高速公路通道软基低强度混凝土桩处理试验研究

在国内首次采用低强度混凝土桩复合地基加固高速公路通道深厚软土地基,解决通道地基处理中的二次开挖、桥头跳车等问题。介绍了在杭宁高速公路通道地基低强度混凝土桩处理中进行的桩土应力、桩土表面沉降、分层沉降、侧向变形等项目的现场测试成果,并以此对路堤荷载作用下低强度混凝土桩复合地基的性状及其处理效果进行分析。     

刚柔性桩复合地基加固双层软弱地基现场试验研究

为研究路堤荷载下刚柔性桩对深厚双层软弱地基的加固效果及其桩土荷载传递规律,结合连云港港某铁路软基处理工程,采用带帽预制方桩和带扩大头的双向搅拌粉喷桩联合加固,对路堤填筑过程及预压期内地表沉降、桩土差异沉降、深层水平位移、超静孔隙水压力、桩土应力比以及桩土荷载分担的变化规律进行了分析。结果表明:载荷试验中复合地基桩土应力比随外荷载增加而增加;地基变形发生在填土期,预压期内沉降变形继续并逐渐趋于稳定;填土荷载向刚性桩及搅拌桩桩顶集中,刚性桩桩顶应力增长较快;面积置换率为22.2%的预制方桩(含桩帽)承担了56.2%的荷载,但其承载力只发挥了不到18%;面积置换率和土质条件是桩土荷载分担比的主要影响因素。     

水泥搅拌桩复合地基垫层效应研究

深中通道为国内首次大规模采用深层水泥搅拌桩(DCM桩)处理沉管隧道地基的超级工程。由于碎石垫层+块石振密垫层+DCM桩复合地基的沉降变形规律尚不明确,为研究垫层效应对水泥搅拌桩复合地基沉降的影响规律,在现场荷载板试验的基础上,应用数值模拟的方法分析碎石垫层厚度、模量以及块石振密厚度对复合地基桩顶沉降和总沉降的影响。研究结果表明：在刚性基础下设置柔性垫层能使基础由“刚”变“柔”,垫层能调节桩、土所承担的荷载,使桩体承担的荷载变小,土体承担的荷载荷载变大,以致桩顶沉降减小,复合地基总沉降增大。随着垫层刚度的减小(厚度增大或者模量变小),其调节桩土所承担荷载的效果并不会一直变大,在复合地基承载力不变的同时,总沉降继续增大。从提高复合地基承载力和控制沉降考虑,结合工程实际情况,建议碎石垫层的厚度取0.4～0.8 m,模量取10～20 MPa,块石振密的厚度取0.7～1.1 m。     

预应力薄壁管桩在公路软基处理中应用的试验研究

带桩帽的预应力薄壁管桩结合土工格栅加筋垫层的刚性桩复合地基处理高速公路深厚软土地基,具有施工质量易控制、施工速度快、工后沉降及不均匀沉降小、地基处理深度大、复合地基承载力大、造价比较适中等突出优点。本文结合连盐高速公路试验段施工期间和路堤填筑期间的实测资料,通过对填筑期间土压力、沉降、侧向变形的分析,突出体现了预应力管桩在加固深厚软土地基中的实用性和优越性。     

CFG桩复合地基施工过程监测与数值分析

结合高速铁路某试验段工程,开展CFG桩+垫层处理地基试验。实测复合地基沉降变形、桩顶应力、桩间土应力;分析路基沉降变形、桩土应力比随填筑高度的变化规律;利用FLAC-3D建立路堤荷载下CFG桩复合地基三维参数化数值计算模型,将现场实测数据与数值计算结果进行对比,分析研究路堤荷载作用下CFG桩复合地基的工作性状。研究成果有助于高速铁路复合地基沉降控制、承载特性和应力传递机理的研究。     

振冲碎石桩在软土挡墙地基处理中的应用

阐述了振冲碎石桩处理软土地基的作用机理和振冲碎石桩设计方法,通过大连某挡墙软土地基加固处理实例,并采用有限元仿真分析计算其沉降变形,证明了振冲碎石桩设计的可行性。     

