石蜡-硬脂酸/石墨复合相变材料的储热性能研究

由二元相图确定出石蜡-硬脂酸二元低共熔物的质量配比为m(石蜡)∶m(硬脂酸)=17∶8,按上述配比通过熔融共混法制备出石蜡-硬脂酸复合相变材料,将石蜡-硬脂酸复合相变材料与石墨通过熔融共混法制备出石蜡-硬脂酸/石墨复合相变材料,通过储/放热实验和差示扫描量热法(DSC)对石蜡-硬脂酸和石蜡-硬脂酸/石墨复合相变材料的热性能进行了测试和表征。结果表明,石蜡-硬脂酸复合相变材料的相变储热性能好;随着石墨含量的增加,石蜡-硬脂酸/石墨复合相变材料的储/放热时间明显缩短,导热性能大幅度提高,但相变潜热逐渐降低,相变温度保持不变。制备的石蜡-硬脂酸/石墨复合相变材料具有合适的相变温度、较高的相变潜热,导热性能优良,可用于低温储能领域。     

新型有机-无机复合相变蓄冷材料的制备及性能研究

以六水氯化钙为基材，配备出一种新型复合相变蓄冷材料用于空调蓄冷。该材料的质量配比为81%六水氯化钙+5%乙醇+14%丙三醇。为了降低复合相变材料的过冷度，使用六水氯化铯为成核剂，发现成核剂的添加量为1.0%时过冷度几乎为零。为检验复合相变材料的热稳定性，进行了100次的热循环实验，材料未出现相分层，表明其热稳定性能良好。     

热分析法在铸铁质量控制方面的应用

介绍了热分析系统的组成,热分析法基本原理以及在铸铁质量控制中心实际应用,并分析了在铁液检测中影响精度的几种情况。对铸件生产劳动效率、铸件质量的提高起到了重要作用。     

触变–塑变复合成形铸铁材料的耐磨损和抗腐蚀性能研究

目的 针对天然气压缩机用铸铁构件服役环境恶劣的情况,研究一种提升其耐磨损和抗腐蚀性能的成形工艺。方法 以天然气压缩机用FCD400铸铁材料为研究对象,通过熔融–冷却试验和热压缩试验获得FCD400铸铁材料在高温条件下的固–液相变规律、半固态触变成形性能、塑性成形性能。基于该铸铁材料性能建立合适的触变–塑变复合成形工艺方案。通过二段热压缩试验开展FCD400铸铁材料的触变–塑变复合成形的物理模拟,验证触变–塑变复合成形的可行性。随后,通过摩擦磨损试验和中性盐雾腐蚀试验,对比触变–塑变复合成形铸铁材料和原始铸态材料的耐磨损和抗腐蚀性能,验证触变–塑变复合成形的有效性。结果 触变成形阶段变形量为12 mm且塑性成形阶段变形量为20 mm的触变–塑变复合成形FCD400铸铁材料具有更加精细的珠光体片层,以及更高的硬度和更好的耐磨性能。触变成形阶段变形量为20 mm且塑性成形阶段变形量为12 mm的触变–塑变复合成形FCD400铸铁材料具有更加离散且细小的球状石墨,离散分布的细小球状石墨对基体的撕裂作用更小并能够减缓腐蚀速率。结论 通过调节触变–塑变复合成形工艺参数,能够实现对FCD400铸铁材料的耐磨损和抗腐蚀性能的主动调控。     

双层相变材料的制备及其对锂离子电池控温性能的影响

电池热管理系统是保证电动汽车电池性能的关键部分，目前多使用单相变材料冷却技术。以相变温度不同的石蜡作为储热材料，以膨胀石墨作为吸附材料，设计了双层相变材料控温结构，双层相变材料结构具有“接力赛”式的双重缓冲控温过程。对制备的2种相变材料进行表征和测试，得出最佳材料配比。在不同的环境温度中将双层相变材料控温结构应用于锂离子电池进行放电实验。结果表明：质量分数为10%的双层相变材料在导热系数和泄漏率方面有较好的表现和较高的潜热值，双层相变材料结构在25℃和37℃环境温度中能够使锂离子电池最高放电温度分别保持在42℃和51℃,具备良好的控温效果，能在一定程度上保证锂离子电池的安全使用并延长其寿命。     

