界面纳米气泡研究历史和展望

界面科学研究因其在工业、农业、环境和催化等领域的重要性一直是国内外科学工作者非常关注的领域。固液界面纳米气泡的发现和研究是近20年来科学界的一匹"黑马",它的存在颠覆了人们的认知,以超乎常人想象的效果在水处理、农业、矿物浮选、界面输运和清洗等领域表现出色,成为国内外相关领域的研究热点。该综述对界面纳米气泡的研究历史、产生方法、检测技术以及已有的对其稳定机制的理论解释等方面进行阐述,并对未来纳米气泡的基础研究和应用进行了展望。相信随着研究的不断深入,界面纳米气泡的科学问题必将得到一一解答,纳米气泡在各个领域的应用也会迈上新的台阶。     

固/液界面纳米气泡形成及稳定性研究进展

固/液界面上形成界面纳米气泡（SNBs）,广泛存在于电催化、流体输送、矿物浮选等领域中,并影响各个过程的效率,因此明确其形成及稳定机理对过程调控具有重要意义。首先从实验观察和模拟计算两个角度,对纳米气泡的研究方法进行探讨,综述了不同气体类型、固体界面性质、液相添加剂下纳米气泡的形成规律。由于目前纳米气泡形成后的稳定性尚不十分明确,主要总结了现阶段广为接受的接触线钉扎稳定机制,并分析了该领域的研究现状。此外,考虑到离子液体作为重要的化工溶剂,概述了该体系中微纳气泡的相关研究。最后简要对未来工作进行了展望,以期为离子液体体系中纳米气泡的研究提供新思路。     

微纳米气泡应用于水中污染物氧化降解的进展与挑战

微纳米气泡以其粒径小、存在时间长、传质效率高以及可产生羟基自由基等特性,已在水污染氧化降解领域受到广泛关注。介绍了微纳米气泡的产生机制与行为特性,系统概述了微纳米气泡氧化技术在地下水水体修复、废水处理及地表水净化方面的研究进展。最后,提出了微纳米气泡氧化技术应用于水污染消除的挑战,并展望了微纳米气泡氧化技术在水环境控制中的应用前景和后续研究方向。     

微纳米气泡及其在环境工程领域的应用

微纳米气泡因其区别于传统气泡的突出特性,近年来被广泛应用到环境工程领域,并表现出显著的技术优势与广阔的应用前景。文章简要介绍了微米气泡和纳米气泡的特性、制备方法、表征手段及其在环境工程领域的应用现状,并针对性地指出了当前各方面存在的问题,给出了解决对策和方向。最后,对微纳米气泡及其在环境工程领域应用的发展方向和应用前景进行了展望,以期为微纳米气泡技术的理论研究和实际应用提供参考。     

气液相变换热过程中界面腐蚀的基础研究进展

由于两相之间会不断转换,相变换热被称为复杂的传热传质过程,其过程中会引起相变腐蚀,如冷凝液滴腐蚀、气泡腐蚀以及多相流流动腐蚀等。目前对于气液相变腐蚀的研究集中在对腐蚀产物的表征、分析,忽略了相变过程中由于能量传递引起的界面变化对腐蚀的影响。本文从相变腐蚀机理、腐蚀防护两方面出发,系统地总结管道内外冷凝液滴腐蚀、气泡腐蚀与多相流流动腐蚀等气液相变腐蚀领域的研究进展,并对其中存在的问题进行总结,同时归纳了用于研究相变腐蚀过程的腐蚀预测模型,分析其应用场合以及各种模型的优势与不足,以期为研究气液相变腐蚀监测与控制的学者提供参考,并指出气液相变换热过程中的气液两相界面腐蚀问题是未来相变腐蚀研究的重要方向。     

微纳米气泡控制膜污染研究进展

膜污染是阻碍膜分离技术大规模推广应用的主要问题之一,膜污染控制技术一直都是膜科学领域的研究热点。其中,基于气液两相流的膜污染防控技术已经得到了诸多研究和广泛应用。微纳米气泡因其不同于普通大气泡的独特物理化学性质,近年来在各个领域被广泛关注,而微纳米气泡控制膜污染的研究也日益活跃。文中综述了气液两相流控制膜污染技术的相关研究成果,重点总结了微纳米气泡在微滤、超滤、反渗透、膜蒸馏等膜分离过程中控制膜污染的效果及机理的研究进展,分析了应用微纳米气泡技术的关键科学问题,展望了微纳米气泡在膜污染控制领域内今后的研究方向。     

