节瓜抗枯萎病基因的分子标记研究

本研究利用人工接种及BSA法验证甜瓜抗枯萎病基因Fom-2的连锁分子标记SSR430和STS296应用于节瓜抗枯萎病鉴定的通用性。结果表明:(1)在12份抗病材料和27份感病材料的分子鉴定中,抗病材料均能找到SSR430标记,与高抗母本B-4带型一致,感病材料均无标记,准确率为100.00%,能用于节瓜抗枯萎病分子标记辅助育种;(2)利用STS296进行分子标记鉴定,只有B-4和3个抗性子代含有STS296标记,所有感病材料均不含此标记,表明STS296有可能可作为节瓜枯萎病的抗性标记。     

茄子种质资源青枯病抗性鉴定及分子标记研究

利用分子标记结合人工接种鉴定评价41份茄子材料的青枯病抗性。试验结果表明,41个材料中,人工接种鉴定为抗病材料有38份,感病的3份,与分子标记鉴定结果基本吻合。综合人工接种与分子鉴定结果得出,只含有一个特异标记或不含特异标记的材料表现为感病。在3个分子标记鉴定结果中,有8份材料不完全一致,原因可能是各标记所连锁的抗性位点不同;另外,不同的材料在试验环境中基因表达很可能存在差异。因此,在茄子抗青枯病育种中,人工接种鉴定和分子标记辅助鉴定都是重要的。     

不同来源大麦对条纹病抗性鉴定及遗传多样性分析

为了解不同来源大麦对条纹病的抗性及遗传多样性,本研究采用"三明治法"通过人工接种大麦条纹病菌对91份大麦材料进行抗性评价,并通过31对SSR标记对91份大麦材料进行遗传多样性和群体结构分析.结果 表明,人工接种大麦条纹病菌后共鉴定出4份免疫、6份高抗、33份抗病、43份感病和5份高感大麦材料;31对SSR标记共检测出等...     

黄淮麦区小麦品种(系)中Yr26基因的SSR检测

选用与Yr26紧密连锁的SSR标记Xgwm11和Xgwm18结合田间抗性鉴定,对239份黄淮麦区小麦品种(系)进行检测,以明确Yr26基因在黄淮麦区小麦品种资源中的分布.结果表明:共有35份品种(系)含有与Yr26紧密连锁的SSR标记Xgwm18或Xgwm11的特征带,占检测样本的14.6%.在这35份材料中,31份田间抗性鉴定表现免疫至中抗,4份表现中感.分子标记检测与田间抗病性检测吻合度较好,该标记可以用于Yr26基因的分子标记辅助选择.综合分子标记和田间鉴定,31份小麦(系)含有Yr26基因,占102份抗病材料的30.39%.     

‘嘎拉’苹果及其杂交后代对炭疽叶枯病的抗性机制分析

为解析苹果对炭疽叶枯病的抗性机制,该研究以‘嘎拉’、‘藤牧1号’苹果及其杂交后代等87个苹果品种(系)为试验材料,进行田间调查及人工接种病菌并检测不同品种(系)中病菌生物量,利用SSR分子标记进行基因型鉴定,分析各品种(系)对炭疽叶枯病的抗性差异,利用荧光定量PCR及酶活检测比较分析水杨酸相关基因、抗性酶基因及酶活性水平差异。结果表明：(1)87个苹果品种(系)对苹果炭疽叶枯病的抗性差异明显,‘嘎拉’、‘2 5’、‘19 19’等品种(系)叶片发病严重,表现出对炭疽叶枯病的高感性,‘藤牧1号’、‘40 9’及‘16 16’等品种(系)叶片无病斑或病斑极少,炭疽叶枯病菌含量显著低于感病性品种(系),其抗性显著。(2)SSR标记S0405127和S0304673的基因型鉴定结果与田间表型调查结果相比,准确率分别为93.10%和91.95%,与人工接种结果相比,准确率分别为91.95%和95.40%。(3)SA相关基因的表达模式结果表明,接种炭疽叶枯病菌4 d后,‘藤牧1号’、‘40 9’及‘16 16’等抗性品种(系)中SA合成相关基因MdEDS1、MdPAD4和MdPAL被强烈诱导表达;同时,SA信号转导相关基因MdNPR1、MdPR1、MdPR5的表达显著高于‘嘎拉’等感病品种(系)。(4)接种炭疽叶枯病菌4 d后,‘藤牧1号’、‘40 9’及‘16 16’等抗性品种(系)的MdSOD、MdPOD酶基因表达水平及酶活性显著高于‘嘎拉’、‘2 5’、‘19 19’等感病品种(系)。研究认为,‘藤牧1号’、‘40 9’及‘16 16’等品种(系)通过调控水杨酸合成和信号转导通路及氧化还原相关反应等提高对炭疽叶枯病的抗性,为挖掘抗性基因以及利用优良种质选育抗病品种奠定了基础。     

