1999-2019年西南喀斯特地区NDVI时空变化及其气候驱动

[目的]西南喀斯特地区生态环境脆弱,对其植被覆盖变化及气候驱动机制进行研究具有重要意义。[方法]基于1999—2019年SPOT NDVI数据和同期209个气象站点的气温和降水数据,采用Theil-Sen+Mann-Kendall趋势分析法、偏相关分析和复相关分析法,探讨西南喀斯特地区NDVI时空变化及其气候驱动。[结果]1999—2019年西南喀斯特地区NDVI呈显著上升趋势,整体植被覆盖较好;NDVI变化主要以极显著上升趋势为主,仅5.73%的地区呈退化趋势。NDVI与气温和降水整体上均呈正偏相关关系,气温对NDVI的影响强于降水,且存在空间差异性。NDVI与气温和降水的复相关显著性通过0.05,0.01水平的面积分别占15.12%,5.68%;NDVI主要受气温驱动,占研究区面积的13.90%,其他气候因子驱动类型占比均未超过3%。[结论]揭示了西南喀斯特地区植被覆盖的时空变化特征,明确了气候因子对植被覆盖变化的驱动机制。     

气候变化和人类活动对西南喀斯特地貌区植被NDVI变化相对作用

定量厘定气候变化和人类活动对西南喀斯特地貌区植被NDVI变化的相对作用,可为揭示喀斯特地貌区植被NDVI时空演变特征及其驱动机制提供依据。以MODIS NDVI、SRTM DEM、基于站点的气象数据为数据源,建立Theil-Sen Median斜率估计、残差分析、相对作用分析等多数学模型,分析了2001—2019年西南喀斯特地貌区气候变化和人类活动对植被NDVI变化的相对作用,揭示植被NDVI与降水、气温、相对湿度和日照时数的相关性。结果表明:研究时段内西南喀斯特地貌区植被NDVI总体上呈上升态势,植被NDVI变化趋势呈现明显的空间异质性,植被NDVI增加的区域面积远大于减少的区域面积; 研究区植被改善和植被退化均受人类活动的主导。研究时段内西南喀斯特地貌区植被NDVI与降水、气温以及相对湿度整体呈正相关,相关程度依次递减,与日照时数呈负相关。综上可知,研究时段内西南喀斯特地貌区植被覆盖呈改善态势,人类活动可被认为是影响西南喀斯特地貌区植被NDVI变化的主要驱动力,植被NDVI与降水、气温、相对湿度和日照时数的相关系数在空间上呈现明显的异质性。     

1981-2016年黄土高原植被NDVI变化及对气候和人类活动的响应

探析黄土高原植被覆盖演变及其驱动因素,有助于了解黄土高原生态现状,剖析植被变化和驱动因素,以期为区域生态环境治理和规划提供科学依据。基于黄土高原NDVI、气温、降水数据,采用变化趋势率分析、多元回归残差分析等方法,研究了1981—2016年黄土高原区植被NDVI变化特征及对气候和人类活动的响应。结果表明：(1) 1981—2016年,黄土高原区植被NDVI呈东南高西北低的空间格局,整体上升率高,生态恢复效果显著;在选择的45个地州市中,榆林、铜川、延安和渭南等地植被NDVI增加最快,兰西城市群和内蒙古部分区域植被呈减小趋势。(2)气候变化和人类活动的共同作用是近35年来黄土高原区植被NDVI整体快速增加和巨大空间差异的主要原因。气候变化对黄土高原NDVI变化的影响主要以轻微促进和中度促进为主,而农村人类活动、城市人类活动的影响主要为明显抑制和轻微抑制。(3)气候变化、农村人类活动和城市人类活动对黄土高原区植被NDVI增加的贡献率分别为82.03%,11.68%和6.29%;气候变化贡献率大于60%的区域占黄土高原的76.9%,主要集中在黄土高原的东部和中部,人类活动对NDVI的影响主要...     

