基于跳跃分析的澄碧河水库汛期分期应用

基于水文随机分析方法中的跳跃原理,采用有序聚类分析法确定广西澄碧河水库汛期入库流量跳跃点为5月中旬与8月下旬,并用游程检验法对其跳跃成分进行显著性检验,确定前汛期为4月上旬至5月中旬,主汛期为5月下旬至8月下旬,后汛期为9月上旬至10月下旬。采用轮次分析原理对分期结果进行合理性检验,认为该分期结果合理。该方法具有计算便捷、识别精度高以及分期结果可靠等优点。     

基于模糊集合分析法的西江不同站点汛期分期研究

西江流域洪水由暴雨形成,具有明显的季节性变化规律,研究汛期分期对于优化流域水库工程运行、协调防洪与兴利矛盾具有重要意义。采用模糊集合分析法对西江不同站点汛期进行了分期研究,综合确定武宣站汛期分期为:4月1日至5月26日为汛前期,5月27日至8月15日为主汛期,8月16日至10月31日为汛末期;大湟江口站汛期分期为:4月1日至6月3日为汛前期,6月4日至8月14日为主汛期,8月15日至10月31日为汛末期;梧州站汛期分期为:4月1日至6月6日为汛前期,6月7日至8月30日为主汛期,8月31日至10月31日为汛末期。研究结果表明,西江不同站点汛期分期在空间上是存在差异性的,采用模糊集合分析法划定的各站点汛期分期结果与站点实际情况及实际防汛实践经验相吻合,可为西江防汛抗旱和水库群优化调度提供技术参考。     

基于分形法的百色水库汛期分期研究

水库分期汛限水位动态控制是洪水资源化利用的有效途径之一,为了提高百色水库对洪水的调节作用和洪水资源化利用效益,采用基于日最大值取样的分形法对百色水库进行汛期分期,最后得出百色水库汛期分期为:汛前期为5月1日~6月20日,主汛期为6月21日~8月20日,汛末期为8月21日~10月31日。     

Fisher最优分割法在澄碧河水库汛期分期中的应用

在深入分析澄碧河流域汛期变化特性的基础上,以澄碧河水库为例,选取暴雨日数、旬平均雨量、旬最大3天雨量、旬多年平均入库流量、年最大洪峰出现次数等5个指标,采用Fisher最优分割法进行汛期分期研究,将汛期分为前汛期、主汛期和后汛期3个时期。结果表明,Fisher最优分割法不仅能够考虑多个指标,而且能够有效避免常规方法在阈值选取和最优分期数目确定上存在主观性强的缺点;与之前对澄碧河水库分期的相关结果对比,该方法则更为客观科学,分期结果也更加合理可靠。     

模糊最优分割法及其在燕山水库汛期水位分期划分中的应用

在《河南省干江河燕山水库初步设计报告》中,对燕山水库汛期洪水分期作了初步设计,根据暴雨洪水的时间分布划分为:主汛期6月20日至8月15日,后汛期8月15日至9月末。本次根据燕山水库的基本资料,选取了:旬暴雨日数、旬面平均雨量、旬最大1日面平均雨量、旬最大3日面平均雨量、旬最大7日面平均雨量以及旬入库水量等6个指标,釆用最优分割法,构建了燕山水库汛期划分计算模型,对燕山水库汛期分期重新作了计算。本次计算所得的汛期分期划分成果为:前汛期6月1日至6月20日,主汛期6月20日至8月31日,后汛期9月1日至9月末。因此,本次分期划分成果与初步设计报告成果基本一致,主汛由8月中旬延迟至8月下旬,增加前汛期分期。     

集对分析方法在澄碧河水库汛期分期中的应用

以澄碧河水库为例,选择暴雨日数、旬平均雨量、旬最大3 d雨量均值、旬平均多年入库流量、年最大洪峰出现次数5个指标因子,运用集对分析方法将澄碧河水库汛期分为前汛期、过渡期、主汛期、后汛期4个时期。分析结果表明,集对分析法能清晰地展示水文各变量之间的相关结构,不仅能从宏观角度揭示总体相关性,还能从微观层次揭示分期结果与各个指标因子的相关性;与之前的其他分期方法结果相比,其更具客观性与可操作性。     

大伙房水库汛期气象水文特征分析

洪水具有利害两重性,将洪水转化为可利用的水资源对增加流域可利用水资源量、提高流域水资源承载能力具有十分重要的意义。在汛期水文气象特征分析的基础上,依据大伙房水库汛期日平均降水量及日平均入库流量资料,利用数理统计方法分析了汛期各旬平均降雨量、暴雨发生频率及汛期各旬平均入库流量的变化规律。根据汛期日平均入库流量资料,采用模糊集合分析法对大伙房水库流域汛期分期进行了研究。结果表明:大伙房水库汛期具有明显的分期特性,可将6月1日至7月11日作为前汛期,7月12日至8月26日作为主汛期,8月27日至9月30日作为后汛期。     

综合分期方法在陈家湾水库汛期分期中的应用

为消除指标相关性对聚类造成的影响,避免主观地选取汛期时间域,提出综合方法进行汛期分期。使用变异系数法和灰色关联法对所选指标进行筛选,利用集对分析法划分汛期时间域,最后利用Fisher最优分割法进行汛期分期。对陈家湾水库进行汛期分期,得出结果:汛期为6月1日—10月5日;前汛期为6月1日—6月25日,主汛期为6月26日—9月5日,后汛期为9月6日—10月5日。所得结果与前人分析结果较为一致,表明该方法符合实际,有一定的适用性。     

基于模糊集合分析法的南水水库汛期气象水文特征分析

以珠江流域北江水系的南水水库的1970—2016年的径流量资料为基础,采用汛期降雨径流时程分布特征分析、数理统计法等方法分析了径流年内变化的一般特征,并采用模糊集合分析法来研究径流在汛期分期问题,对汛期分期的变化进行初步探讨。研究表明,径流主要集中在汛期,占到全年径流量的60%以上;南水水库汛期具有明显的3峰结构的分期特性:前汛期为4月1—30日;主汛期分为3段,分别是5月1—21日、7月10—30日、8月9—24日;8月25日至10月30日为后汛期。比目前的主汛期推后,建议将主汛期推后,但同时也必须要考虑到水库后期蓄水问题,以达到水资源的合理利用。     

金沙江下游梯级水库汛期分期及汛限水位合理性研究

汛期分期以及分期汛限水位的合理确定,能够较好地协调水库防洪效益与发电效益之间的矛盾,对充分发挥水库的防洪、发电能力,以及提高汛期洪水资源利用率具有重要意义。基于改进的模糊集分析方法并依据金沙江下游乌东德、白鹤滩、溪洛渡、向家坝4个梯级水库入库洪水对其汛期进行分期,通过隶属度与防洪库容的映射关系确定梯级水库分期汛限水位,提出利用跨期选样法对分期结果及汛限水位进行修正。研究结果表明:金沙江下游梯级水库前汛期为6月1日—7月14日,主汛期为7月15日—9月16日,后汛期为9月17日—10月24日,4个梯级水库合理汛限水位分别为962,800,575,374 m。通过不同典型洪水放大的洪水过程检验了分期汛限水位的合理性。研究得到的金沙江下游梯级分期结果及各库分期汛限水位,均能够在满足防洪安全的前提下提高水库发电等经济效益,在一定程度上提高了汛期洪水资源的利用率。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.