环境科学专业基础化学课程改革与实践

化学是环境科学专业的重要基础课程,在人才培养中占有举足轻重的地位。根据环境科学专业的特点,参照国内各类学校环境科学专业的教学计划及经验,环境科学专业的基础化学课程从课程结构、课程内容、教材三个方面进行了改革与实践。课改提高了教学效率,增加了学生的兴趣,更能满足环境科学专业学生的化学知识需求。     

立足本土构建环境科学专业实践教学体系

随着环境问题的日益突出,环境类人才的社会需求越来越多。实践教学是环境科学专业培养高素质专业技术人才的重要教学环节。分析了我国环境科学专业实践教学中存在的问题,并以山西师范大学现代文理学院环境科学专业为例,从认识实习、课程实习、生产实习、毕业实习四个方面提出了立足本土的环境科学实践教学体系的建设,以期为提高环境科学专业实践教学效果提供帮助。     

环境科学专业环境生态学课程教学的改革与实践

环境生态学是环境科学专业的一门重要专业基础课程,根据课程特点及环境科学专业的专业特点,在总结近年来教学经验的基础上进行了环境科学课程教学内容、教学方法和考试方法的改革尝试和实践,收到了较好的效果。     

环境科学野外综合实习教学模式探讨——以伊犁师范学院环境科学野外综合实习为例

通过分析伊犁师范学院环境科学野外综合实习教学过程中存在的问题,从环境科学野外综合实习地点、教学模式、教学内容和措施等几个方面探讨了提高教学效果的改革措施。目的是通过环境科学野外综合实习教学改革、提高对学生进行环境科学专业素质培养的水平,为完善环境科学专业教学体系提供参考。     

普通本科院校环境科学专业实践教学模式初探

随着社会经济的快速发展,环境问题将越来越凸显,从而对环境科学专业人才的需求和要求也越来越高。实践教学作为环境科学专业教育中不可或缺的一个重要环节,对培养高竞争能力和科研创新能力的环境科学专业人才起举足轻重的作用。该文从环境科学专业实践教学环节中存在的问题着手,进一步提出其相应的改革对策,以便为新形势下环境科学专业的建设与发展提供一些参考。     

面向师范院校环境科学专业的化工原理教学改革探索

化工原理是环境科学专业的一门重要专业基础课程。根据该课程的特点和环境科学专业的教学要求,对化工原理课程的教学内容、理论总课时、教学方法和教学手段进行了改革和创新。     

环境科学专业无机化学课程考核改革实践

无机化学是环境科学专业的一门重要基础课程,通过我校环境科学专业无机化学课程考核改革的一些实践,取得了良好的效果.     

基于案例教学的环境生态学教学模式

《环境生态学》是环境科学专业核心课程之一,对环境科学专业环境科学应用系列方向课的教学起到知识储备和承上启下的关键性作用。为进一步推进教学工作创新发展、提高和改善课堂教学质量,充分利用案例教学和基于项目驱动的现代教学方法,探索《环境生态学》案例教学方法和教学模式将为环境科学专业课教学起到良好的示范作用。     

环境科学专业精英人才胜任力模型构建及其应用

随着我国高等教育事业的发展,高等教育改革的必经之路是基于教育制度改革和教育方式创新并争取通过培养核心精英人才来增强人才核心竞争力。从建立人才胜任力模型的角度出发,基于高校环境科学专业人才要求的培养,联合环境科学学科发展特点,在总结各高校环境科学专业人才培养基本状况上,按照精英人才培养规律,构建环境科学专业精英人才胜任力模型,对于增强环境科学专业精英人才培养质量,加大环境科学专业人才的核心竞争力具有巨大积极作用。     

基于课程优化整合的专业建设探讨——以环境科学专业为例

针对地方新建本科院校环境科学专业的专业建设现状,就环境科学专业建设中存在的一些亟待解决的实际问题,提出一些基于课程优化整合的、符合应用型人才培养规格的方法措施,以便更好地培养符合社会经济发展需要的新型的应用型环境保护人才。     

Theanine,Antistress Amino Acid in Tea Leaves,Causes Hippocampal Metabolic Changes and Antidepressant Effects in Stress-Loaded Mice