气浮工艺中微纳米气泡应用特性与检测技术研究

总结了不同文献中气泡尺寸的定义,根据其特性进行分类。概述了气浮工艺中微纳米气泡的应用特性,介绍了微气泡粒径分布和表面电荷对气浮工艺的影响。围绕微纳米气泡的尺寸分布、上升速度、气含率、Zeta电位等特性参数,总结了微纳米气泡的各种表征检测技术,同时概述了微纳米气泡在气浮技术中的应用现状及前景,并对其发展应用进行展望。     

可逆失活自由基界面聚合

界面聚合通常指限定在液-液或液-固界面上进行的聚合反应,散见于少数高活性的缩聚反应体系。20世纪90年代,以RAFT聚合、ATRP等为代表的可逆失活自由基聚合（reversible deactivation radical polymerization,RDRP）因其兼具传统自由基聚合和活性阴离子聚合的优点,广泛用于聚合物链结构的可控制备。另一方面,RDRP已被用于构建更为普适的界面聚合反应,基于RDRP的界面聚合已发展成为一种可控制备具有精准纳米结构的功能性聚合物产品的新方法。本文以RAFT液-液界面聚合为主,阐述了RAFT法和ATRP法在液-液界面、液-固界面进行“活性”聚合的反应机理,总结了该领域的研究进展。在此基础上,重点介绍“活性”界面聚合在构建纳米（中空）胶囊、纳米界面工程与纳米分散以及纳米聚合物刷表面等方面的潜在应用前景。     

基于气泡数密度模型的气体穿越液池过程气泡特性数值模拟

采用考虑了气泡破碎和聚并的平均气泡数密度(ABND)输运方程,并与计算流体力学(CFD)中的湍流双流体模型相结合,建立CFD-ABND耦合计算模型。运用该模型对含固体颗粒气体通过冷却管穿越液池过程中液池内的气泡尺寸和气液界面浓度进行数值模拟。定量获得了液池内气泡尺寸和气液界面浓度分布,并分析了气速变化对其影响规律。结果表明:所建立的CFD-ABND模型能够对液池中的气泡尺寸及气液界面浓度分布等气泡特性进行较好预测;在靠近冷却管外壁面附近区域形成较大尺寸气泡和较高气液界面浓度;液池内隔板的存在有助于气液扰动,使液池内总体的气泡尺寸得到有效降低及气液界面浓度得到提升。     

微柱结构表面核态沸腾单气泡的数值模拟

利用计算流体力学方法（computational fluid dynamics, CFD）对三维均匀微柱结构表面单气泡核态沸腾过程进行数值模拟研究,使用VOF模型（volume of fluid model, VOF）在界面网格追踪加密的条件下精确捕捉气液界面,同时考虑气液界面和微层处的蒸发,准确获得三维微柱表面单气泡核态沸腾过程中的气泡动力学、温度演化和蒸发换热性能。结果表明,气泡脱离时间为1.79ms,体现了微柱结构促进气泡脱离的强化作用。通过气泡横向和纵向直径的变化准确表征了气泡在脱离过程中的变形过程,并模拟得到该过程流场热边界层及壁面温度的演变规律。同时,通过微层蒸发和气液交界面蒸发功率随时间变化的监测,指出气泡生长过程微层蒸发量占总蒸发量的52%;t=0.95ms后微层蒸发消失,气液界面蒸发维持相对稳定值（0.1~0.2W）直至气泡脱离。蒸发换热特性耦合气泡与壁面接触情况随时间的变化,揭示了单气泡核态沸腾过程蒸发换热机理的阶段性特征及时间分区,为在核态沸腾单个气泡生长脱离过程中更准确划分时间阶段、建立沸腾换热模型奠定基础,提供了参考。     

纳米气泡制备和检测方法研究进展

纳米气泡凭借独特的物理化学性质和生理活性引起了国内外的广泛关注,其在废水处理、土壤和地下水修复、矿物浮选、动植物生长以及生物医学等领域具有良好的发展空间和应用前景。近年来,随着各类技术的不断进步,人们对纳米气泡的研究工作取得了一系列成果,尤其是在纳米气泡的形成机制和测定方法方面。文中概述了目前国内外纳米气泡常用的制备方法与检测手段,比较了不同类型纳米气泡的产生与检测方法的区别,最后对纳米气泡技术的发展应用进行了展望。     

