武隆县17 个乡镇40个自然村的308 份农户调查数据,通过二分类Logistic 回归模型、简单相关和偏相关分析,从农户和村庄两个层次上探讨农业劳动力对耕地撂荒的影响程度及农地流转对两者关系的影响。结果显示：① 农户尺度上亩均农业劳动力对耕地是否撂荒的影响不显著,而在村庄尺度上显著。② 亩均务农劳动力与耕地撂荒规模的偏相关回归分析中,控制耕地流转和不控制流转条件下,农户尺度上两者的偏相关系数和简单相关系数分别为-0.138 和-0.027,前者在1%水平上显著,而后者不显著;村庄尺度上,控制流转和不控制流转的相关系数分别为-0.273 和-0.294,均在5%水平上显著。③ 在农地流转市场较为完善的地区,选择在村庄尺度上进行农业劳动力对耕地撂荒影响分析研究是比较合理的。     

Effects of postsocialist reforms on land cover and land use in South-Eastern Albania

This paper examines effects of postsocialist reforms on land cover and land use through a case study from South-eastern Albania. The paper uses satellite data to measure changes in land cover between 1988 and 2003, draws on a village survey to assess changes in local land-use practices, and examines shifts in the determinants of land cover through seemingly unrelated regressions at the village level. The results show a high incidence of cropland abandonment especially in lower-lying areas closer to markets. Socio-economic factors have emerged as new determinants of spatial variation, suggesting a growing influence of market principles on land use.     

基于农户调研的中国农村居民点空心化程度研究

基于中国范围的乡村人居环境调研数据,分析了中国农村宅基地空心现象。结果表明：① 中国农村宅基地空心化严重,93.5%的调研村庄有空心化现象,平均空心化率达到10.2%。② 省域农村宅基地空心化差异明显,其中华北、华东、华中地区普遍较高;③ 多种因素导致农村宅基地空心化,认为是“外出务工”、“户口迁移”、“房屋年久失修”及“一户多宅” 的受访者分别占39.94%,19.51%,25.73%和14.82%。④ 中国农村空心化宅基地再利用潜力巨大,但再利用难度大,需要从改革城乡二元体制和乡村空间重构的角度进行空心村整治。     

村域尺度土地利用现状分类体系的构建与应用 ——以山东禹城牌子村为例

随着LUCC到GLP研究的不断深入,我国空心村土地整治实践的相继推进,以及高分辨率遥感数据的陆续产生,深入开展村域尺度的土地利用调查与评价研究具有迫切现实需求,而构建村域尺度土地利用现状分类体系则是支撑村庄土地利用用地调查与评价的重要前提与关键。参考《土地利用现状分类》国家标准(GB/T21010-2007),构建了基于0.25m分辨率中科高清遥感影像的村域尺度土地利用现状分类体系,并在山东省禹城市牌子村进行了实际应用。构建的基于高分辨率遥感影像的土地利用现状分类体系,不仅准确反映了牌子村的土地利用结构及其用地特征,而且还测算出该村所具备的土地资源整治潜力,取得了良好的实际应用效果。基于0.25m高分辨率遥感数据所构建的村域土地利用现状分类体系有据可依,简单易行,成果明确。研究成果可直接为我国村庄特别是空心村土地综合整治潜力的调查与评价提供技术方法的有益参考和有力支持。     

Resident Attitudes to Farmland Protection Measures in the Northern Rivers Region,New South Wales

In-migration to popular ‘sea change’ and ‘tree change’ regions has produced conflicts between rural land users. In the Northern Rivers region of New South Wales, new residential developments have been built on much of what was previously prime agricultural land, while farmers (in particular, those negatively affected by the deregulation of the dairy industry) have sought to secure retirement incomes by subdividing land for sale. Although developers, local councils and individual farmers sometimes see eye to eye on the mutual benefits of in-migration and population growth, land use has none the less become the subject of a hotly contested local political battle. Conflicts occur at the interface of growing urban developments and surrounding farmland, with new residents finding the sights, sounds and smells of rural production intrusive. More generally, there is considerable concern that the best farmland in the region may be lost to urbanisation and rural residential subdivision. This paper discusses the results of a survey that collected opinions from local residents about the pressures on the region's land uses by in-migration, the future role of farmland as both an economic and cultural landscape, and views on proposed measures to protect prime farmland in the region. Results highlighted a strong and consistent ‘pro-farmland’ and ‘pro-protection’ attitude throughout the region, and across social groups. Yet, variations emerged when respondents were asked about why they attribute value to agricultural landscapes. For some, ‘economic’ values dominated, while for others, value was attributed in ways that reflected an emerging ethos of ‘localism’ and village lifestyle. Although values differed, a clear message from this study is that the population of Australia's pre-eminent ‘sea change’ region strongly support measures to curb urban development and the more destructive consequences of a dynamic property market.     