中国野生毛葡萄VqTLP15基因的克隆与抗病性功能研究

该研究以抗病品种中国野生毛葡萄‘商 24’和感病品种欧洲葡萄‘红地球’为材料,利用 RT PCR 方法克隆TLP15基因,分别命名为 VqTLP15 和 VvTLP15(GSVIVT01018769001),对其进行生物信息学分析、亚细胞定位、转化拟南芥,并接种不同病原菌观察分析转基因株系的抗性,采用qRT PCR 检测SA 和 JA/Eth信号途径以及调控气孔运动的相关基因表达。结果显示：(1)成功克隆获得 VqTLP15 基因的开放阅读框 (ORF);氨基酸序列比对显示,VqTLP15基因与葡萄基因组网站欧洲葡萄‘黑比诺’VvTLP15 和‘红地球’克隆的 VvTLP15基因的同源性分别为 98.99％ 和 99.66％。 (2)亚细胞定位表明,VqTLP15 定位于细胞质。(3)成功获得 VqTLP15 转基因拟南芥株系(L1、 L2、 L3)。(4)接种观察发现：白粉菌处理 7 d后转基因株系对白粉菌的抗性较野生型(Col 0)提高,且其叶片的白粉菌孢子浓度显著低于Col 0;灰霉菌诱导的叶片坏死性损伤在转基因株系(L1、L2 和L3病斑面积>40%的比例分别为 71%、62%和67%)中显著大于 Col 0(43%);接种 PstDC3000后转基因株系叶片的病害表型没有 Col 0 明显,叶片孔径减小程度大于 Col 0,且细菌浓度低于 Col 0。(5)组织化学染色分析表明：白粉菌处理后转基因株系叶片胼胝质沉积、细胞死亡率和 O₂^-·水平都显著大于 Col 0;灰霉菌处理后转基因株系的细胞死亡率、H₂O₂和 O₂^-·水平均高于 Col 0; PstDC3000 处理后细胞死亡率和 O₂^-·积累水平都高于 Col 0。(6)qRT PCR 检测显示：接种白粉菌后,转基因株系中PR1 和 ICS1 的表达水平均升高,PR1 表达在接种72 h时达到峰值,而 ICS1 在 接种120 h时达到峰值,LOX3 的表达水平逐渐降低,并于接种120 h时降至最低水平,但仍高于 Col 0;接种灰霉菌后,转基因株系中 PR1、NPR1 和 PDF1.2 基因的表达均上调,并在接种 48 h时达到峰值,LOX3 基因的表达水平下降,但仍高于 Col 0;接种 PstDC3000 后,转基因株系中 PR1、PDF1.2 和 NHL10的表达均高于 Col 0,但WRKY53的表达低于Col 0, L1 中 COI1、FRK1、ATPPC2、FLS2、OST1 的表达水平高于 Col 0;接种flg22 或 LPS后, L1 中 COI1基因的表达低于 Col 0,但ATPPC2、FLS2、OST1基因的表达水平高于 Col 0。研究表明,过量表达 VqTLP15 基因降低了对白粉菌和 PstDC3000 的敏感性,增加了对灰霉菌的敏感性。 VqTLP15 基因可能通过介导水杨酸 (SA) 和茉莉酸/乙烯 (JA/Eth) 信号转导途径以及气孔免疫反应来参与植物的抗病防御反应,为葡萄抗病分子育种提供了一个可能的候选基因。     

