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1.
In recent scenario, there is abundant availability of renewable energy resources to satisfy the significant increase in residential, industrial, and commercial demand. This paper presents a novel framework to determine the preeminent size of renewable distributed generators (RDGs) by optimizing the system components such as area required for solar‐photovoltaic modules, swept area occupied by wind turbine blades, and area used by fuel cell. A microgrid with hybrid RDG (h‐RDG) is integrated in distribution system to minimize the distribution loss, substation energy requirement, and improve the voltage level of the load. The power loss minimization is formulated as a nonlinear problem and optimized by the proposed Hybrid Nelder Mead‐Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm. The microgrid location is identified by voltage stability index to improve the stability of system. Further, the system is analyzed for energy flow in different seasonal loading conditions with mixture of residential, industrial, and commercial load. The effective performance of the proposed technique is applied to standard 12‐bus, 69‐bus, and a practical Tamil Nadu (TN) 84‐bus radial distribution system (RDS) for different hybrid combinations of h‐RDG in microgrid. The result proves that the proposed method provides a simple and efficient tool for optimal and flexible use of h‐RDG in microgrid under different climatic changes by simultaneously reducing distribution energy loss and improving voltage profile. 相似文献
2.
Mass roll‐out of plug‐in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and significant penetration of renewable energy sources in distribution system play a major role in delivering low carbon environment. However, placing and utilizing these units randomly result in overloading, increased power loss, and reduced voltage profile. This paper responds to these technical challenges by using a strategic placement method for locating the distributed generation (DG) and the charging station (CS) of PHEVs in a multi‐zone distribution system. For simultaneously scheduling of these units in each zone, the smart energy management framework is proposed in this paper. Apart from usual energy management constraints, this paper also incorporates the real‐time constraints involving the capacity of PHEV batteries, the mobility pattern, and the power level of the charging infrastructure. The simulation studies are carried out for each hour of a day. To cope with this time constraint execution, particle swarm optimization algorithm‐based approach is used. The proposed framework is tested in IEEE 33 and IEEE 69 bus radial distribution system. The obtained results imply that the presented energy management framework provides maximum profits for the vehicle owner, and meanwhile it fulfills preferences of the user in each zone simultaneously. 相似文献
3.
Muhammad Badar Hayat Danish Ali Keitumetse Cathrine Monyake Lana Alagha Niaz Ahmed 《国际能源研究杂志》2019,43(3):1049-1067
Sun is an inexhaustible source of energy capable of fulfilling all the energy needs of humankind. The energy from the sun can be converted into electricity or used directly. Electricity can be generated from solar energy either directly using photovoltaic (PV) cells or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP) technology. Progress has been made to raise the efficiency of the PV solar cells that can now reach up to approximately 34.1% in multi‐junction PV cells. Electricity generation from concentrated solar technologies has a promising future as well, especially the CSP, because of its high capacity, efficiency, and energy storage capability. Solar energy also has direct application in agriculture primarily for water treatment and irrigation. Solar energy is being used to power the vehicles and for domestic purposes such as space heating and cooking. The most exciting possibility for solar energy is satellite power station that will be transmitting electrical energy from the solar panels in space to Earth via microwave beams. Solar energy has a bright future because of the technological advancement in this field and its environment‐friendly nature. The biggest challenge however facing the solar energy future is its unavailability all‐round the year, coupled with its high capital cost and scarcity of the materials for PV cells. These challenges can be met by developing an efficient energy storage system and developing cheap, efficient, and abundant PV solar cells. This article discusses the solar energy system as a whole and provides a comprehensive review on the direct and the indirect ways to produce electricity from solar energy and the direct uses of solar energy. The state‐of‐the‐art procedures being employed for PV characterization and performance rating have been summarized . Moreover, the technical, economic, environmental, and storage‐related challenges are discussed with possible solutions. Furthermore, a comprehensive list of future potential research directions in the field of direct and indirect electricity generation from solar energy is proposed. 相似文献
4.