Phyto-synthesized silver nanoparticles for biological applications

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are valuable metal nanoparticles that exhibit exceptional properties compared to their bulk materials. Pronounced surface area, quantum confinement effect complemented by small particle dimension, and many other extraordinary characteristics make AgNPs suitable in a variety of applications. Different methods have been adopted to synthesize AgNPs. Biological methods can formulate AgNPs in an environmentally friendly manner without producing toxic waste. Among the biological methods, plants are simple and attractive sources for AgNP synthesis. Compared to AgNPs produced via other modes of synthesis, phyto-synthesized AgNPs, due to their safety features, have been found to be advantageous for a variety of applications, especially biological applications. Strong research efforts have investigated the utility of phyto-synthesized AgNPs for different applications. Investigators are coming up with innovative applications of phyto-synthesized AgNPs for the development of science and technology and to benefit humankind. The present article focuses on phyto-synthesized AgNPs for biological applications, with a brief review of their synthesis, mechanism, and size/shape control.     

Multiplicity of thermodynamic states of van der Waals gas in nanobubbles

The gas-containing nanobubbles have attracted extensive attention due to their remarkable properties and extensive application potential. However, a number of fundamental aspects of nanobubbles, including thermodynamic states for the confined gas, remain still unclear. Here we theoretically demonstrate that the van der Waals(vd W) gases confined in nanobubbles exhibit a unique thermodynamic state of remarkably deviating from the bulk gas phase, and the state transition behavior due to the sizedependent Laplace pressure. In general, the vd W gas inside nanobubbles present multiple stable or transient states, where 0–2 states are for supercritical gas and 0–4 for subcritical gas. Our further analysis based on Rayleigh–Plesset equation and free energy determination indicates that the gas states in nanobubbles exhibits different levels of stability, from which the coexistence of multiple bubble states and microphase equilibrium between droplets and bubbles are predicted. This work provides insight to understand the thermodynamic states appeared for gas in nanobubbles.     

PVA基膜的研究及应用现状

在对PVA基包装膜和分离膜的研究及应用现状进行综述的基础上,重点介绍了各种PVA分离膜的改性方法、制备工艺、分离性能及其应用,并对PVA膜的未来研究方向提出了展望。     

二氧化钛功能薄膜研究发展与应用

二氧化钛薄膜在紫外光照射下的光催化活性和亲水性吸引了许多科学工作者对其进行了大量的研究．本文对近年来二氧化钛功能薄膜的研究发展与应用作了简要介绍，同时也对研究中存在的问题和将来研究发展的方向进行了简单评述.     

Block copolymers in electric fields

The structural versatility of block copolymers on the nanometer scale make them highly promising candidates for many applications in soft matter nanotechnology, including optics, electronics, and acoustics. In order to harvest the full potential of nanostructured block copolymer materials and achieve widespread use outside of academia, adaptable strategies are required to control and manipulate their spatial orientation, periodicity, connectivity, and long-range order. Over the past two decades the use of an external electric field has been well established as a viable tool to control a wide variety of structural parameters of nanostructured block copolymers on both mesoscopic and nanoscopic length scales. Covering a wide range of experimental and theoretical work, this review aims to illustrate major scientific advances of the past years, focusing in particular on the underlying physics that governs the fundamental interactions between an external electric field and block copolymer mesophases and its impact on phase behaviour and orientational order in bulk, solution, and thin films.     

Developing new methods for the mono-end functionalization of living ring opening metathesis polymers

In this article we present a review of our recent results in one area of research we are involved in. All research efforts in our group focus on functional polymers and new ways of gaining higher levels of control with regard to the placement of functional groups within these polymers. Here, the living ring opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) will be reviewed for which end-functionalization methods had been rare until very recently. Polymers carrying particular functional groups only at the chain-ends are, however, very interesting for a variety of industrial and academic applications. Polymeric surfactants and polymer-protein conjugates are two examples for the former and polymer-β-sheet-peptide conjugates one example for the latter. The functionalization of macroscopic or nanoscopic surfaces often relies on mono-end functional polymers. Complex macromolecular architectures are often constructed from macromolecules carrying exactly one functional group at their chain- end. The ring opening metathesis polymerization is particularly interesting in this context as it is one of the most functional group tolerant polymerization methods known. Additionally, high molecular weight polymers are readily accessible with this technique, a feature that living radical polymerizations often struggle to achieve. Finding new ways of functionalizing the polymer chain-end of ROMP polymers has therefore been a task long overdue. Here, we present our contribution to this area of research.