西南高山亚高山区植被活动变化的气候驱动效应与可持续性

[目的]探究西南高山亚高山区植被活动变化的驱动因素及可持续性,可为其生态系统管理提供一定的科学依据。[方法]基于2001—2018年MODIS NDVI数据和气象数据,用线性回归、Hurst指数、相关分析等方法分析了西南高山亚高山地区植被活动的时空变化特征、植被活动的稳定性和可持续性及对气候变化的响应。[结果](1)研究区以NDVI为代表的植被活动整体上显著增强,其中相对稳定的区域占63.69%,显著增强的区域占25.06%,显著降低的区域占2.73%。在植被类型中,落叶阔叶林的显著绿化趋势最强,而灌木的显著褐化趋势最强,草地对气候变化的敏感性高于林地。植被活动显著增加的区域主要分布在区域东北部的嘉陵江和岷江等地。(2)变异系数(CV)表明NDVI整体稳定性较强,从植被类型看,阔叶林和混交林的稳定性较高,农田的稳定性最低。(3) Hurst指数分析表明,植被活动趋势呈反持续的比例为69.47%,植被活动趋势呈可持续的比例为29.88%,研究区植被总体出现弱反持续性特征,在未来,植被活动增强的趋势有降低或反转的风险;(4)气候驱动因子分析表明,西南高山亚高山区温度对植被的影响占主导,即温...     

2001-2018年贵州省NDVI时空演变及其对气候变化和人类活动的响应

[目的]研究贵州省植被覆盖对气候变化和人类活动的响应程度,为区域生态环境建设提供理论依据。[方法]选取2001-2018年MODIS13 A1影像,结合气象数据,利用线性趋势分析、偏相关分析和残差分析等方法,分析了贵州省18年间NDVI的时空变化特征,探究了NDVI对气候变化的响应规律以及人类活动对NDVI的影响。[结果]①2001-2018年贵州省NDVI呈现显著上升趋势,增长速率为0.0053/a,空间上极显著增加和显著增加区域面积分别占研究区域的52.80%和16.80%。②2001-2018年贵州省气候向暖湿方向发展,NDVI与气温和降水呈正相关关系,且NDVI对气温的敏感性高于降水。③月尺度上NDVI对气温的响应不存在滞后性,对降水响应存在一个月滞后性;NDVI与气候月尺度相关性高于年尺度。④人类活动对贵州省植被覆盖作用日益增强,对NDVI贡献度为72.30%。[结论]人类活动对NDVI的影响大于气候变化,贵州省植被变化是气候变化和人类活动共同作用的结果。     

2000—2019年吕梁市植被NDVI时空动态及其影响因素分析

为了详细分析吕梁市植被生长变化与气候变化和人类活动的关系,基于吕梁市的2000—2019年逐年归一化植被指数(NDVI)数据和13个县(市、区)气象观测站年气温和降水观测数据,采用空间插值方法、空间相关性分析法和残差分析法,对吕梁市多年植被NDVI的时空变化特征进行分析,并探讨了气候变化和人类活动对吕梁市植被覆盖变化的影响。结果显示:2000—2019年吕梁市96.32%的区域NDVI呈现增加趋势,但各区域间存在明显空间性差异,中部吕梁山山区NDVI较高,东部平川地带和西部沿黄区域NDVI较小。总体而言,2000—2019年吕梁市的NDVI呈波动增加趋势,2018年达最大值。2000—2019年吕梁市NDVI与降水量和气温在年尺度上均呈正相关关系,且植被生长发育受降水的影响强于气温,全市38%的区域植被NDVI与气温-降水的复相关性通过0.05显著水平检验; 人类活动对吕梁市95%以上地区的植被生长有积极影响,表明退耕还林还草等生态修复工程对吕梁市植被覆盖增加有积极作用,生态提升效应逐渐凸显。     

基于地理探测器的西南岩溶槽谷区近20年

植被覆盖度变化及其与驱动因子关系的研究是开展大规模植被恢复效益评估的基础,而目前对西南槽谷地区植被绿化的时空变化模式及其驱动因素的认识并不明晰,不利于进一步生态建设。基于2000—2018年西南槽谷区NDVI、气温、降雨、DEM、土地覆被和人口密度数据,应用线性趋势回归分析和Hurst指数分析等方法以及地理探测器模型,探究了西南槽谷区植被覆盖的时空变化特征和驱动因素,预测未来变化趋势。结果表明：（1）近19年来NDVI范围介于0.79~0.84,总体呈波动上升趋势,岩溶区植被NDVI （0.003 17/a）年增长率显著高于非岩溶区（0.002 60/a）。（2） Hurst指数分析结果表明,西南槽谷区的植被NDVI主要以上升趋势为主,但其中64.31%在未来呈现退化趋势,植被保护形势较为严峻。（3）岩溶区植被NDVI与温度变化之间存在负相关关系（R=-0.040）,而非岩溶区为正相关关系（R=0.013）。残差分析结果表明,人类活动促进89.60%的区域植被NDVI增长。（4）在整个岩溶槽谷地区,土地覆被类型和气温是影响植被NDVI的主要驱动因素,解释率在25%以上,各因子的交互作用明显高于单因子作用。总体来看,人类活动对槽谷区植被恢复具有明显的积极影响。     