Generation expansion planning (GEP) is a power plant mix problem that identifies what, where, when, and how new generating facilities should be installed and when old units be retired over a specific planning horizon. GEP ensures that the quantity of electricity generated matches the electricity demand throughout the planning horizon. This kind of planning is of importance because most production and service delivery is dependent on availability of electricity. Over the years, the traditional GEP approaches have evolved to produce more realistic models and new solution algorithms. For example, with the agitation for green environment, the inclusion of renewable energy plants and energy storage in the traditional GEP model is gradually gaining attention. In this regards, a handful of research has been conducted to identify the optimal expansion plans based on various energy‐related perspectives. The appraisal and classification of studies under these topics are necessary to provide insights for further works in GEP studies. This article therefore presents a comprehensive up‐to‐date review of GEP studies. Result from the survey shows that the integration of demand side management, energy storage systems (ESSs), and short‐term operational characteristics of power plants in GEP models can significantly improve flexibility of power system networks and cause a change in energy production and the optimal capacity mix. Furthermore, this article was able to identify that to effectively integrate ESS into the generation expansion plan, a high temporal resolution dimension is essential. It also provides a policy discussion with regard to the implementation of GEP. This survey provides a broad background to explore new research areas in order to improve the presently available GEP models. 相似文献
5.
Jussi Ikäheimo Juha Kiviluoma Robert Weiss Hannele Holttinen 《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2018,43(36):17295-17308
Power-to-gas and other chemicals-based storages are often suggested for energy systems with high shares of variable renewable energy. Here we study the North European power and district heat system with alternative long-term storage, the power-to-ammonia (P2A) technology. Assuming fully renewable power and heat sectors and large-scale electrification of road transport, we perform simultaneous optimization of capacity investments and dispatch scheduling of wind, solar, hydro and thermal power, energy storages as well as transmission, focusing on year 2050. We find that P2A has three major roles: it provides renewable feedstock to fertilizer industry and it contributes significantly to system balancing over both time (energy storage) and space (energy transfer). The marginal cost of power-based ammonia production in the studied scenarios varied between 431 and 528 €/t, which is in the range of recent ammonia prices. Costs of P2A plants were dominated by electrolysis. In the power and heat sector, with our cost assumptions, P2A becomes competitive compared to fossil natural gas only if gas price or CO2 emission price rises above 70 €/MWh or 200 €/tCO2. 相似文献
6.
A worldwide shift headed for a greener and low emissions will necessitate remarkable advancement in the way in which the energy is being produced and used. The factors such as climate changes induced by pollution, progressively more strict emissions norms for vehicles, depletion of petrol/diesel along with instability in their prices for transportation systems, play a vital role in the improvisation of technology involved in conventional vehicles. The hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) are on the peak of the list of choices available for clean vehicle technologies. The various architectures of HEV, different methodologies of hybrid vehicle, are focused in this paper. The design criteria and optimization techniques with reference to the driving cycle is also elucidated. The various electric drives used for HEV are discussed in this paper. Also, the different electric propulsion systems are explained. To improve the fuel economy and emission of hybrid power system, control strategies are very significant. Researchers concentrate in optimizing the performance of HEV. 相似文献
7.
This paper uses a new unit commitment model which can simulate the interactions among plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), wind power, and demand response (DR). Four PHEV charging scenarios are simulated for the Illinois power system: (1) unconstrained charging, (2) 3-hour delayed constrained charging, (3) smart charging, and (4) smart charging with DR. The PHEV charging is assumed to be optimally controlled by the system operator in the latter two scenarios, along with load shifting and shaving enabled by DR programs. The simulation results show that optimally dispatching the PHEV charging load can significantly reduce the total operating cost of the system. With DR programs in place, the operating cost can be further reduced. 相似文献
8.
Fossil fuel depletion and its adverse impact on global warming is a major driving force for a recent upsurge in the development of hybrid electric vehicles technologies. This paper is a conglomeration of the recent literature in the usages of an energy storage system and power conversion topologies in electric vehicles (EVs). An EV requires sources that have high power and energy density to decrease the charging time. Commonly used energy storage devices in EVs are fuel cells, batteries, ultracapacitors, flywheel, and photovoltaic arrays. The power output from energy storage sources is conditioned to match load characteristics with the source for maximum power delivery. A DC-DC converter topology performs this task by way of transforming voltage under the condition of power invariance. In addition, power electronics is also required to power DC/AC motors efficiently with precise control as these motors provide tractive efforts and acts as prime movers. This paper therefore brings out a critical review of the literature on EV's power conversion topologies and energy storage systems with challenges, opportunities and future directions by systematic classification of EVs and energy storage. 相似文献
9.