By comprehensively measuring changes in metabolites in the hippocampus of stress-loaded mice, we investigated the reasons for stress vulnerability and the effect of theanine, i.e., an abundant amino acid in tea leaves, on the metabolism. Stress sensitivity was higher in senescence-accelerated mouse prone 10 (SAMP10) mice than in normal ddY mice when these mice were loaded with stress on the basis of territorial consciousness in males. Group housing was used as the low-stress condition reference. Among the statistically altered metabolites, depression-related kynurenine and excitability-related histamine were significantly higher in SAMP10 mice than in ddY mice. In contrast, carnosine, which has antidepressant-like activity, and ornithine, which has antistress effects, were significantly lower in SAMP10 mice than in ddY mice. The ingestion of theanine, an excellent antistress amino acid, modulated the levels of kynurenine, histamine, and carnosine only in the stress-loaded SAMP10 mice and not in the group-housing mice. Depression-like behavior was suppressed in mice that had ingested theanine only under stress loading. Taken together, changes in these metabolites, such as kynurenine, histamine, carnosine, and ornithine, were suggested to be associated with the stress vulnerability and depression-like behavior of stressed SAMP10 mice. It was also shown that theanine action appears in the metabolism of mice only under stress loading.     

Effects of Tyrosine and Tryptophan Supplements on the Vital Indicators in Mice Differently Prone to Diet-Induced Obesity

We studied the effects of the addition of large neutral amino acids, such as tyrosine (Tyr) and tryptophan (Trp), in mice DBA/2J and tetrahybrid mice DBCB receiving a high-fat, high-carbohydrate diet (HFCD) for 65 days. The locomotor activity, anxiety, muscle tone, mass of internal organs, liver morphology, adipokines, cytokines, and biochemical indices of animals were assessed. The Tyr supplementation potentiated increased anxiety in EPM and contributed to a muscle tone increase, a decrease in the AST/ALT ratio, and an increase in protein anabolism in both mice strains. Tyr contributed to a decrease in liver fatty degeneration and ALT reduction only in DBCB that were sensitive to the development of obesity. The addition of Trp caused an increase in muscle tone and potentiated an increase in anxiety with age in animals of both genotypes. Trp had toxic effects on the livers of mice, which was manifested in increased fatty degeneration in DBCB, edema, and the appearance of micronuclei in DBA/2J. The main identified effects of Tyr on mice are considered in the light of its modulating effect on the dopamine neurotransmitter metabolism, while for the Trp supplement, effects were presumably associated with the synthesis of its toxic metabolites by representatives of the intestinal microflora.     

污泥生物炭中氮硫行为及环境效应研究进展

污泥生物炭中氮硫元素含量高,其氮硫行为和环境效应对全球气候变化的影响不容忽视。以往的研究中,研究者往往以富碳生物炭作为主要研究对象,关注碳对全球气候变化的行为和功效,而对氮硫元素的作用关注不够。本文从原始污泥基本性质到其热解过程,再到生物炭的老化,逐步对污泥生物炭整个生命周期内氮硫的行为及其环境效应研究进行综述,并对未来应注重开展的研究方向进行展望,为生物炭中氮硫元素固定、释放及与之关联的环境效应和温室气体排放控制研究提供理论基础。分析表明,污泥中氮元素含量普遍高于硫元素,且热解过程中氮比硫更容易转移至气相产物。氮硫元素随热解温度的增加,在三相产物中的分配都是炭中持续减少,油中先增后减,气中一直增加。高温（＞800℃）条件下,气相中的氮含量高于固相,而硫元素则仍然主要存在于固相中。污泥生物炭老化及其环境效应研究表明,污泥生物炭氮硫元素与土壤的相互作用及其温室效应问题在今后的研究中应引起重视。     

Differential Distribution of RBPMS in Pig,Rat, and Human Retina after Damage

RNA binding protein with multiple splicing (RBPMS) is expressed exclusively in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the retina and can label all RGCs in normal retinas of mice, rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, cats, and monkeys, but its function in these cells is not known. As a result of the limited knowledge regarding RBPMS, we analyzed the expression of RBPMS in the retina of different mammalian species (humans, pigs, and rats), in various stages of development (neonatal and adult) and with different levels of injury (control, hypoxia, and organotypic culture or explants). In control conditions, RBPMS was localized in the RGCs somas in the ganglion cell layer, whereas in hypoxic conditions, it was localized in the RGCs dendrites in the inner plexiform layer. Such differential distributions of RBPMS occurred in all analyzed species, and in adult and neonatal retinas. Furthermore, we demonstrate RBPMS localization in the degenerating RGCs axons in the nerve fiber layer of retinal explants. This is the first evidence regarding the possible transport of RBPMS in response to physiological damage in a mammalian retina. Therefore, RBPMS should be further investigated in relation to its role in axonal and dendritic degeneration.     