大豆种质对SMV成株和种粒斑驳抗性的SSR标记辅助鉴定

对186份大豆种质资源进行了成株和种粒斑驳抗性鉴定,并利用与成株抗性及种粒斑驳抗性分别相关的SSR标记验证抗病毒分子辅助选择的可行性。结果表明：接种SMV1,选出成株和种粒双抗种质38份,成株抗病种质149份,种粒抗病种质45份,成株和种粒双感种质26份。利用与成株抗性相关的SSR标记Sat_229、Sat_317、Satt335、Satt160、Satt516、Sat_309进行检测,抗病毒资源筛选的准确率分别达到68．9％、74．3％、71．1％、69．8％、77．4％和68．2％。利用与种粒斑驳抗性相关的SSR标记Sat_297、Sat_229、Sat_317、Satt335、Set_188、Satt160、Satt516、Sat_133进行检测,Sat_317标记准确率达79．1％,标记Sat_229、Satt335、Satt516和Sat_133抗病毒资源筛选的准确率均达70％以上,可以用作抗病毒分子辅助育种的选择标记。     

大豆品种早熟18抗疫霉根腐病基因的SSR分子标记

大豆品种早熟18是抗疫霉根腐病的有效抗源。本研究鉴定和分子标记早熟18的抗疫霉根腐病基因,以期为该品种的有效利用及分子辅助育种奠定基础。以感病大豆品种Williams与早熟18杂交建立分离群体。抗性遗传分析表明,早熟18对大豆疫霉菌抗性由1个显性单基因控制,该基因被定名为RpsZS18。SSR标记连锁分析表明,RpsZS18位于大豆分子遗传连锁群D1b上的SSR标记Sat_069和Sat_183之间,与这两个标记的遗传距离分别为10．0cM和8．3cM。RpsZS18是D1b连锁群上鉴定的第一个抗疫霉根腐病基因。     

云南野生茄资源黄萎病苗期人工接种抗性鉴定分析

黄萎病是目前茄子生产中的主要病害之一,广泛收集、鉴定、筛选抗性资源,尤其是从野生近缘种中发掘抗性基因并培育抗病品种,是解决茄子黄萎病危害的优选途径。云南省拥有丰富的野生茄子资源但尚未有效利用。本研究针对云南省茄子主产区收集到的3种黄萎病菌株,通过形态学鉴定和真菌18S r DNA/ITS鉴定,均属于大丽轮枝菌,并通过致病力鉴定,筛选出一株强致病力菌株(QZ-S);应用菌株QZ-S,通过苗期人工接种的方法对45份云南野生茄子资源开展黄萎病抗性鉴定,最终筛选出2份高抗材料(蒜芥茄和喀西茄)、2份抗病材料(水茄和多裂水茄)、6份中抗材料(1份刺天茄和5份红茄);此外,还筛选到了1份黄萎病高感材料239-3-2。本研究筛选出的材料可应用于茄子黄萎病抗病育种,为茄子及其他作物黄萎病抗病育种提供抗源。     

基于SSR标记分析大豆疫霉根腐病抗源的遗传多样性

丰富的遗传多样性可为大豆育种提供宽阔的遗传基础,本研究基于35对SSR标记,对60份东北地区大豆疫霉根腐病抗性品种进行了遗传多样性分析,共检测到189个等位基因,平均每个位点等位变异数5.4个,多态性信息含量指数(PIC)为0.1550~0.8195,平均为0.6636;遗传相似系数的变异范围为0.31~0.74。利用5对高多态性SSR引物构建了60份抗性材料的指纹图谱,这5对SSR引物构建的指纹图谱可以将60份疫霉根腐病抗性材料逐一区分开。采用NTSYS2.10基于遗传距离的聚类分析,将60份抗性材料分为7个类群,其中78.33%的抗性品种(系)的遗传相似系数在0.45~0.74间,表明遗传差异相对较窄,品种间遗传多样性水平较低。聚类分析与群体遗传结构分析结果有部分重合,均反映出不同地区的抗性材料间存在一定的渗透和交流。     