桩承路堤土拱效应现场试验与分析

桩承路堤在路堤自重作用下形成竖向土拱,并通过土拱传递荷载,其浅层荷载传递机制直接影响到桩土的协调工作和地基的加固效果。为研究桩承路堤中竖向土拱效应的特性,通过设置试验段进行了现场试验,对采集到的应力与变形数据进行了分析处理。研究结果表明,刚性桩支承路堤中存在明显的竖向土拱效应,且在路堤浅层采用粗粒土填料填筑有利于路堤中连续、稳定的土拱的形成,能够起到更好的加固效果。最后提出了一些合理化建议,可供设计与施工人员参考。     

路堤荷载下碎石桩复合地基长期监测分析

在深厚软土地基上修建高速公路时，沉降控制是一个难以解决的问题。碎石桩由于其桩体模量和渗透系数较高，能有效减少路堤沉降并增加固结速率而被广泛应用于软土路基处理中。迄今为止，关于碎石桩复合地基的长期观测实例较少，对于路堤荷载下碎石桩复合地基的工作特性并不十分清楚。本文通过对某高速公路碎石桩处理断面的长期观测，较为全面地研究分析了路堤荷载作用下碎石桩复合地基的荷载传递规律，沉降控制效果以及固结特性。     

路堤荷载下砼芯水泥土搅拌桩复合地基现场试验研究

针对砼芯水泥土搅拌桩复合地基处理高速公路深厚软土段的工程实例,通过地表沉降、分层沉降、深层水平位移、砼芯荷载以及桩土应力比测试,讨论了砼芯水泥土搅拌桩处理深厚软土地基的加固效果,荷载分布和传递规律。测试结果表明：砼芯水泥土搅拌桩对于路基沉降和水平位移控制效果优于水泥土搅拌桩,且横断面差异沉降较小。复合地基的主要压缩量发生在桩顶至砼芯底端一定范围的土体内,沉降发生深度由砼芯控制。砼芯水泥土搅拌桩上部出现负摩阻力,中性点位于砼芯1/3长度处。桩土应力比为水泥土搅拌的2～3倍,与刚性桩相近,桩体承担大部分路堤荷载。砼芯水泥土搅拌桩复合地基排水通畅,超静孔隙水压力消散迅速。路堤荷载下砼芯水泥土搅拌桩工作特性与载荷板试验下的测试结果有所不同。最后从沉降和承载力控制角度给出了砼芯水泥土搅拌桩复合地基的设计方法     

干振碎石桩的设计与施工及几个问题的探讨

地基加固处理中,振冲碎石桩由于具有施工方便、费用较廉、不用三材等优点,并作为抗震防液化处理手段而得到了大量应用,取得不少经验。但实践表明,振冲碎石桩用水量大、场地受泥浆污染严重等明显的缺点也亟待改进。干振碎石桩就是在振冲碎石桩基础上,为消除这一缺点发展起来的。施工实践证明,干振碎石桩是目前继振冲碎石桩后较好的一项软土加固技术。一、干振碎石桩的加固机理干振碎石桩通过机械振动挤压成孔并将碎石压入软土中,使原状土受挤压产生径向位移,土颗粒重新排列,土的孔隙减少,密实度提高,碎石桩体还置换了一部分软土,形成碎石桩柱。碎石桩是柔性的离散体,它     

刚性桩加固软弱地基上路堤的稳定性问题(Ⅰ)——存在问题及单桩条件下的分析

目前各类刚性桩在软土路基加固中已有较多应用。首先对复合抗剪强度极限平衡法存在的问题进行了分析。在此基础上,基于刚性桩的刚度及强度特征,采用三维有限差分方法和二维强度折减有限差分数值方法,针对刚性桩复合地基支承路堤的整体稳定分析,对单桩位于路堤下不同位置时的路堤稳定性进行了研究,并与传统复合抗剪强度极限平衡法稳定分析结果进行对比。结果表明,当路堤下单桩位于不同位置时,路堤填筑过程中桩土相互作用机理、桩的破坏形式及桩对路堤稳定的贡献机理不同,桩的刚度对路堤稳定存在显著影响。路堤趋于稳定破坏时,位于路堤下不同位置的刚性桩的弯曲破坏比剪切破坏更易于发生。对刚性桩加固路堤,复合抗剪强度极限平衡法不能反映不同位置单桩的破坏机理,将显著高估路堤稳定性。     

A case study of geotextile-reinforced embankment on soft ground

Full-scale test embankments, with and without geotextile reinforcement, were constructed on soft Bangkok clay. The performances of these embankments are evaluated and compared with each other on the basis of field measurements and FEM analysis. The analyses of failure mechanisms and the investigations on the embankment stability using undrained conditions were also done to determine the critical embankment height and the corresponding geotextile strain. The high-strength geotextile can reduce the plastic deformation in the underlying foundation soil, increase the collapse height of the embankment on soft ground, and produce a two-step failure mechanism. In this case study, the critical strain in the geotextile corresponding to the primary failure of foundation soils may be taken as 2.5–3% irrespective of the geotextile reinforcement stiffness.     