220MW热电联产锅炉中痕量元素的迁移及分布特性

本实验在北京某220 MW热电联产锅炉上进行。采用承重撞击器系统对该锅炉SCR前、ESP前以及FGD前的颗粒物进行采集,研究了痕量元素在烟道沿程上的迁移特性,另外,还给出了痕量元素在各固体燃烧产物中的分布。结果表明：ESP前的颗粒物上As、Cd、Cr和Pb的浓度明显高于SCR前的浓度;在从SCR到ESP的过程中,As、Cd、Cr、Pb从气态迁移到固态的质量分别占到了原煤中总质量的26 %、16 %、12 %和11 %;从ESP到FGD的过程中,颗粒物上As与Cd的浓度有略微增加,而Cr和Pb的浓度几乎不变;Mn在三个采样点的浓度几乎一致;绝大部分痕量元素存在于ESP捕获的飞灰中,在ESP出口处,As、Cd、Cr、Pb在<10 μm的四个粒径段上的质量随着粒径的减小而增大,而Mn的质量分布与颗粒物质量分布类似。     

Expression of Doublecortin,Glial Fibrillar Acidic Protein,and Vimentin in the Intact Subpallium and after Traumatic Injury to the Pallium in Juvenile Salmon,Oncorhynchus masou

Fetalization associated with a delay in development and the preservation of the features of the embryonic structure of the brain dominates the ontogeny of salmonids. The aim of the present study was to comparatively analyze the distribution of the glial-type aNSC markers such as vimentin and glial fibrillar acidic protein (GFAP) and the migratory neuronal precursors such as doublecortin in the telencephalon subpallium of juvenile masu salmon, Oncorhynchus masou, in normal conditions and at 1 week after an injury to the dorsal pallium. Immunohistochemical labeling of vimentin, GFAP, and doublecortin in the pallium of intact juvenile masu salmon revealed single cells with similar morphologies corresponding to a persistent pool of neuronal and/or glial progenitors. The study of the posttraumatic process showed the presence of intensely GFAP-labeled cells of the neuroepithelial type that form reactive neurogenic zones in all areas of the subpallial zone of juvenile masu salmon. A comparative analysis of the distribution of radial glia in the dorsal, ventral, and lateral zones of the subpallium showed a maximum concentration of cells in the dorsal part of subpallium (VD) and a minimum concentration in the lateral part of subpallium VL. An essential feature of posttraumatic immunolabeling in the masu salmon subpallium is the GFAP distribution patterns that are granular intracellular in the apical periventricular zone (PVZ) and fibrillar extracellular in the subventricular (SVZ) and parenchymal zones (PZ). In contrast to those in intact animals, most of the GFAP+ granules and constitutive neurogenic niches in injured fish were localized in the basal part of the PVZ. With the traumatic injury to the subpallium, the number of Vim+ cells in the lateral and ventral regions significantly increased. At 1 week post-injury, the total immunolabeling of vimentin cells in the PVZ was replaced by the granular pattern of Vim immunodistribution spreading from the PVZ to the SVZ and deeper parenchymal layers of the brain in all areas of the subpallium. A significant increase in the number of DC+ cells was observed also in all areas of the subpallium. The number of cells increased both in the PVZ and in the SVZ, as well as in the deeper PZ. Thus, at 1 week after the injury to the dorsal pallium, the number of DC, Vim, and GFAP expressing cells of the neuroepithelial type in the subpallium of juvenile masu salmon increased, and additionally GFAP+ radial glia appeared in VD, which was absent from intact animals.     

攀西核桃中Pb累积特性分析及食用健康风险评估

采用原子吸收光谱法测定攀西地区核桃产地9个试验点的土壤、树皮、叶、青皮、壳和仁中铅（Pb）的含量,分析了攀西地区核桃中Pb的积累特性及食用风险。结果表明：产地土壤中含Pb量显著高于核桃树各组织部位中的含Pb量,且有1个试验点的土壤含Pb量超标;各点核桃叶样品含Pb量均显著高于核桃青皮、壳和仁样品;随着土壤中含Pb量的增加,核桃树皮、叶、青皮、壳和仁无明显富集规律,与核桃其他主要组织部位相比,核桃可食用部分（核桃仁）富集Pb的能力较弱。内梅罗指数评价方法结果显示,核桃仁中Pb的污染指数P'值均<1,表明攀西核桃基地试验点的核桃仁样品均未受Pb污染。参照中国现行标准,结合我国居民树坚果的消费量,将其扩大化至推荐值,计算发现无论是对成人还是儿童,核桃仁中Pb的目标风险系数（THQ）都远低于1.0,说明核桃仁中重金属Pb含量对我国消费者的健康暂时是风险极低的。     