连续冷却过程中微合金钢铁素体相变测量方法研究

本工作分别利用热膨胀法、差示扫描量热法以及高温激光共聚焦原位观察法分析检测微合金钢在连续冷却过程中产生的铁素体相变以研究各种测试方法的适用性。实验结果表明,热膨胀法、差示扫描量热法及高温激光共聚焦原位观察法均可用于铁素体相变起始温度测量,但差示扫描量热法测得的珠光体相变热信号较热膨胀法测量的珠光体相变体积信号强,且实验结果重复性好;热膨胀法能更直观地表现相变过程中的体积变化;高温激光共聚焦原位观察法尤其适合于观察能够引起表面浮凸的相变及其对应的相变过程,包括相变起始形核位置及相变所需时间等。差示扫描量热法与高温激光共聚焦原位观察法相结合可全面描述相变动力学过程。     

Ga-In-Sn微型共晶点相变特性研究

以Ga-In-Sn三元合金为研究对象,研制了可用于现场及在线标定的微型Ga-In-Sn共晶点容器,开展了3种不同配比对相变温度和温坪复现影响的研究。结果表明:3种配比的共晶点温坪可持续1.2~2 h,实验的复现性优于4.5 mK,合成扩展不确定度为9.3 mK(k=2),3种配比的共晶点相变温度平均值为10.748 ℃;在相同热工况下Ga-In-Sn合金发生共晶反应的相变温度不受配比的影响;改变合金熔体的降温速率可改变微型共晶点过冷度。     

脂肪酸三元低共熔混合物相变温度和潜热的理论预测

对脂肪酸低共熔混合物相变温度和潜热的理论预测公式进行了选择和实验验证,通过DSC实验测试月桂酸-肉豆蔻酸二元低共熔混合物、月桂酸-肉豆蔻酸-棕榈酸三元低共熔混合物的热物性参数,发现理论预测公式对低共熔质量配比和相变温度的预测与实验结果吻合较好,可以用于计算脂肪酸类低共熔混合物的热特性参数。在此基础上对10种脂肪酸三元低共熔混合物的质量配比、相变温度和潜热进行了预测计算,这10种脂肪酸三元相变温度范围为16.12～38.86℃,相变潜热范围为154.99～177.39J/g。脂肪酸三元低共熔混合物的研究丰富了脂肪酸的相变温度和相变潜热范围,为脂肪酸类相变材料的工程应用提供了更广阔的空间。     

球磨对高温熔盐合成的NiTi粉体的相变影响

采用球磨工艺使高温熔盐合成的NiTi粉末的相变行为发生改变，进而研究了球磨过程中球磨转速、球磨时间、摘要过程控制剂和时效处理对NiTi相变的影响。利用差示扫描量热法（DSC）、X射线衍射（XRD）和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）等现代检测手段对NiTi粉末的成分、组织形貌以及NiTi的相变行为进行了相应的分析研究。     

共析成分Zn—Al合金的相变内耗和DSC的研究

利用低频内耗和示差扫描量热计（ＤＳＣ）等技术研究了共析成分Ｚｎ－Ａｌ合金共析转变过程中的能量耗散问题，发现相变潜热和热滞均与相变的路径有关，相变内耗峰的峰高与频率倒数之间呈非线性关系，而对数减缩量与频率例数之间呈线性关系，证明了共析转变过程内耗不公具有粘滞弹性的性质，而且具有线性粘弹性的性质，相变内耗峰主要是线性粘弹性内耗的贡献，用Ｍａｘｗｅｌｌ模型对实验结果进行了解释。     

Laser-induced graphite superhardness and transformation into amorphous carbon in a near-surface layer of cast iron

An analysis of the microstructure and Raman spectra shows that the formation of superhard structures in a near-surface layer of cast iron, observed upon a special laser treatment of the gray iron surface covered by a thin layer of inductor (copper), is related to the transformation of graphite (present in the cast iron) into amorphous carbon. A possible mechanism of this process is proposed, which includes the stages of graphite transition into a liquid phase, supercooling of the liquid carbon, and its transformation into a condensed amorphous phase.     