Centrifuge modeling of geosynthetic-encased stone column-supported embankment over soft clay

Geosynthetic-encased stone column (GESC) has been proven as an effective alternative to reinforcing soft soils. In this paper, a series of centrifuge model tests were conducted to investigate the performance of GESC-supported embankment over soft clay by varying the stiffness of encasement material. The enhancement in the performance of stone columns encased with geosynthetic materials was quantified by comparing the test with ordinary stone columns (OSCs) under identical test conditions. The test results reveal that by encasing stone columns with geosynthetic material, a significant reduction in the ground settlement, relatively faster dissipation of excess pore pressure and enhanced stress concentration ratio was noticed. Moreover, with the increase in the encasement stiffness from 450 kN/m to 3300 kN/m, the stress concentration ratio increased from 4 to 6.5, which signifies the importance of encasement stiffness. In addition, a relatively lower value of soil arching ratio observed for GESCs compared to OSCs indicate the formation of a relatively strong soil arch in the GESC-supported embankment. Interestingly, under embankment loading, GESCs fail by bending while OSCs fail by bulging. The stress reduction method can be used to calculate the settlement of GESC-supported embankment with larger stress reduction factor than that in the OSC-supported embankment. Finally, the limitation of the construction of the embankment at 1 g was addressed.     

成层软土地基上土堤填筑稳定性的塑性极限分析

针对成层软土地基上土堤填筑的稳定性分析问题,考虑地基土体的不排水抗剪强度既随土层变化又随深度任意线性变化,根据工程实践中揭示的堤基深层破坏模式,基于塑性极限分析的上限理论,构建满足运动许可的对数螺旋线与圆弧组合的转动破坏机制,建立了便于快速评估成层软土地基上土堤填筑稳定性的临界高度、无量纲化的稳定数、稳定图、最小安全系数和临界滑动面的分析计算方法,并将计算结果与2个土堤失稳现场试验工程案例的实测结果进行了对比。结果表明,采用本文方法计算得到的土堤最小安全系数接近于土堤失稳时的最小安全系数的理论值1.0,计算确定的临界滑动面也与实测的临界滑动面比较接近,从而验证了本文方法的适用性。     

软土地基上道路桥头跳车缓解工法的设计与工程实践

针对软土地基上道路行车的“桥头跳车”现象，列举了在日本经常使用的几种桥头接坡过渡段地基处理的方法：(1)设钢筋混凝土连接搭板；(2)沥青混凝土路面的加铺维修；(3)切短桩头的办法重建构筑物。分析了这几种传统的桥头接坡处理方法的优缺点及经济性。在日本佐贺平原有明软粘土地基上的桥头接坡段地基处理工程实例的基础上，介绍了缓解桥头跳车现象的设计施工法——CA工法；给出了CA工法的设计内容及参数确定的方法，包括搅拌桩的长度与接坡段的处理范围；最后通过现场监测结果说明所提出的设计法的有效性。     

Stability analysis of stone column-supported and geosynthetic-reinforced embankments on soft ground

This study focuses on the stability of stone column-supported and geosynthetic-reinforced embankments on soft soil. An upper-bound limit state plasticity failure discretization scheme (known as discontinuity layout optimization (DLO)), which determines the embankment stability without pre-assuming a slip surface, is used. The relationships between the stability of stone column-supported and geosynthetic-reinforced embankments and various influencing parameters, including the soil strength, geometric configuration, reinforcement strength, and area replacement ratio, are analysed. It is found that geosynthetics provide a significant contribution to embankment stability. Two failure mechanisms of geosynthetics (i.e., rupture failure and bond failure) are revealed and the effect of geosynthetics on embankment stability is governed by the failure mode. The application of stone columns mitigates the risk of geosynthetic failure. To provide an analytical solution for primary design in engineering practice, an approach based on the limit equilibrium method is proposed. Validations are performed with the DLO solution to demonstrate the accuracy and reliability of the developed analytical approach.     

