基于时变高阶矩波动模型的VaR与ES度量

金融波动性建模经历了从常数高阶矩到时变高阶矩的发展历程.文章扩展了现有的针对时变高阶矩波动模型风险测度效果的研究:首先,以沪深300指数和其它世界股市若干重要指数为例,通过采用“从简单模型到复杂模型”的估计步骤,实现对时变高阶矩波动模型的估计,进而运用Gram-Charlier扩展分布获得对VaR(value-at-risk)和ES(excepted shortfall)两种不同风险测度的计算值;然后,分别利用非条件覆盖检验(unconditional coverage test)和基于自举法(Bootstrap)的后验分析方法,实证对比了时变高阶矩和常数高阶矩两类模型的适用范围和精确程度.研究结果表明:就所考察的若干指数样本而言,时变高阶矩模型不仅能够较好地刻画金融价格波动的整体动力学特征,并且总体来讲,在市场风险测度准确性方面也要优于常数高阶矩波动模型.     

基于时变高阶矩波动模型的 VaR 与 ES 度量

金融波动性建模经历了从常数高阶矩到时变高阶矩的发展历程． 文章扩展了现有的针对时变高阶矩波动模型风险测度效果的研究: 首先,以沪深 300 指数和其它世界股市若干重要指数为例,通过采用“从简单模型到复杂模型”的估计步骤,实现对时变高阶矩波动模型的估计,进而运用 Gram-Charlier 扩展分布获得对 VaR( value-at-risk) 和 ES( excepted shortfall) 两种不同风险测度的计算值; 然后,分别利用非条件覆盖检验( unconditional coverage test) 和基于自举法( Bootstrap) 的后验分析方法,实证对比了时变高阶矩和常数高阶矩两类模型的适用范围和精确程度．研究结果表明: 就所考察的若干指数样本而言,时变高阶矩模型不仅能够较好地刻画金融价格波动的整体动力学特征,并且总体来讲,在市场风险测度准确性方面也要优于常数高阶矩波动模型．     

中国股票市场的高阶矩波动特征研究

最近的研究表明,除资产收益二阶矩外,高阶矩(包括三阶矩和四阶矩)同样是反映金融资产波动行为的重要方面.以中国股票市场最具代表性的两种股价指数--上证综指和深证成指 10 年的股价数据样本为例,通过构建可以刻画时变高阶矩的自回归条件方差-偏度-峰度模型,实证研究中国股票市场的高阶矩波动特征.研究表明,中国股票市场收益的偏度、峰度具有显著的时变性和波动聚类性;中国股市不但存在二阶矩(方差)风险,还存在显著的三阶矩(偏度)风险和四阶矩(峰度)风险,并且三阶矩风险和四阶矩风险具有同步性;将偏度方程和峰度方程引入波动模型会抵消原有方差波动的杠杆效应.初步提出将高阶矩波动模型运用于金融风险管理的思想.     

高维时变协高阶矩建模及其投资组合应用——基于半参数分布因子模型

本研究提出了一种基于半参数分布时变因子模型的动态协高阶矩建模方法，给出了模型设定、模型估计和时变高阶矩的检验.通过因子模型有效缓解了动态协高阶矩估计存在的“维数灾难”问题，同时通过引入半参数分布增加了模型的稳健性.实证研究表明：相比于现有协高阶矩估计方法，基于因子模型的动态建模能够有效捕捉资产收益率协高阶矩的时变结构，同时更加契合金融资产收益率的潜在特征；动态投资组合能够应用于高维场景，并产生更高且更稳定的经济价值，稳健性分析进一步证实了这一点.     

金融市场条件高阶矩风险与动态组合投资

针对传统组合投资理论没有考虑高阶矩风险和静态处理问题两大缺陷,提出多元GARCHSK模型用于衡量时变的高阶矩风险,基于效用函数的Taylor展开推导出带有高阶矩风险的动态组合投资策略,并利用遗传算法进行求解。实证研究表明,中国股市不仅存在高阶矩风险,而且风险具有时变特征;为防范高阶矩风险,投资者需要动态地修正他的资产配置权重。     

欧债危机环境中资产组合ES模型比较研究

本文以中国上证综指、德国法兰克福DAX指数、美国S&P500指数为研究对象,分别运用DCC-GARCH及时变Copula-EVT模型建模,探讨了欧债危机爆发后股市间相依关系的变化状况。在此基础上,将三个股指收益两两组合,分别建立了各类模型假定下的资产组合预期损失ES模型,并通过后验分析方法,探讨了危机爆发后,各类ES风险模型测度精度的变化状况及对比结果。实证研究表明：欧债危机爆发后,时变Copula-EVT-ES的风险测度准确度明显高于DCC-GARCH-ES模型;边缘分布模型的选择对于时变Copula-EVT-ES模型的测度精度具有重要影响。综合对比分析发现,在金融市场极端波动的状况下,能够捕捉杠杆效应且善于刻画厚尾特征的时变t-Copula-AR（1）-GJR（1,1）-EVT-ES模型能够取得相对较好的风险测度效果。     