《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2019,44(19):9558-9576
Decarbonization of the power sector is a key step towards greenhouse gas emissions reduction. Due to the intermittent nature of major renewable sources like wind and solar, storage technologies will be critical in the future power grid to accommodate fluctuating generation. The storage systems will need to decouple supply and demand by shifting electrical energy on many different time scales (hourly, daily, and seasonally). Power-to-Gas can contribute on all of these time scales by producing hydrogen via electrolysis during times of excess electrical generation, and generating power with high-efficiency systems like fuel cells when wind and solar are not sufficiently available. Despite lower immediate round-trip efficiency compared to most battery storage systems, the combination of devices used in Power-to-Gas allows independent scaling of power and energy capacities to enable massive and long duration storage. This study develops and applies a model to simulate the power system balance at very high penetration of renewables. Novelty of the study is the assessment of hydrogen as the primary storage means for balancing energy supply and demand on a large scale: the California power system is analyzed to estimate the needs for electrolyzer and fuel cell systems in 100% renewable scenarios driven by large additions of wind and solar capacities. Results show that the transition requires a massive increase in both generation and storage installations, e.g., a combination of 94 GW of solar PV, 40 GW of wind, and 77 GW of electrolysis systems. A mix of generation technologies appears to reduce the total required capacities with respect to wind-dominated or solar-dominated cases. Hydrogen storage capacity needs are also evaluated and possible alternatives are discussed, including a comparison with battery storage systems. 相似文献
10.
Mahmoud Abdelhamid Srikanth Pilla Rajendra Singh Imtiaz Haque Zoran Filipi 《国际能源研究杂志》2016,40(11):1489-1508
Environmental concerns along with high energy demand in transportation are leading to major development in sustainable transportation technologies, not the least of which is the utilization of clean energy sources. Solar energy as an auxiliary power source of on‐board fuel has not been extensively investigated. This study focuses on the energy and economic aspects of optimizing and hybridizing, the conventional energy path of plug‐in electric vehicles (EVs) using solar energy by means of on‐board photovoltaic (PV) system as an auxiliary fuel source. This study is novel in that the authors (i) modeled the comprehensive on‐board PV system for plug‐in EV; (ii) optimized various design parameters for optimum well‐to‐tank efficiency (solar energy to battery bank); (iii) estimated hybrid solar plug‐in EVs energy generation and consumption, as well as pure solar PV daily range extender; and (iv) estimated the economic return of investment (ROI) value of adding on‐board PVs for plug‐in EVs under different cost scenarios, driving locations, and vehicle specifications. For this study, two months in two US cities were selected, which represent the extremities in terms of available solar energy; June in Phoenix, Arizona and December in Boston, Massachusetts to represent the driving conditions in all the US states at any time followed by assessment of the results worldwide. The results show that, by adding on‐board PVs to cover less than 50% (around 3.2 m2) of the projected horizontal surface area of a typical passenger EV, the daily driving range could be extended from 3.0 miles to 62.5 miles by solar energy based on vehicle specifications, locations, season, and total time the EV remains at Sun. In addition, the ROI of adding PVs on‐board with EV over its lifetime shows only small negative values (larger than ?45%) when the price of electricity remains below Environmental concerns along with high energy demand in transportation are leading to major development in sustainable transportation technologies, not the least of which is the utilization of clean energy sources. Solar energy as an auxiliary power source of on‐board fuel has not been extensively investigated. This study focuses on the energy and economic aspects of optimizing and hybridizing, the conventional energy path of plug‐in electric vehicles (EVs) using solar energy by means of on‐board photovoltaic (PV) system as an auxiliary fuel source. This study is novel in that the authors (i) modeled the comprehensive on‐board PV system for plug‐in EV; (ii) optimized various design parameters for optimum well‐to‐tank efficiency (solar energy to battery bank); (iii) estimated hybrid solar plug‐in EVs energy generation and consumption, as well as pure solar PV daily range extender; and (iv) estimated the economic return of investment (ROI) value of adding on‐board PVs for plug‐in EVs under different cost scenarios, driving locations, and vehicle specifications. For this study, two months in two US cities were selected, which represent the extremities in terms of available solar energy; June in Phoenix, Arizona and December in Boston, Massachusetts to represent the driving conditions in all the US states at any time followed by assessment of the results worldwide. The results show that, by adding on‐board PVs to cover less than 50% (around 3.2 m2) of the projected horizontal surface area of a typical passenger EV, the daily driving range could be extended from 3.0 miles to 62.5 miles by solar energy based on vehicle specifications, locations, season, and total time the EV remains at Sun. In addition, the ROI of adding PVs on‐board with EV over its lifetime shows only small negative values (larger than ?45%) when the price of electricity remains below $0.18/kWh and the vehicle is driven in low‐solar energy area (e.g. Massachusetts in the US and majority of Europe countries). The ROI is more than 148% if the vehicle is driven in high‐solar energy area (e.g. Arizona in the US, most Africa countries, Middle East, and Mumbai in India), even if the electricity price remains low. For high electricity price regions ($0.35/kWh), the ROI is positive and high under all driving scenarios (above 560%). Also, the reported system has the potential to reduce electricity consumption from grid by around 4.5 to 21.0 MWh per EV lifetime. A sensitivity analysis has been carried out, in order to study the impacts of the car parked in the shade on the results. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
11.