野生大豆资源对大豆疫病抗病性和耐病性鉴定

大豆疫病是大豆重要病害之一,在世界范围内导致严重经济损失。防治大豆疫病最有效方法是利用抗病或耐病品种。筛选抗性资源是发掘抗性基因和抗病育种的基础。本研究鉴定了野生大豆资源对大豆疫病的抗病性和耐病性,以期发掘优异抗源。苗期用子叶贴菌块方法鉴定104份野生大豆资源对两个不同毒力的大豆疫霉分离物PSJS2(毒力型:1a,1b,1c,1d,1k,2,3a,3b,3c,4,5,6,7,8)和PS41-1(毒力型:1a,1d,2,3b,3c,4,5,6,7,8)抗性,结果表明33份资源抗PS41-1,35份资源抗PSJS2,其中18份抗两个分离物。在抗病性鉴定基础性上,用菌层接种方法对选择的82份资源进行耐病性鉴定,发现7份高耐病性资源。这些结果表明,野生大豆中可能含有新的大豆疫病抗病和(或)耐病资源,这些抗病或耐病资源可以用于未来大豆抗病育种,以丰富大豆对大豆疫病的抗性遗传基础。     

Developing and characterising Ricinus communis SSR markers by data mining of whole-genome sequences

Ricinus communis is a versatile industrial oil crop that is cultivated worldwide. Genetic improvement and marker-assisted breeding of castor bean have been slowed owing to the lack of abundant and efficient molecular markers. As co-dominant markers, simple sequence repeats (SSRs) are useful for genetic evaluation and molecular breeding. The recently released whole-genome sequence of castor bean provides useful genomic resources for developing markers on a genome-wide scale. In the present study, the distribution and frequency of microsatellites in the castor bean genome were characterised and numerous SSR markers were developed using genomic data mining. In total, 18,647 SSR loci at a density of one SSR per 18.89 Kb in the castor bean genome sequence (representing approximately 352.27 Mb) were identified. Dinucleotide repeats were the most frequently observed microsatellites, although the AAT repeat motif was also prevalent. Using six cultivars as screening samples, 670 polymorphic SSR markers from 1,435 primer pairs (46.7 %) were developed. Trinucleotide motif loci contained a higher proportion of polymorphisms (48.5 %) than dinucleotide motif loci (39.2 %). The polymorphism level in the SSR loci was positively correlated with the increasing number of repeat units in the microsatellites. The phylogenetic relationship among 32 varieties was evaluated using the developed SSR markers. Cultivars developed at the same institute clustered together, suggesting that these cultivars have a narrow genetic background. The large number of SSR markers developed in this study will be useful for genetic mapping and for breeding improved castor-oil plants. These markers will also facilitate genetic and genomic studies of Euphorbiaceae.     

抗大豆疫霉根腐病野生大豆资源的初步筛选

由大豆疫霉菌引起的大豆疫霉根腐病是严重影响大豆生产的毁灭性病害之一.防治该病唯一经济、有效和环境安全的方法是利用抗病品种.本研究对野生大豆资源进行抗大豆疫霉根腐病初步筛选,以期探讨野生大豆的抗性水平、分布和获得抗性野生大豆资源.通过苗期接种大豆疫霉菌对412份野生大豆资源进行抗病性鉴定,有13.4%的资源抗大豆疫霉根腐病,15.3%的资源表现为中间反应类型.对野生大豆资源的来源分析表明,抗大豆疫霉根腐病野生大豆资源在我国分布广泛,其中安徽省野生大豆资源抗性最丰富.     