股市涨跌预测与量化投资策略:基于时变矩成分分析

利用时变矩成分分析提取高阶矩吸收率,改进基于阈值的高阶矩因子个数选择方法,提出基于元素值的联合矩成分分析权重设定,构造了一种基于股票市场高阶矩相关结构的量化投资策略。研究表明,基于矩成分吸收率的投资策略能够对股市涨跌做出有效预测,对于股市的重大系统风险尤为敏感,在熊市中也有良好表现;基于单因子吸收率、累积三因子吸收率和赫芬达尔吸收率的高阶矩投资策略优于二阶矩吸收率投资策略,而三阶矩单因子吸收率投资策略最优,基于元素值权重的投资策略优于基于元素个数权重的投资策略;量化投资策略具有参数稳健性,且可通过优化高阶矩的时变结构对投资效果进行优化。     

不同时变Copula-EVT-ES模型精度比较研究

结合EVT极值理论,构建了4类时变Copula模型,拟合了股指间的动态极值相依系数,并对各类资产组合进行了预期损失ES风险测度.通过Backtesting方法,对比研究了不同时变Copula-EVT-ES模型的风险测度精度.实证结果表明,在市场极端波动状况下,结合EVT极值理论的时变Copula-ES模型能够对资产组合尾部极值风险进行有效测度,并且对于空头头寸的风险测度效果优于其在多头头寸的表现.善于刻画变量间厚尾极值相依关系的时变tCopula-EVT-ES能够取得较好的组合风险测度效果,而对于二元资产组合,在高风险水平上,时变SJC Copula-EVT-ES模型也值得重点关注.     

金融高阶矩风险溢出效应研究

开展金融风险溢出效应的研究,对于避免金融风险从一个国家、地区或市场迅速地传播到其它的国家、地区或市场具有重要的意义.早期的金融风险溢出研究只考虑前二阶矩,即均值的溢出效应和方差的溢出效应.在一元GARCD-JSU模型的基础上,构建了世界因子、地区因子及单个市场因子三个因子模型,并对高阶矩风险的溢出效应进行了分解,用于研究金融高阶矩风险在世界、地区和单个市场之间的溢出效应.最后,对亚洲一些主要国家和地区金融风险溢出效应进行了实证研究.     

时变风险厌恶下的期权定价——基于上证50ETF期权的实证研究

传统的随机波动率（SV）期权定价是在投资者具有常数风险偏好假设下进行的.但近年来越来越多的研究表明，市场参与者具有时变风险厌恶特征.基于此，本文对时变风险厌恶条件下的期权定价问题进行深入研究.首先，对传统的（非仿射）常数风险厌恶SV（CRA-SV）期权定价模型进行扩展，构建时变风险厌恶SV（TVRA-SV）期权定价模型对期权进行定价，并分析时变风险厌恶对期权价格的影响；其次，采用标的资产与期权数据信息，建立基于连续粒子滤波的极大似然估计方法，对定价模型的客观与风险中性参数进行联合估计；最后，采用我国期权市场上的上证50ETF期权数据，对构建的定价模型进行实证检验.结果表明：TVRA-SV期权定价模型相比传统的CRA-SV期权定价模型具有更好的数据拟合效果，能够更充分地刻画标的上证50ETF收益率在客观与风险中性测度下的波动性；TVRA-SV期权定价模型相比传统的Black-Scholes（B-S）期权定价模型和CRA-SV期权定价模型都具有明显更高的定价精确性。     

Introduction to Special Section on Sensitivity Analysis and Summary of NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis

This guest editorial is a summary of the NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis held June 11–12, 2001 at North Carolina State University and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Office of Risk Assessment and Cost Benefit Analysis. The objective of the workshop was to learn across disciplines in identifying, evaluating, and recommending sensitivity analysis methods and practices for application to food‐safety process risk models. The workshop included presentations regarding the Hazard Assessment and Critical Control Points (HACCP) framework used in food‐safety risk assessment, a survey of sensitivity analysis methods, invited white papers on sensitivity analysis, and invited case studies regarding risk assessment of microbial pathogens in food. Based on the sharing of interdisciplinary information represented by the presentations, the workshop participants, divided into breakout sessions, responded to three trigger questions: What are the key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods applied to food‐safety risk assessment? What sensitivity analysis methods are most promising for application to food safety and risk assessment? and What are the key needs for implementation and demonstration of such methods? The workshop produced agreement regarding key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods and the need to use two or more methods to try to obtain robust insights. Recommendations were made regarding a guideline document to assist practitioners in selecting, applying, interpreting, and reporting the results of sensitivity analysis.     