村镇建设用地扩展与生态环境效应的耦合协同规律及类型甄别——以重庆市荣昌区为例

村镇建设用地扩展不可避免地挤压生态系统空间,打破系统内部原有的生态环境和生物地球化学过程,在生态文明的时代背景下,如何处理好村镇建设用地扩展与生态环境保护的关系对于实现可持续发展至关重要。论文在厘清村镇建设用地扩展与生态环境效应耦合协调机制的基础上,通过构建评价指标体系分析了2008—2018年重庆市荣昌区村镇建设用地扩展与生态环境效应协调发展的时空演变格局并划分耦合协调发展类型。研究发现：① 村镇建设用地扩展与生态环境效应以人类活动为纽带而构成交互耦合体,解析二者的耦合协调关系为理解村镇建设中“发展”与“保护”这对矛盾体提供了通道。② 2008、2013、2018年荣昌区村镇建设用地扩展与生态环境效应的耦合协调度在时间上呈上升趋势,在空间上呈南北高、中间低的分异格局。③ 运用耦合协调模型并结合同步发展模型将荣昌区村镇划分为保护与发展同步型、生态环境支持型、生态环境损耗型3种耦合协调类型。④ 针对各耦合协调类型提出差异化调控策略：保护与发展同步型村镇应兼顾经济发展与生态保护;生态环境支持型村镇可以适量开发未利用地;生态环境损耗型村镇应改变生态环境效应滞后的现状。     

河南农区经济发展差异地理影响的小尺度分析

对中国第一农业大省河南的乡镇数据分析表明, 地理因素对农区经济发展具重要影响。 在较低经济发展水平的乡镇, 地形和农业资源条件具有显著的影响; 而在相对较高经济发展 水平的乡镇, 地理位置以及与此相伴生的基础设施条件的影响更为显著。模型分析表明, 地 形显著影响乡镇的人均收入, 而且随着收入的增加, 其影响程度递减。人均土地面积显著影 响非农产业发展水平较低的乡镇的人均收入。对非农产业比重低于20%的乡镇, 人均土地每 增加1 hm², 人均收入就增加约96 元。地理位置影响着相关农区经济的发展, 尤其是对收入 较高的农区的影响十分明显。全省高收入乡镇的70%集中在河南中部地区, 正好与中原城市 群的空间范围相吻合。就单个乡镇而论, 离县城的距离显著影响高收入乡镇的人均收入。地 理因素对欠发达农区经济发展影响处于变动之中。随着经济水平的提高, 传统地理因素(如 地形、农业资源因素等) 的影响逐渐被对经济积聚有明显影响的地理临近性等要素的影响所 取代。因此, 不能简单的认为地理因素对经济发展的影响在下降。     

Farms in a Finnish village (Levanto) 1787–1916

Kampp, Aa. H. & Rikkinen, Kalevi, 1973: Farms in a Finnish Village (Levanto) 1787–1916. Geografisk Tidsskrift 72: 18–32. København, September 30, 1973.

The paper is a case study on a South-Finnish village as to number and size of holdings from the two-course rotation system in the 18th century to full reallotment in 1916.     

广佛区域土地利用结构对非点源污染的影响

在野外布点采样的基础上分析了非点源污染评价指标,同时,利用GIS技术研究广佛区域内不同土地利用结构与非点源污染之间的关系.结果表明,在以单一土地利用类型为主控制的单元中,由林地和基水地控制的地表水水质明显优于以耕地或城镇、农村居民点为主的单元;在不同的土地利用类型的组合结构中,各项污染物浓度往往介于林地、基水地或耕地为主控制的研究单元之间;在其他条件相似时,随着研究单元内林地和基水地的增加,非点源污染降低,而随着耕地或城镇、农村居民点比例的升高,非点源污染有逐渐增大的趋势.此外,土地利用结构对非点源污染的     

基于四维驱动力的农村居民点整理模式分析——以北京市通州区为例

利用北京市最新土地调查数据和GIS工具, 描述通州区农村居民的用地现状、空间分布和特征。(1)依据规划边界将通州农村居民点划分为圈内、环内、环外三类, 圈内农村居民点面积50.30km² (121个行政村),占总面积的30.62%;环内居民点面积19.35km² (57个行政村),占11.78%;环外农村居民点面积94.63km² (277个行政村),占57.60%.(2)不同类型农村居民点的驱动力不同, 圈内农村居民点主要是经济驱动力和社会驱动力, 环内农村居民点主要是制度驱动力和环境驱动力, 环外的农村居民点主要是社会驱动力和生态驱动力。(3)圈内居民点整理方向是实现城镇化, 应采用土地一级开发模式, 发展城市二三产业;环内居民点整理方向是改善生态环境, 发展特色产业, 适宜采取城乡一体化综合开发模式;环外居民点整理方向是增加农业用地, 减少耕地占用, 适宜采用乡村整治模式。农村居民点整理需要以驱动力为基础, 结合空间特征采取差异化的整理模式。