基于SSR标记分析小豆及其近缘植物的遗传关系

本研究利用87对SSR引物分析了80份栽培小豆(Vigna angularis)、22份野生小豆(V.angularis var.nipponensis)以及10份豇豆属(共7个种)近缘植物,旨在比较豇豆属不同种的遗传多样性,并分析种间的遗传关系.结果显示87对SSR引物在112份小豆及其近缘植物资源中共检测到667个等位变异.其中有75个、71个和82个SSR位点分别在栽培小豆、野生小豆和近缘植物中表现为多态.随机抽样分析发现,平均每SSR位点检测到的等位变异数目为近缘植物>野生小豆>栽培小豆,与多态信息含量(PIC)值一致,说明近缘植物及野生小豆中蕴含着丰富的遗传变异,是栽培小豆育种的重要基因来源.聚类分析显示,栽培小豆、野生小豆和近缘植物间的遗传分化比较明显,分别聚为三大类,其中栽培小豆的遗传背景与其生态环境相对应;近缘植物又可以分为三个亚类,亚类间的遗传距离与其亲缘关系相对应.本研究结果也说明利用SSR标记辅助豇豆属的种间分类是可行的.     

Identification of charcoal rot resistance QTLs in sorghum using association and <Emphasis Type="Italic">in silico</Emphasis> analyses

Charcoal rot disease, a root and stem disease caused by the soil-borne fungus Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid., is a major biotic stress that limits sorghum productivity worldwide. Charcoal rot resistance-related parameters, e.g., pre-emergence damping-off%, post-emergence damping-off%, charcoal rot disease severity, and plant survival rates, were measured in a structured sorghum population consisting of 107 landraces. Analysis of variance of charcoal rot resistance-related parameters revealed significant variations in the response to M. phaseolina infection within evaluated accessions. Continuous phenotypic variations for resistance-related parameters were observed indicating a quantitative inheritance of resistance. The population was genotyped using 181 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Association analysis identified 13 markers significantly associated with quantitative trait genes (QTLs) conferring resistance to charcoal rot disease with an R² value ranging between 9.47 to 18.87%, nine of which are environment-specific loci. Several QTL-linked markers are significantly associated with more than one resistance-related parameter, suggesting that those QTLs might contain genes involved in the plant defense response. In silico analysis of four novel major QTLs identified 11 putative gene homologs that could be considered as candidate genes for resistance against charcoal rot disease. Cluster analysis using the genotypic data of 181 SSR markers from 107 sorghum accessions identified 12 main clusters. The results provide a basis for further functional characterization of charcoal rot disease resistance or defense genes in sorghum and for further dissection of their molecular mechanisms.     

Genetic characterization of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Vitis</Emphasis> germplasm collected from the southwestern US and Mexico to expedite Pierce’s disease-resistance breeding

Pierce’s disease (PD) limits the cultivation of Vitis vinifera grape cultivars in California, across the southern United States and into South America. Resistance has been well characterized in V. arizonica, and one resistance locus has been identified (PdR1). However, resistance is poorly characterized in most other grape species. We tested a wide range of Vitis species from the southwestern United States for resistance to PD and used nuclear and chloroplast markers to phenotypically and genetically select a diverse set of resistant accessions. Chloroplast SSR markers identified 11 maternal lineage lines within the set of 17 (14 new and three previously identified) PD resistant accessions. A total of 19 breeding populations (F1 and pseudo-BC1) were developed with the 14 PD resistant accessions, and a total of 705 seedlings were analyzed for PD resistance. Using a limited mapping approach, 12 SSR markers, linked to the PdR1 locus, were used to genotype the breeding populations and phenotypic data were analyzed. Nine accessions had a major resistance quantitative trait locus (QTL) within the genomic region containing PdR1. The phenotypic data for these three resistant accessions, ANU67, b41-13, and T03-16, did not associate with PdR1 linked markers, indicating that their resistance is located in other regions of the genome. These three accessions were identified as candidates for use in the development of framework maps with larger populations capable of detecting additional and unique loci for PD resistance breeding and the stacking of PD resistance genes.     