This study investigates consequences of integrating plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) in a wind-thermal power system supplied by one quarter of wind power and three quarters of thermal generation. Four different PHEV integration strategies, with different impacts on the total electric load profile, have been investigated. The study shows that PHEVs can reduce the CO2-emissions from the power system if actively integrated, whereas a passive approach to PHEV integration (i.e. letting people charge the car at will) is likely to result in an increase in emissions compared to a power system without PHEV load. The reduction in emissions under active PHEV integration strategies is due to a reduction in emissions related to thermal plant start-ups and part load operation. Emissions of the power sector are reduced with up to 4.7% compared to a system without PHEVs, according to the simulations. Allocating this emission reduction to the PHEV electricity consumption only, and assuming that the vehicles in electric mode is about 3 times as energy efficient as standard gasoline operation, total emissions from PHEVs would be less than half the emissions of a standard car, when running in electric mode. 相似文献
12.
The attention on green and clean technology innovations is highly demanded of a modern era. Transportation has seen a high rate of growth in today's cities. The conventional internal combustion engine‐operated vehicle liberates gasses like carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and water, which result in the increased surface temperature of the earth. One of the optimum solutions to overcome fossil fuel degrading and global warming is electric vehicle. The challenging aspect in electric vehicle is its energy storage system. Many of the researchers mainly concentrate on the field of storage device cost reduction, its age increment, and energy densities' improvement. This paper explores an overview of an electric propulsion system composed of energy storage devices, power electronic converters, and electronic control unit. The battery with high‐energy density and ultracapacitor with high‐power density combination paves a way to overcome the challenges in energy storage system. This study aims at highlighting the various hybrid energy storage system configurations such as parallel passive, active, battery–UC, and UC–battery topologies. Finally, energy management control strategies, which are categorized in global optimization, are reviewed. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
13.
Through the process design and simulation, an ethanol‐fueled fuel cell (EFC)/photovoltaic (PV)/Battery‐based hybrid power generation (HPG) system is developed as a feasible power generation system. The operational scenarios of each power unit for the daily manipulation of the HPG system are specified. The new heat recovery design is verified to improve the exergy efficiency of an EtOH‐to‐H2 processor, so the integrated EFC power unit dominates the continuous power generation. Because the quality of energy utilization of the EFC unit is obviously improved, the low energy costs could enhance the commercial competitiveness of the proposed HPG system. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
14.
Chrysovalantou ZiogouDimitris Ipsakis Costas ElmasidesFotis Stergiopoulos Simira Papadopoulou Panos Seferlis Spyros Voutetakis 《Journal of power sources》2011,196(22):9488-9499
The design of the automation system and the implemented operation control strategy in a stand-alone power system in Greece are fully analyzed in the present study. A photovoltaic array and three wind generators serve as the system main power sources and meet a predefined load demand. A lead-acid accumulator is used to compensate the inherent power fluctuations (excess or shortage) and to regulate the overall system operation, based on a developed power management strategy. Hydrogen is produced by using system excess power in a proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzer and is further stored in pressurized cylinders for subsequent use in a PEM fuel cell in cases of power shortage. A diesel generator complements the integrated system and is employed only in emergency cases, such as subsystems failure. The performance of the automatic control system is evaluated through the real-time operation of the power system where data from the various subsystems are recorded and analyzed using a supervised data acquisition unit. Various network protocols were used to integrate the system devices into one central control system managing in this way to compensate for the differences between chemical and electrical subunits. One of the main advantages is the ability of process monitoring from distance where users can perform changes to system principal variables. Furthermore, the performance of the implemented power management strategy is evaluated through simulated scenarios by including a case study analysis on system abilities to meet higher than expected electrical load demands. 相似文献
15.
