渗透系数空间变异性对堤基渗透稳定影响的数值模拟

土性参数变异性较大是堤防工程风险管理面临的问题之一。在分析土体渗透系数空间变异性的基础上,通过随机数值模拟研究了堤防渗流场统计特征和堤基渗透稳定性。将土体渗透系数作为随机场,采用转动带法进行随机抽样模拟,通过蒙特卡罗方法分析渗流场分布,并计算堤基渗透失稳概率,结合堤防工程进行了计算分析。结果表明,渗透系数的空间变异性对渗流场有较大影响,随渗透系数和临界比降的变异性增大,容易造成局部渗流集中,堤基渗透失稳概率增大。     

土石坝渗透破坏模糊风险分析

渗透破坏是土石坝主要的失事形式之一,文中通过对渗流风险的不确定性进行分析,建立了考虑设计参数模糊性和失效准则模糊性的渗透破坏模糊风险模型,并运用蒙特卡罗方法求解其风险概率.渗透破坏风险分析中考虑风险的模糊性使失事风险的计算结果更加合理,风险评价更加符合工程实际,将模糊参数进行模糊化处理后,可直接采用现有传统风险计算方法计算失事概率.     

考虑参数变异性的土石坝渗透破坏概率分析

为合理考虑土体参数变异性对土石坝渗透破坏概率的影响,本文编写了基于GEOSTUDIO与MATLAB之间的渗流有限元计算及可靠度分析的接口实现程序,并以一实际土石坝工程为例验证了提出方法的有效性,探讨了库水位骤降条件下坝体材料渗透系数以及土水特征曲线模型参数的变异性对土石坝渗透破坏概率的影响。结果表明：库水位上升对土石坝渗透稳定很不利,库水位从正常蓄水位工况上升至校核洪水位工况,土石坝渗透破坏概率增加近两倍。受坝体材料基质吸力的作用,库水位骤降会导致坝体发生逆向渗流,土石坝渗透破坏概率到达某一时刻后会急剧增加,然后直至坝体内孔隙水压力得到充分消散才下降并趋于某一稳定值。     

不同成因洪水下河流交汇处堤防渗流特性研究

为揭示不同洪水成因下河流交汇处堤防渗透特性的差异,依托忆马溪流域双河口交汇河段,首先根据伯努利方程推求干、支流上游分别或同时遭遇10年一遇设计洪水时河流交汇处各特征剖面的设计洪水位及水深,在此基础上以交汇处相应特征剖面堤防为研究对象,采用有限单元法对三种设计洪水位下河流交汇处堤防迎水面特征点孔隙水压力、最大渗透比降等渗透特性进行仿真模拟。仿真结果如下:(1)支流遭遇10年一遇设计洪水时,干流水位、水深高于支流,导致干流堤防孔隙水压力、最大渗透比降偏大,同时干流出口处最易发生渗透破坏;(2)干流单独遭遇或干支流同时遭遇10年一遇设计洪水时,支流水位、水深高于干流,导致支流堤防孔隙水压力、最大渗透比降偏大,此时支流出口处最易发生渗透破坏。由此可见,进行堤防防洪抢险时应根据不同洪水成因突出相应的重点防护区。     

基于响应面法的拱坝地震易损性分析

基于响应面法建立了一种高效的拱坝地震易损性分析方法。考虑混凝土拱坝材料以及地震动的不确定性,按照中心复合试验设计方法建立材料-地震动样本,采用Abaqus有限元分析软件建立拱坝有限元模型并对样本进行非线性动力时程计算,然后以拱冠位移为性能指标建立响应面模型。采用拉丁超立方抽样法从响应面模型中抽样,建立概率地震需求模型,从而获得地震易损性曲线,为基于性能的拱坝抗震安全评价提供理论依据。分析结果表明：所建立的拱坝响应面模型精度较高,基于响应面法的拱坝地震易损性分析方法比传统的蒙特卡罗模拟法具有更高的效率。     

浙江省小流域防洪堤渗流设计要点

文章对小流域防洪堤防一些常见渗流工况进行计算分析,提出堤防渗流设计的关键点,供设计人员参考。堤防下游堤坡与地面相交处的渗透比降最大,若洪水过程持续时间长则有可能出现渗透破坏现象,适当放缓下游堤坡坡比可降低坡脚处的渗透比降,减小堤身的渗透系数可以降低出逸点高度,在下游坡脚处设置反滤保护,可以提高堤身允许渗透比降,防止渗透破坏。     