Ni对球墨铸铁热处理的影响

采用电子探针，图象分析仪、差质变分析仪和Ｘ射线衍仪定量研究了Ｎｉ在球铁中的分布和Ｎｉ铸态球铁组成相比例奥氏体中含碳量以及贝氏体转变ＴＴＴ曲线线的影响，结果表明，Ｎｉ在球铁中呈连续负偏析，其加入可以影响球铁组成上比例，并使粤氏体中含碳量和贝氏体转变孕育期期增加。     

The role of graphite morphology and matrix structure on low frequency thermal cycling of cast irons

Low frequency thermal cycling tests were carried out on four types of cast iron (viz., austempered ductile iron, pearlitic ductile iron, compacted/vermicular graphite iron and grey cast iron) at predetermined ranges of thermal cycling temperatures. The specimens were unconstrained. Results show that austempered ductile iron has the highest thermal cycling resistance, followed by pearlitic ductile iron and compacted graphite iron, while grey cast iron exhibits the lowest resistance. Microstructural analysis of test specimens subjected to thermal cycling indicates that matrix decomposition and grain growth are responsible for the reduction in hardness while graphite oxidation, de-cohesion and grain boundary separation are responsible for the reduction in the modulus of elasticity upon thermal cycling.     

The effect of graphite flake morphology on the thermal diffusivity of gray cast irons used for automotive brake discs

Thermal diffusivity of automotive grade SAE G3000 (d) gray cast iron has been measured as a function of graphite flake morphology, chemical composition and temperature. Cast iron samples used for this investigation were cut from step block castings designed to produce iron with different graphite flake morphologies resulting from different cooling rates. Samples were also machined from prototype and commercial brake rotors, as well as from a series of cast iron slugs with slightly varying compositions. Thermal diffusivity was measured at room and elevated temperatures via the flash technique. Graphite flake morphology of the various cast iron samples was quantified stereologically with image analysis techniques. Several geometric features of the graphite flake morphology were quantified. It was found that the thermal diffusivity of these gray cast irons increases with carbon equivalent and has a strong linear correlation to graphite flake length. For gray iron with the same chemical composition, a four fold increase in the graphite flake size results in a 50% increase in thermal diffusivity. Amongst the commercial rotors, room temperature thermal diffusivity varied from 0.156 to 0.200 cm²/s.     

Investigation of bainitic isothermal transformation products in unalloyed ductile cast iron

The properties of the products of isothermal transformation of undercooled austenite into bainite in unalloyed ductile cast iron were investigated using X-ray diffraction. The following parameters were investigated: the fraction of austenite in the cast iron matrix, the crystal lattice parameter, and the width of the diffraction lines of the α and γ phases. The structures were studied using a TEM. It was observed that the temperature T_A and time τ_A of the isothermal transformation significantly influence the nature of the α and γ phases. The transformations are determined by the diffusion of carbon, and the maximum carbon content is approximately twice the equilibrium carbon content at the austenitising temperature. The lattice parameter of the α phase in the range of T_A studied decreases with increasing cooling time but increases in the upper bainite range. The increase in this lattice parameter results from the typical process of bainitic transformation during the retained austenite eutectoidal reaction (stage III). The crystal structure of the γ phase in the upper bainitic region is more perfect than in the lower range. Within the investigated temperature range of T_A, bainitic ferrite continually improves its crystal structure.

