温度变化对大型预应力混凝土倒虹吸结构受力的影响

预应力混凝土倒虹吸结构是一个受力状况复杂的大体积混凝土结构,在温度变化作用下,其应力状态难以确定。为此,运用三维有限元对倒虹吸结构进行了数值分析,确定其在无温度变化、最大温升、最大温降情况下9种工况的应力分布状态。结果表明,在各种设计工况荷载作用下,无温度变化时,预应力混凝土倒虹吸结构均没有产生拉应力;但在温度变化时,工况Ⅰ和工况Ⅲ均产生了较大的拉应力。其中,在温升情况下,工况Ⅰ底板下表面和工况Ⅲ顶板上表面产生拉应力大小分别为1.53 MPa和1.72 MPa;在温降情况下,工况Ⅰ边墙内侧、工况Ⅲ顶板下表面、工况Ⅲ底板上表面和工况Ⅲ边墙内侧产生拉应力大小分别为1.36MPa、1.77MPa、1.85MPa和1.65MPa。因此,温度变化对倒虹吸结构的影响是不容忽视的。     

倒虹吸地涵受温度作用影响的有限元分析

以南水北调中线工程某倒虹吸结构为研究对象,利用ADINA有限元软件稳态、瞬态温度模块,计算分析了水温变化形式和加载速率对倒虹吸结构温度场的影响规律,同时借助温度-结构模块,对倒虹吸结构应力、变形与温度变化之间的关系进行了研究。结果表明,对于倒虹吸这类管壁较薄结构,环境温度可近似简化为线性变化;在考虑初始温度场以及水温变化速率的条件后,结构内外表面实际最大温差与设计中采用的水温与地温最大温差之间存在一定差异;当水温高于地温时,倒虹吸结构会随着水温的升高出现向外膨胀趋势,这将对结构整体受力产生不利影响;当水温低于地温时,倒虹吸结构会随着水温的降低出现向内收缩趋势,左右侧墙向内的收缩阻止了顶板向内的收缩,这在一定程度上对结构产生有利影响。     

地质变化对大型预应力混凝土倒虹吸结构受力影响的分析

 结合南水北调中线工程河北段南沙河预应力混凝土倒虹吸结构的设计,采用有限元分析方法,研究了各种设计工况下地基条件变化对倒虹吸结构的受力性能影响规律。结果表明：地基不均匀对倒虹吸结构整体在正常使用阶段的受力状态具有较大影响,采用换填土方式改善地基均匀性对改善倒虹吸结构整体受力性能特别是底板受力状态具有显著作用。     

折线温差分布下倒虹吸横向温度应力计算

通过引进公路桥梁规范中的折线温差分布函数,推导了折线温差分布下倒虹吸横向温度自约束应力和框架约束应力计算公式,利用文章推导的公式,计算了倒虹吸处于停运状态时,突遇骤然降温作用时的温度应力,计算表明:倒虹吸内表面总应力是温差和壁厚的函数,当壁厚不变,温差减小50%时,其温度应力相应的也减小50%,当温差不变,壁厚减小50%时,其温度应力减小17%;采用相同的工程实例,按照折线温差分布函数和指数温差分布函数分别计算倒虹吸温度应力,发现前者计算值偏大,在设计时若按照折线温差分布模式考虑倒虹吸温度荷载,能提高倒虹吸抗裂性能。     

浮运沉放式倒虹吸结构受力分析

采用有限元计算软件对大冲倒虹吸结构进行了受力分析,得到了运行过程中倒虹吸管上的应力、变形分布规律,分析结果表明,大冲倒虹吸结构合理,满足设计要求。     

大型倒虹吸结构预应力钢筋张拉施工顺序研究

结合南水北调中线工程南沙河倒虹吸预应力混凝土结构设计，采用三维有限元方法，以施工完建期倒虹吸结构受力状态为基准，分析研究了底板、顶板和竖墙预应力钢筋张拉施工顺序及回填土高度对倒虹吸结构的受力影响规律，提出了以缩短工期为目标的倒虹吸结构预应力钢筋的合理张拉施工顺序，为施工组织设计提供研究依据。     

环形倒虹吸管结构分析

南水北调中线工程是我国缓解北方地区水资源严重短缺的一项伟大工程,从长江支流汉江丹江口水库引水,沿线北上,输水到北京、天津.输水干线总长1267km,共有建筑物1800多座,包括渡槽、涵洞、倒虹吸、水闸等.但倒虹吸数量居多,且型式单一.河北省境内的14座大型倒虹吸结构均采用箱涵式,众多的小型输水和排水倒虹吸也采用箱涵式.箱涵结构便于建模,应力分析简单,宜于多孔并联,但是该结构的受力状态不好,尤其预应力结构的锚头较多,局部应力非常复杂,造价也高,而环形预应力可以解决这一弊端.本文以创新为目的,对环形倒虹吸管进行分析.     

三维倒虹吸结构动力响应分析

倒虹吸结构广泛应用于我国农田水利建设、城市供水、大型调水工程中,很大一部分倒虹吸结构处于高烈度地震区,不可避免遇到抗震问题。考虑土与倒虹吸结构的相互作用,建立三维有限元模型进行静力分析,并在此基础上进行倒虹吸结构动力时程分析,研究倒虹吸结构在动力作用下的工作性态。通过比较加速度、位移及应力3方面的响应情况,发现地震作用下,加速度沿倒虹吸截面高度变化不大,y向位移相对x及z向较大,各向应力的增幅较小,7级地震作用下倒虹吸结构是安全的。     

某输水倒虹吸工程运行期稳定性监测分析

倒虹吸工程是现代水利工程经常采用的一种建筑物,其特点是受地形影响较大,不利于建成后运行期的安全监测。针对某输水倒虹吸工程,结合其运行期的安全监测数据及降雨、地下水等变化情况对该工程的稳定性进行分析和评价。结果表明,工程监测资料能够准确反映该输水工程建筑物的运行状态,且倒虹吸结构受力情况及变形量均在设计指标范围内,除此之外,工程运行期间存在6#管节钢筋应力持续增大的现象,有待进一步的监测及研究。     

箱形倒虹吸结构分析

倒虹吸管道是输水排水及引水灌溉的一种非常重要和常见的立体交叉建筑物,是渠道与河流、谷地、道路、铁路、冲沟及其他渠道相交时,采用立体交叉方式而设置的输水建筑物,在南水北调工程中倒虹吸是一种比较常见的渠系交叉建筑物。该文采用有限元分析的方法,模拟分析了倒虹吸在渠道正常水位且虹吸内不过水工况条件下的受力情况。通过有限元软件ANSYS建立二维模型模拟分析,得到倒虹吸受力最薄弱部位的应力和应变情况,且使最薄弱部位应力和变形均在控制范围内。模拟分析研究结果表明倒虹吸的结构和稳定均安全,完全在其承载范围内。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.