Gangliosides in Podocyte Biology and Disease

Gangliosides constitute a subgroup of glycosphingolipids characterized by the presence of sialic acid residues in their structure. As constituents of cellular membranes, in particular of raft microdomains, they exert multiple functions, some of them capital in cell homeostasis. Their presence in cells is tightly regulated by a balanced expression and function of the enzymes responsible for their biosynthesis, ganglioside synthases, and their degradation, glycosidases. The dysregulation of their abundance results in rare and common diseases. In this review, we make a point on the relevance of gangliosides and some of their metabolic precursors, such as ceramides, in the function of podocytes, the main cellular component of the glomerular filtration barrier, as well as their implications in podocytopathies. The results presented in this review suggest the pertinence of clinical lipidomic studies targeting these metabolites.     

Comparative Analysis of Brain Lipids in Mice,Cats, and Humans with Sandhoff Disease

Sandhoff disease (SD) is a glycosphingolipid (GSL) storage disease that arises from an autosomal recessive mutation in the gene for the β-subunit of β-Hexosaminidase A (Hexb gene), which catabolizes ganglioside GM2 within lysosomes. Accumulation of GM2 and asialo-GM2 (GA2) occurs primarily in the CNS, leading to neurodegeneration and brain dysfunction. We analyzed the total lipids in the brains of SD mice, cats, and humans. GM2 and GA2 were mostly undetectable in the normal mouse, cat, and human brain. The lipid abnormalities in the SD cat brain were generally intermediate to those observed in the SD mouse and the SD human brains. GM2 comprised 38, 67, and 87% of the total brain ganglioside distribution in the SD mice, cats, and humans, respectively. The ratio of GA2–GM2 was 0.93, 0.13, and 0.27 in the SD mice, cats, and humans, respectively, suggesting that the relative storage of GA2 is greater in the SD mouse than in the SD cat or human. Finally, the myelin-enriched lipids, cerebrosides and sulfatides, were significantly lower in the SD brains than in the control brains. This study is the first comparative analysis of brain lipids in mice, cats, and humans with SD and will be important for designing therapies for Sandhoff disease patients.     

The first law of thermodynamics and energy partition in the presence of fields

The first law of thermodynamics in the presence of fields is considered. The presence of fields gives rise to partition of the internal energy between field and nonfield energy forms, that are characterized as state functions. Field‐dependent components of work and heat are defined with respect to their being delivered at the boundaries, or directly, by action at a distance, to the contents of the system. Interaction energy, that accounts for effects of changes in the sources of the fields is defined. The first law of thermodynamics in the presence of fields states that the change in the sum of the field and nonfield components, of the internal energy, is equal to the change in the sum of the field and nonfield components of heat and work, delivered to the system, and the interaction energy, due to changes in the sources of the field. The equivalence between potential energy and work in conjugate frames of reference facilitates the incorporation of the interaction energy as part of the field‐dependent internal energy. In this context, the significance of the degree of coupling between the field and the contents of the system, in conjunction with their thermodynamic variables, is discussed. Intensive field‐dependent variables that maintain uniformity, at equilibrium, in the absence as well as in the presence of fields, are defined. In contrast, nonfield and field components of these intensive variables can be nonuniform, and discontinuous across interfaces, at equilibrium. The implication of the theory is illustrated by specific cases that involve electromagnetic and acceleration fields. Energy partition in acceleration fields is shown to depend on mass distribution within the system. A change in position, or in the source of the field produce changes in mass distribution and energy partition. Partition of magnetic and nonmagnetic energy forms, and field‐induced heat flow and energy storage are considered. It is shown that for linear matter, the energy per unit volume stored in the field is invariable with respect to the process and work that produce the field vectors, the balance being stored in other nonfield energy forms. Finally, expressions for field‐induced temperature and energy changes in an ideal magnetizable gas are derived. It is shown that isothermal magnetization produces a shift in the partition between the field and nonfield parts of the internal energy.