QTL mapping of resistance to Fusarium ear rot using a RIL population in maize

Fusarium ear rot is a prevalent disease in maize, reducing grain yields and quality. Resistance breeding is an efficient way to minimize losses caused by the disease. In this study, 187 lines from a RIL population along with the resistant (87-1) and susceptible (Zong 3) parents were planted in Zhengzhou and Beijing with three replications in years 2004 and 2006. Each line was artificially inoculated using the nail-punch method. Significant genotypic variation in response to Fusarium ear rot was detected in both years. Based on a genetic map containing 246 polymorphic SSR markers with average genetic distances of 9.1 cM, the ear-rot resistance QTL were firstly analyzed by composite interval mapping (CIM). Three QTL were detected in both Zhengzhou and Beijing in 2004; and three and four QTL, respectively, were identified in 2006. The resistant parent contributed all resistance QTL. By using composite interval mapping and a mixed model (MCIM), significant epistatic effects on Fusarium ear rot as well as interactions between mapped loci and environments were observed across environments. Two QTL on chromosome 3 (3.04 bin) were consistently identified across all environments by the two methods. The major resistant QTL with the largest effect was flanked by markers umc1025 and umc1742 on chromosome 3 (3.04 bin), explaining 13–22% of the phenotypic variation. The SSR markers closely flanking the major resistance QTL will facilitate marker-assisted selection (MAS) of resistance to Fusarium ear rot in maize breeding programs.     

Development of genomic simple sequence repeat markers in faba bean by next-generation sequencing

Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is an important food legume crop with a huge genome. Development of genetic markers for faba bean is important to study diversity and for molecular breeding. In this study, we used Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) technology for the development of genomic simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. A total of 14,027,500 sequence reads were obtained comprising 4,208 Mb. From these reads, 56,063 contigs were assembled (16,367 Mb) and 2138 SSRs were identified. Mono and dinucleotides were the most abundant, accounting for 57.5 % and 20.9 % of all SSR repeats, respectively. A total of 430 primer pairs were designed from contigs larger than 350 nucleotides and 50 primers pairs were tested for validation of SSR locus amplification. Nearly all (96 %) of the markers were found to produce clear amplicons and to be reproducible. Thirty-nine SSR markers were then applied to 46 faba bean accessions from worldwide origins, resulting in 161 alleles with 87.5 % polymorphism, and an average of 4.1 alleles per marker. Gene diversity (GD) of the markers ranged from 0 to 0.48 with an average of 0.27. Testing of the markers showed that they were useful in determining genetic relationships and population structure in faba bean accessions.     

76份特用甘薯种质资源的鉴定评价

对76份从国际马铃薯研究中心(CIP)引进的胡萝卜素含量较高的特用型资源材料进行鉴定评价,结果如下:筛选到短蔓资源2份,干物率较对照徐薯18(CK)高的材料19份,干物率≥30%的材料3份,胡萝卜素含量≥10mg/100 g鲜样的资源材料有19份,鲜薯产量较CK高的材料1份(440189);通过抗病鉴定评价获得抗黑斑病、根腐病、茎线虫病材料分别为44份、10份、26份,兼抗两种病材料20份,兼抗三种病材料5份。     

Development of a novel set of microsatellite markers for castor bean, Ricinus communis (Euphorbiaceae)

PREMISE OF STUDY: Microsatellite primers were developed for castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) to investigate genetic diversity and population structure, and to provide support to germplasm management. METHODS AND RESULTS: Eleven microsatellite loci were isolated using an enrichment cloning protocol and used to characterize castor bean germplasm from the collection at the Instituto Agron?mico de Campinas (IAC). In a survey of 76 castor bean accessions, the investigated loci displayed polymorphism ranging from two to five alleles. CONCLUSIONS: The information derived from microsatellite markers led to significant gains in conserved allelic richness and provides support to the implementation of several molecular breeding strategies for castor bean.