Fluent模型在河道堤防渗透数值计算中的适用性和精度对比分析

本文结合渗流物理模型试验,分析了Fluent模型在河道堤防渗透计算的适用性,并对比分析了Fluent模型和传统渗流计算模型在河道堤防渗透计算的精度。研究结果表明:Fluent模型在河道堤防渗透计算具有较好的适用性,计算的渗透系数和渗流试验分析的堤防渗透系数之间的相对误差值小于15%;Fluent模型由于采用有限体积方法对非稳定渗透流方程进行离散,计算精度好于传统渗流计算方程,计算误差减少12.2%,相关系数提高0.28。研究成果对于设计河道堤防的渗透合理计算提供方法参考。     

基于蒙特卡罗模拟的堤防漫顶失效概率分析

本文首先整合构建了堤防漫顶失效模型和极限状态方程;在已有的有限河流水位数据基础上实现了河流水位拟合函数及其参数的求解。在对模型中参数的分布规律讨论的基础上,编程实现了堤防漫顶失效概率的蒙特卡罗模拟计算,最后通过一个简单的例子说明了分析和计算的步骤和方法,并对参数的不确定性和模型的结果进行了讨论,研究结果表明,蒙特卡罗模拟技术对于堤防的漫顶失效概率分析具有一定的理论和现实意义。     

水位升降条件下后张堤堤防非稳定渗流分析

采用二维有限元数值模拟方法对后张堤堤防进行了非稳定渗流分析,研究了洪水过程中堤防及两岸渗流场的变化情况。计算结果表明:洪水位升降过程中,两岸自由水面变化受洪水位影响较小,洪水位主要影响区域位于堤防内;堤防迎水坡最大渗透坡降随水位上升而增大,随水位下降而减小;受地层材料渗透性影响,同一水位条件下,上涨时的最大渗透坡降小于下降时的最大渗透坡降;在快速退水初期,左右岸迎水坡附近最大渗透坡降均高于相应土体的允许渗透坡降,建议采取相应防渗加固措施。     

基于LHS抽样RSM数据表的边坡可靠度研究

为有效求解边坡可靠度,采用拉丁超立方(LHS)抽样提出了基于响应面法(RSM)数据表的边坡可靠度计算模型。考虑影响边坡稳定性的主要强度参数c,φ的不确定性,采用LHS抽样构建RSM随机样本点,借助岩土工程极限平衡的Slide程序获取样本响应值;通过将数据表法与RSM结合求解边坡可靠指标及失效概率。以Monte Carlo法计算结果作为可靠性分析的基准解,并与基本2层土坡模型和托巴110 kV施工变电站边坡计算结果进行对比分析,结果表明此方法不仅精度满足要求,且计算量较小、效率高,对实际工程边坡可靠度分析具有一定指导意义。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

Impacts of Microcystis on algal biodiversity and use of new technology to remove Microcystis and dissolved nutrients

Cyanobacteria often dominate eutrophic lakes, outcompeting green algae that are required by fish and zooplankton. This study was undertaken to ascertain the impact of the cyanobacterium, Microcystis, on algal biodiversity. Under laboratory conditions, we found that the presence of Microcystis decreased phyla richness by 58%, phyla evenness by 47%, genera richness by 66% and genera evenness by 51%. Analysis by mixed anova s demonstrated a significant interaction between treatment and time and confirmed a significant reduction in richness and evenness of phyla and genera. We also conducted a phosphate restriction assay on the algae in Mason Lake (Irvine, CA, USA) and found that the threshold needed for algal growth there was 0.02 mg L^?1 PO₄. A pilot study was then conducted to test the effectiveness of the Blue Pro? water treatment facility in removal of this colonial organism from Mason Lake, in addition to removal of dissolved nutrients required for its growth. We measured a 97% reduction in Microcystis cells, a 72% reduction in chlorophyll‐a, and a 96% reduction in phosphate after just one 10 min cycle through the unit. Our study demonstrated that removal of Microcystis colonies may allow green algae to increase in numbers. This may improve algal biodiversity, which will benefit zooplankton and fishes.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

簸箕李引黄灌区水沙分布及优化调度的经验

灌区利用水沙观测所取得的资料和试验数据，运用水沙运动力学理论，总结分析和揭示了灌区水沙分布的规律和特点。在此基础上，结合灌区的实际运行情况，围绕减少骨干渠道的淤积进行探讨、研究，进而，优化水沙调度方案。该方案实施后，骨干渠道减旅伴效果明显，取得了成功的经验。     

小湾水库大坝防渗面板及其裂缝的加固处理

小湾水库大坝防渗面板整体抗渗性能差,且存在多条裂缝,通过对面板钢丝网喷涂丙乳砂浆加固处理及其裂缝修补,大坝渗漏量明显减少,且左岸上灌浆廊道内及大坝下游坝面92～93 m高程下廊道入口处原有小股射流全部消失.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.