青藏高原植被生长季NDVI时空变化及对气候因子的响应分析

为了探究青藏高原植被覆盖时空演变特征及其驱动因子,对青藏高原的生态环境保护提供科学依据,基于1982—2015年青藏高原内部及其周边139个气象站点的气象数据和同期的GIMMS NDVI数据,研究了青藏高原生长季植被NDVI的时空变化特征及其与气候因子的响应关系。结果表明：(1)在研究期内,青藏高原生长季NDVI总体呈上升趋势,不同干湿地区生长季NDVI变化趋势有所差异,湿润地区植被退化面积占比相对较大,干旱地区植被改善面积占比相对较大。(2)研究区植被未来总体向改善方向发展,植被未来趋向改善面积占62.25%,趋向退化面积占37.58%。(3)研究区植被对各气候因子的响应存在一定的滞后性,草原、草甸、高山植被和灌丛4种主要植被对气温和相对湿度主要当月响应,对降水主要当月或滞后1个月响应,对日照时数主要滞后3个月响应。(4)气温、降水、相对湿度及日照时数4个气候因子对青藏高原植被NDVI变化的相对贡献率分别为37.19%,27.53%,20.30%和14.97%,其中,气温和降水是湿润/半湿润地区、半湿润地区、大部分半干旱地区及干旱地区植被NDVI变化的主要气候驱动因子,日照时数和相对...     

2000-2016年黄河源区植被NDVI变化趋势及影响因素

NDVI是研究区域植被变化的重要表征性指数。基于2000—2016年的MODIS NDVI遥感数据和同时期地面气象数据,采用非参数检验方法曼—肯德尔法（Mann-Kendall）检验法、斜率变化趋势分析法、复直线回归分析法等多种时间与空间分析方法,研究了黄河源区生长季植被覆盖时空变化及其与气候因子的相关性,探索黄河源区植被与气候变化的时空耦合关系,分析了气候因素及人类活动对植被覆盖的影响。结果表明:黄河源区NDVI在2000—2016年期间没有特别明显的突变年份;源区70.4%的区域植被NDVI是增加的,增长率大部分处于0～0.004/a。复直线回归分析显示气象因素对源区植被生长变化起到主要的促进作用,99%的区域NDVI气候因素贡献值为正值。人类活动促使植被NDVI增加的区域占总面积的比例是55%,说明人类活动等因素对黄河源区的生态环境产生一定的积极影响,但仍有接近50%的区域人类活动使NDVI减少,高寒草地的退化的趋势没有得到有效遏制。     

西南地区生长季植被覆盖时空变化特征及其对气候与地形因子的响应

为探究西南地区生长季植被覆盖时空变化特征以及驱动因子如何定量影响其动态变化,基于MODIS NDVI数据,通过趋势分析、变异系数、相关分析等方法研究了西南地区2000-2016年生长季植被覆盖的时空变化特征,并结合气候因子、DEM数据,分析了植被覆盖对气候与地形因子的影响程度。结果表明:西南地区近17年来生长季NDVI呈增长趋势（0.009/10 a）,其中4月份增速最显著（0.029/10 a）;呈增加趋势的区域占研究区总面积71.94%,主要分布在东部与东南部区域;植被覆盖变化以较低稳定（31.15%）与中度稳定（25.36%）占主导。研究区NDVI与气温、降水的相关性在空间分布上主要以正相关为主;月尺度NDVI与气候因子的相关性高于年尺度的值;植被覆盖度与月平均气温的相关性高于其与月降水量的相关性,植被生长对降水月变化的响应不明显,对气温的响应无明显滞后效应。研究区平均NDVI在海拔大于4 000 m区域最小（0.30）,在坡度0°~5°区域最小（0.37）,但是NDVI的显著退化趋势则是以海拔大于4 000 m处最大（14.33%）;海拔大于4 000 m区域主要受降水控制,坡度5°~15°区域主要受气温控制;坡向对植被生长变化的影响没有海拔和坡度影响大。     

Response of snowmelt hydrology to climate change

In mountainous regions where the accumulation and melt of seasonal snow cover are important for runoff production, the timing and quantity of water supply could be strongly affected by regional climate change, particularly altered temperature and precipitation regimes.In this paper, the hydrological response to climate change scenarios is examined using a semi-distributed snowmelt runoff model. The model represents an improvement over simple temperature-based models, in that it incorporates the net radiation into the snowpack. Thus it takes into account the basin's topography and slope orientation when computing snowmelt. In general, a warmer climate is expected to shift snowmelt earlier into the winter and spring, decreasing summer runoff. The effects of other potential climate changes (such as precipitation and cloudiness patterns) are explored. The uncertainties in these predictions are discussed.     