Distinguishing traumatic, vicarious and routine operational stressor exposure and attendant adverse consequences in a sample of police officers

Problems in studying occupational stress within the police service are identified and the paucity of work on operational duties as potential stressors are discussed. The present study reports the results of a factor analysis of operational stressors (N = 601 serving British police officers) that revealed three factors: exposure to death and disaster; violence and injury; sexual crime. These were demonstrated to be reliable scales and were included in logistic regression models together with a range of demographic and psychological variables. Models were applied to men and women separately, which showed there to be different predictors of the likelihood of suffering distress (measured by the General Health Questionnaire, GHQ) in terms of the officer's gender and operational role. Overall the model for women officers was better at predicting psychological distress than that for men. These findings are related to aspects of the police occupational culture. Further discussion is offered that conceptualizes police operational stressors as traumatic, routine and vicarious. Finally, some implications are drawn for the provision of stress intervention in the light of this differentiation.     

Power,authority and legitimacy

Management, human resources, organization, control, leadership, etc., all seem to be just so many euphemisms for power, and this suggests a discourse of management and organization that calls things by their proper name. This paper on the contrary stresses the need to resolve the concept of ‘power’ itself into more differentiated notions, and proposes that clarification may be derived from distinctions once explicit in the vocabulary of Classical antiquity, but lost in modern European languages. It argues that nothing but confusion in thinking about organizations, management and legitimation can result from the failure to recognize that the phenomena this vocabulary identifies and distinguishes are irreducibly different.     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

Employees' perceptions of organizational restructuring: the role of social support

Organizational change and restructuring is often perceived as leading to increased occupational stress, impacting negatively on the psychological well-being of employees. This pragmatic study investigates the role of social support and dispositional affect as moderators of role stress post-restructuring for employees in a public utility company. A total of 176 employees, including 37 managers, 60 graded staff and 78 industrial staff completed a self-report questionnaire, approximately 1 year postrestructuring, retrospectively assessing role conflict, ambiguity, overload and positive and negative feedback pre- and post-restructuring. Results suggested that overall role stress increased for managers/ senior officers and graded staff, but not for industrial staff. Social support was linked with lower role stress, more positive feedback and less negative feedback at post-restructuring. For certain role stressors this impact was moderated by dispositional affect, but the effect was not consistent across occupational groups. Positive affect enhanced the effect of manager support in reducing role conflict for graded staff, and the effect of co-worker support in increasing positive feedback and reducing negative feedback for industrial staff. Findings suggest that managers should pay particular attention to support and feedback for employees during periods of chronic occupational stress following organizational restructuring.     

The Danish psychosocial work environment and symptoms of stress: the main, mediating and moderating role of sense of coherence

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to explore the main, mediating and moderating role of sense of coherence (SOC) on stress symptoms and on the association between perceived psychosocial work environment and stress symptoms. The sample includes 2053 Danish employees from 52 workplaces. Hierarchical regression models were applied for each measure of stress. The results strongly supported the presence of a main effect for SOC. People with high levels of SOC experienced fewer stress symptoms. A mediating effect of SOC was also supported. Thus, SOC in part explained the association between work environment and stress symptoms. In addition, some support for a moderating effect of SOC was found, suggesting that people with higher SOC coped more efficiently with work environmental strain that people with lower SOC. Taken together the regression models explained 11-32% of the variance in stress symptoms. The results suggest that measures of individual factors such as SOC should be included in analyses of the effects of work environmental factors on stress and well-being.     

Control at work: a generalized resource factor for the prevention of musculoskeletal symptoms?

During the last two decades two potent groups of predictors for work-related musculoskeletal problems have been identified: physical work load and poor psychosocial working conditions. However, little is known about their combined effects. In this study the buffering effect of control at work with respect to the negative effects of psychological demands and physical work load on musculoskeletal problems is examined. All study variables were sampled from 431 people working in geriatric nursing homes in Germany by means of questionnaires. Main effects and interactions were tested with multiple regression analysis. The results showed that control buffered the effects of high psychological demands, but not of high physical work load; the buffering effect of control was observed only when physical work load was low. The combined effects of demands and physical work load were over-additive. Thus, the power of different predictors for musculoskeletal symptoms depended on the level of other predictors. This suggests that the efficiency of certain strategies for the prevention of musculoskeletal problems is likely to depend on the level of risk factors, with different strategies being appropriate for different levels of risk.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.