External Stability of Group Column Type Deep Mixing Improved Ground Under Embankment Loading

The Deep Mixing Method (DMM), a deep in-situ soil stabilization technique using cement and/or lime as a binder has been often applied to improve soft soils. Group column type improvement has been extensively applied to foundations of embankment or lightweight structures. A design procedure for the group column type DM ground has been established in Japan mainly for application of embankment, in which two failure patterns are assumed: sliding failure in the external stability and rupture breaking failure in the internal stability. The internal stability of the improved ground has been investigated experimentally, and it was found that the DM columns show various failure modes: shear, bending and tensile failure, depending not only on the ground and loading conditions but also on the location of each column. However, the current design does not incorporate the effects of these failure modes, but only that of shear failure mode. For the external stability, it is known that a collapse failure pattern, in which the DM columns tilt like dominos, could take place instead of sliding failure. The current design method, which does not take into account this failure pattern, might overestimate the external stability. In this study, a series of centrifuge model tests and elasto-plastic FEM analyses were performed to investigate the external stability of group column type DM improved ground under embankment loading. The centrifuge model study has revealed that the improved ground does not fail with a sliding failure pattern but with a collapse failure pattern in the model test condition. The FEM analyses confirmed the model test results and showed that the improved ground could fail with sliding failure in a certain type of ground conditions such as a floating type improved ground. A simple calculation incorporating the collapse failure pattern gave reasonable estimation of the embankment pressure at ground failure. This paper demonstrates the importance of simulating appropriate failure pattern for evaluating the external stability accurately.     

双层地基的稳定性分析

在假定软土及上覆硬壳的不排水抗剪强度随深度的变化分属两种线性形式时，可导出双层地基上路堤的稳定性分析式，进而对切层面滑动条件、滑弧下切深度及双层地基承载力进行了分析与讨论，并以破坏堤实测数据为参照，与其他分析方法作了比较。     

Centrifuge model tests on the deformation behavior of geosynthetic-encased stone column supported embankment under undrained condition

A series of centrifuge model tests were carried out to investigate the performance of geosynthetic-encased stone columns (GESCs) supported embankment under undrained condition. The influence of stiffness of encasement, basal reinforcement and embankment loading on the deformation behavior of GESCs were also assessed. The centrifuge test results reveal that under undrained condition, compared to ordinary stone column (OSC) supported embankment, the settlement of column has reduced by 50% and 34% when columns were encased with high and low stiffness geogrids respectively. Moreover, under identical embankment loading condition, the stress concentration ratio has increased significantly upon inclusion of basal reinforcement in the GESCs supported embankment. In case of OSCs supported embankment, columns experiences bulging in the top portion, inward bending in the central portion and a noticeable shear at the bottom portion. However, when columns were encased with geogrid layer, bulging in the top portion was significantly reduced but the inward bending of columns were noticed. With the inclusion of basal reinforcement, bending curvature of columns increases thereby inducing higher settlement in columns and relatively lesser settlement in surrounding soil. The differential settlement between the encased column and the surrounding soil under embankment loading has been considerably reduced with the inclusion of basal reinforcement.     

Partially-Drained Cyclic Behavior and its Application to the Settlement of a low Embankment Road on Silty-Clay

This study examines the phenomenon of settlement induced by traffic loading on low embankment roads built on soft cohesive soils deposited in a reclaimed lowland. A series of cyclic triaxial tests were conducted on undisturbed soft Ariake silty-clay under undrained and partially-drained conditions. A model based on the test results is proposed to simulate the partially drained behavior of silty-clay under a variety of lateral stresses. It is shown that the maximum excess pore pressure generation ratios and volumetric changes increase until the cyclic stress ratio reaches a value of 0.73, which is independent of the effects of lateral stresses under the same anisotropic consolidation ratio. Numerical analyses applying the proposed model were performed to compare the effects of soil thickness and cyclic loading time during one day and one cycle on partially drained cyclic behavior. It was found that a large ratio of cyclic to non-cyclic load­ing time during one cycle exerts a smaller influence on volumetric strain than the total time of cyclic loading during one day. Observed settlement results of a low embankment road are analyzed to verify the applicability of the proposed model.