Upland plant communities — sensitivity to change

The factors that influence changes in the upland plant communities of Scotland, and hence result in changes in the landscape, are examined with particular reference to the decline in the cover of heather moorland. These factors include natural disturbances, such as climate change and fire, but the influence of man-made disturbances on the landscape, notably due to sheep grazing and deforestation, has been much greater. Despite this, it is argued that plant communities differ in their fragility and some current upland landscapes are not particularly sensitive to some types of disturbances, at least under moderate herbivore loads. However, the impact of potential reductions in herbivore loads, in combination with other factors (e.g., climate change and increased atmospheric nitrogen deposition), on the rate of vegetation change cannot be predicted with confidence at present. Understanding the mechanisms underlying spatial and temporal variation in the sensitivity of upland plant communities to increasing disturbances in the future is the challenge facing both ecologists and those interested in landscape management.     

Vulnerability assessment of Angat water reservoir to climate change

Global warming due to an anticipated doubling of carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere is expected to alter the earth's climate system within the next century. The potential changes in the climate system could affect hydrological cycles and processes. Possible impacts of climate change on water resources should be assessed to evaluate probable adaptation measures. In the Philippines, a preliminary assessment of the vulnerability of water resources to climate change and variability was undertaken. For this particular study, the Angat Reservoir was chosen as the study area. Because of its socioeconomic importance, it is useful to assess its vulnerability to climate change. A rainfall-runoff simulation model, WATBAL, was used to determine the effect of temperature and rainfall changes, based on CO₂ doubling, on inflow to the reservoir. Climate change scenarios developed from results from three general circulation models and incremental changes were used. The results showed that changes in temperature and rainfall could affect runoff either positively or negatively. Using the temperature and rainfall changes from the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory model there was a 32% increase in runoff, and with the Canadian Climate Centre Model, there was a 15% decrease in runoff. Under a climate scenario generated by the United Kingdom Meteorological Office model, runoff is estimated to increase by 5%. The use of incremental scenarios revealed the strong sensitivity of runoff to changes in rainfall as compared with changes in temperature.     

陆生植物对全球环境变化的适应

全球环境变化对陆地生态系统产生了深刻影响,而陆生植物对环境变化具有一定的适应机制。在生理过程中,信号物质能够对植物的生理过程进行调节,植物会主动积累或合成小分子物质以减轻逆境的伤害。在个体水平上,植物通过调节同化物在不同器官中的分配来适应环境条件的变化;植物对水氮资源的权衡利用可以使其适应不同的资源环境条件;由于对非结构碳水化合物的奢侈利用,植物生长不会受碳供应的限制。植物生理生态过程中的适应机制会影响陆地生态系统的碳收支。只有在综合分析的基础上建立整合植物适应机理的数学模型,才能准确预测环境变化对陆地生态系统的影响。     

Vulnerability of Sri Lanka tea production to global climate change

The tea industry is Sri Lanka's main net foreign exchange earner and source of income for the majority of laborers. Tea yield is greatly influenced by weather, and especially by droughts, which cause irreparable losses because irrigation is seldom used on tea plantations. At the other extreme, heavy rains erode top soil and wash away fertilizers and other chemicals. In the recently published Sri Lanka country report on climate change, it was reported that the island will experience extreme rainfall intensities and warmer temperatures as a result of climate change. The possibility of a 10% increase in the length of dry and wet seasons per year in the main plantation area was also indicated. Thus both drought damages and soil losses in tea production areas will increase in the years to come. An analysis of the results of field experiments with weather data shows that increases in temperature, soil moisture deficit, and saturation vapor pressure deficit in the low elevations will adversely affect growth and yield of tea. Reports have also shown that about 30 cm of soil has already been eroded from upland tea plantations. Under these circumstances, the tea industry in Sri Lanka is clearly vulnerable to predicted climate changes, and subsequently greater economic, social, and environmental problems. This paper discusses the various aspects of the adverse effects of climate change on Sri Lanka's tea industry.     