MST/3104     

Relationship between structure and thermal fatigue in cast iron

Abstract

Thermal fatigue of a material is determined by rupture stress, the elasticity modulus, heat conductivity, and thermal expansion. In addition to thermal expansion, one has to consider also the volume changes as a result of phase transformations. It is known that high rupture stress and high heat conductivity result in high resistance to thermal fatigue. A high Young's modulus and high thermal expansion give low resistance to thermal fatigue. Cast iron is a composite material, consisting mostly of graphite, ferrite, and cementite. The graphite can occur in a number of different morphologies. It can be spherical, as in ductile cast iron, it can be flakelike, as in flake cast iron, but it can also be rodlike, as in vermicular or undercooled graphite. Many of the properties important for thermal fatigue are influenced by the shape of the graphite. By using various models to explain the properties of composite materials, the changes in the properties of cast iron as a function of graphite shape are analysed. The analytical results are compared with experimental results. It is shown that the elasticity modulus and thermal expansion are lowest for flake graphite and that thermal conductivity is highest for this material. The conclusion is that grey cast iron has a better resistance to thermal fatigue than vermicular as well as nodular cast irons, in spite of its lower rupture stress.

MST/783     

Investigation of the kinetics of decay of the β-phase in complex titanium alloys

We establish the regularities of the kinetics of phase and structural transformations in complex titanium alloys in different states (forged and cast) after holding in the one-phase β-region. Two temperature ranges with different kinetics of the polymorphic transformation are detected. In the high-temperature range, the β-phase decays according to the diffusion mechanism with formation of several metastable phases in specimens quenched at the same temperature after different periods of holding. In the low-temperature range, the phase transformation runs fairly rapidly with formation of a two-phase dispersed structure. It is shown that the rate of the process and the geometric parameters of the formed structures are determined not only by the total concentration of alloying elements but also by their composition. The obtained results can be used for the development of new efficient modes of thermal treatment. __________ Translated from Fizyko-Khimichna Mekhanika Materialiv, Vol. 42, No. 3, pp. 71–76, May–June, 2006.     

Application of Bayer red mud for iron recovery and building material production from alumosilicate residues

Red mud is a solid waste produced in the process of alumina extraction from bauxite. In this paper, recovery iron from Bayer red mud was studied with direct reduction roasting process followed by magnetic separation, and then building materials were prepared from alumosilicate residues. After analysis of chemical composition and crystalline phase, the effects of different parameters on recovery efficiency of iron were carried out. The optimum reaction parameters were proposed as the following: ratio of carbon powder: red mud at 18:100, ratio of additives: red mud at 6:100, roasting at 1300 degrees C for 110min. With these optimum parameters, total content of iron in concentrated materials was 88.77%, metallization ratio of 97.69% and recovery ratio of 81.40%. Then brick specimens were prepared with alumosilicate residues and hydrated lime. Mean compressive strength of specimens was 24.10MPa. It was indicated that main mineral phase transformed from nepheline (NaAlSiO4) in alumosilicate residues to gehlenite (Ca2Al2SiO7) in brick specimens through X-ray diffraction (XRD) technology. The feasibility of this transformation under the experimental conditions was proved by thermodynamics calculation analysis. Combined the recovery of iron with the reuse of alumosilicate residues, it can realize zero-discharge of red mud from Bayer process.     

Influence of chemical composition and microstructure on thermal conductivity of alloyed pearlitic flake graphite cast irons

Thermal conductivity is one of the most important properties of flake graphite cast iron, that decides the transient temperature and thermal stress distribution in the components which are subjected to elevated temperature applications. Such applications include cylinder heads, brake-drums, exhaust manifolds, ingot moulds, hot mill rolls and dies. Thermal conductivity values are experimentally measured in 23 flake graphite cast irons having an identical base iron composition. The irons selected can be classified into two groups: one with high carbon (3.93%) content and another with medium carbon (3.00%) content. The irons are alloyed with commonly used alloying elements such as molybdenum, chromium, vanadium, nickel, tin, antimony, copper and aluminium. Thermal conductivity values are determined up to the temperature range 40 to 500° C and values up to 40 to 700° C are presented by extrapolation. The present work has provided information regarding thermal conductivitiy of flake graphite cast irons which are used for thermal fatigue applications (where the temperature of the component usually reaches a maximum of 700° C). It is concluded that an increased amount of graphite carbon, an increased amount of type A graphite and an increased fineness of graphite increase thermal conductivity. Further, molybdenum increases thermal conductivity appreciably while nickel and copper increase it moderately. Aluminium and silicon considerably reduce thermal conductivity while chromium, vanadium, tin and antimony reduce it moderately.