Globally, electricity systems are going through transitions. The contributions from renewable energy‐based power generation, both in installed capacity and electricity generation, are moving from marginal to the mainstream. India is not an exception; it is aggressively pursuing this transition by fixing steep targets for renewable capacity additions. While the cost of renewable energy sources is expected to fast reach grid parity, the policy interventions play a critical role in ramping up the efforts to support the proposed investments in renewable capacity and renewable electricity generation. In this respect, this research attempts to analyze the effectiveness of renewable energy policies such as Renewable Purchase Obligation (RPO) and Renewable Energy Certificate mechanisms in tapping the renewable energy potential in India. We propose a mixed‐integer linear programming model‐based approach to evaluate the effectiveness of the above interventions in the Indian context. The model is developed and validated as a low carbon electricity planning tool to optimally meet the dynamic electricity demand and RPO targets as well as to manage the unmet total electricity demand and RPO targets. The Karnataka state electricity system (a state in south India) is chosen as a case study. The results suggest that Karnataka Electricity System is moving toward a sustainable renewable energy future even without any support from nonsolar Renewable Energy Certificate policy. However, policy interventions are critical for optimally utilizing the solar generation capacity. 相似文献
16.
Renewable energy power plants, such as wind turbine generator and photovoltaic system, have been introduced in isolated power system recently. The output power fluctuations of wind turbine generator and load deviations result in frequency deviation and terminal voltage fluctuation. Furthermore, these power fluctuations also affect the turbine shafting of diesel generators and gas‐turbine generators, which are the main components of power generation systems in isolated islands. For stable operation of gas‐turbine generator, the torsional torque suppression as well as power system stabilization should be considered. In this paper, the control strategy that achieves torsional torque suppression and power system stabilization is presented based on H∞ control theory. The effectiveness of the proposed control system is validated by numerical simulation results. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
17.
Hydrocarbon resources adequately meet today’s energy demands. Due to the environmental impacts, renewable energy sources are high in the agenda. As an energy carrier, hydrogen is considered one of the most promising fuels for its high energy density as compared to hydrocarbon fuels. Therefore, hydrogen has a significant and future use as a sustainable energy system. Conventional methods of hydrogen extraction require heat or electrical energy. The main source of hydrogen is water, but hydrogen extraction from water requires electrical energy. Electricity produced from renewable energy sources has a potential for hydrogen production systems. In this study, an electrolyzer using the electrical energy from the renewable energy system is used to describe a model, which is based on fundamental thermodynamics and empirical electrochemical relationships. In this study, hydrogen production capacity of a stand-alone renewable hybrid power system is evaluated. Results of the proposed model are calculated and compared with experimental data. The MATLAB/Simscape® model is applied to a stand-alone photovoltaic-wind power system sited in Istanbul, Turkey. 相似文献
18.
This paper reports on the feasibility of a hybrid power generation system consisting of a solar energy‐driven Rankine engine and a hydrogen storage unit. Solar energy, the power for the hybrid system, is converted into electrical power through a combination of a solar collector, a tracking device to maintain proper orientation with the sun and a Rankine cycle engine driving an electrical power generator. Excess electricity is utilized to produce hydrogen for storage through electrolysis of water. At the solar down time, the stored hydrogen can be used to produce high‐quality steam in an aphodid burner to operate a turbine and with a field modulated generator to supplement electric power. Case studies are carried out on the optimum configuration of the hybrid system satisfying the energy demand. A numerical example based on the actual measured solar input is also included to demonstrate the design potential. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
19.
Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) represent one option for the electrification of private mobility. In order to efficiently integrate PHEVs into power systems, existing organizational structures need to be considered. Based on procedures of power systems planning and operation, actors are identified whose operational activities will be affected by PHEV integration. Potential changes and challenges in the actors’ long- and short term planning activities are discussed. 相似文献
20.
In this paper, a fuzzy energy management algorithm for a hybrid renewable power system based on lifetime extending is presented. When the system contains two storage elements or more, the selection of the suitable element to be charged or discharged becomes of paramount importance. When the storage elements are of different types, the decision will be difficult. Conventional algorithms that make series of tests to select the storage element choose always the first available element. This way of testing affects badly the most used element and may affect the other storage elements too as they rarely operate under hard load scenarios. In this study, and in order to solve this problem, two fuzzy controllers have been used to manage the energy flow for a hybrid renewable power system. It is composed of: a photovoltaic generator as a main source, a fuel cell and batteries as a storage elements. The controllers operate as master and slave. The master controller gives orders to all the system power converters and to the slave controller as well. The latter is activated only when the storage elements are at the same state of charge. It is charged, instead of the master's, to select the suitable element to be charged or discharged. Its orders are given based on lifetime functions for each element. To examine the proposed algorithm, simulations have been performed under Matlab /Simulink (The MathWorks, Inc., Massachusetts, USA). Comparison and statistics have been carried out to give the percentage of the worked hours for each element in each operating mode. The obtained results show the high performance of the proposed algorithm. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献