Using behavioral landscape ecology to predict species’ responses to land-use and climate change

Climate change and habitat destruction are widely recognized as major threats to species’ survival. As a result of these anthropogenic impacts, species are often forced into novel landscapes where their persistence is difficult to predict. Knowledge of how individuals move or disperse through the landscape, choose habitat in which to settle, and produce offspring which survive to repeat the process can greatly improve our ability to predict species’ persistence. The field of behavioral landscape ecology uses a strong theoretical base to explore, often experimentally, how the behavior of a particular species is affected by heterogeneous and rapidly changing landscapes and can offer valuable insight for managing species in the face of human-induced environmental changes. When interpreted by modelers, results of landscape-level behavioral experiments can be quantified for use in predictive models. To this end, we summarize the methods and results of research using direct experimental manipulation techniques broken into the following categories: translocations, playback experiments, food resource manipulations, manipulations of reproductive success, direct manipulations of the landscape, and manipulations of predation risk. We review and place in a theoretical framework the results from this emerging body of research regarding how organisms move in and respond to different types of landscapes, both natural and human-altered. We go onto highlight the potential of each experimental method to quantify different processes, which may be useful when interpreted by modelers attempting to parameterize predictive models. Finally, we suggest future directions for experimental research that will allow for greater integration of behavioral landscape ecology and predictive modeling.     

Invertebrates increase the sensitivity of non-labile soil carbon to climate change

The fate of global soil carbon stores in response to predicted climate change is a ‘hotly’ debated topic. Considerable uncertainties remain as to the temperature sensitivity of non-labile soil organic matter (SOM) to decomposition. Currently, models assume that organic matter decomposition is solely controlled by the interaction between climatic conditions and soil mineral characteristics. Consequently, little attention has been paid to adaptive responses of soil decomposer organisms to climate change and their impacts on the turnover of long-standing terrestrial carbon reservoirs. Using a radiocarbon approach we found that warming increased soil invertebrate populations (Enchytraeid worms) leading to a greater turnover of older soil carbon pools. The implication of this finding is that until soil physiology and biology are meaningfully represented in ecosystem carbon models, predictions will underestimate soil carbon turnover.     

Agroforestry potential for adaptation to climate change: A soil-based perspective

Agricultural systems face several challenges that threaten their capacity to feed the world while maintaining a healthy and functional environment. Climate change, together with soil degradation, biodiversity loss, resource scarcity and invasive species, is a major threat to agricultural systems worldwide. In this context, new practices have been proposed to circumvent or minimize these threats. Yet, these mostly focus on the farm or plant level (e.g., breeding for stress-tolerant species), while frequently overlooking belowground components (e.g., soil organic carbon accrual). By interlinking above- and below-ground components, the likelihood of limiting the negative effects of current threats to agricultural systems can be maximized. This review explores current knowledge regarding agroforestry and its effects on belowground components as a key property in the reducing effects of climate change. We first review tree effects on key soil properties of agricultural systems. We synthesize evidence regarding agroforestry systems response to current environmental threats that are related to climate change. We continue by discussing how soil processes play a fundamental role in the capacity of agroforestry systems to cope with climate change. We conclude by proposing options on how resilience of agroforestry systems could be further enhanced.     

Net change in organically bound halogens in relation to soil pH

The total amount of organically bound halogens was determined in soil samples from the Palace Leas meadow hay plots, Northumberland, UK. These plots have been amended with different combinations of farmyard manure, potassium chloride, ammonium sulphate or nitrate since their establishment in 1897, resulting in, among other things, substantial pH differences between the plots. It was found that the amount of organically bound halogens increased significantly with decreasing pH. Net changes in amounts of organohalogens were also studied in soil obtained from a coniferous forest in southern Sweden. The collected soil was divided into four sets of samples, which were incubated in a climate chamber and subjected to different treatment regimes that influence soil pH. Significant changes in amounts of organically bound halogens were detected in three of the four sets of samples, resulting in significantly increasing amounts with decreasing pH. However, although the amount of organically bound halogens detected was related to soil pH in both the field and the experimental study, the net changes observed in the latter investigation were not directly related to soil pH. This shows that net changes in the amount of organically bound halogens in soil are caused by complex processes, and that further studies are needed to clarify the nature of the observed relation between soil pH and amounts of organically bound halogens.