醋酸氯己定缓释复乳剂作用的初步研究

目的探讨W/O/W型醋酸氯己定缓释复乳剂的体外缓释作用和抑菌效果,为牙周炎和根尖周炎的治疗提供新药使用依据。方法采用高效液相色谱法测定醋酸氯已定复乳剂中醋酸氯己定含量和1～13d该复乳剂中药物成分醋酸氯已定的体外释放情况;并采用钢管法观察该复乳剂倍比稀释后对牙龈卟啉单胞菌的体外抑菌作用。结果醋酸氯已定浓度与色谱峰面积在0.005～0.10mg/ml范围内呈良好的线性关系,相关系数R为0.9999,回归方程为Y=6×107X-56851。体外释放实验表明,该复乳剂主要成分醋酸氯己定的释放稳定,在13天内能保持有效的释药浓度。体外抑菌实验显示：该复乳剂连续稀释15倍仍对牙龈卟啉单胞菌具有明显的抑菌作用。结论该醋酸氯已定复乳剂在体外具有明显的药物缓释效果、对所选细菌有良好的抑菌作用,值得进一步研发。     

口腔微生物与免疫学

黄芩醇提取物对牙龈卟啉菌膜泡抑制牙周膜成纤维细胞碱性磷酸酶活性的影响;2变形链球菌AI-2活性测定及luxS基因同源重组质粒的构建;老年人高龋患者牙菌斑中变形链球菌临床分离株耐酸能力的研究;黏性放线菌对牙龈卟啉单胞菌生长的影响;大蒜的口腔抑菌和根面解毒作用     

薄荷复方煎液对龋病、牙周病致病菌杀菌作用的研究

目的：研究薄荷复方煎液对龋病、牙周病致病菌的抑制和杀灭作用。方法：致龋菌血链球菌、变形链球菌和牙周病致病菌牙龈卟啉单胞菌分离培养,将薄荷复方煎液配成不同浓度,分别对4种细菌做药敏试验,记录各自的最小抑菌浓度（MIC）和最小杀菌浓度（MBC）。结果：血链球菌MIC1：32,变形链球菌MIC1：4,牙龈卟啉单胞菌MIC1：32;血链球菌MBC1：16,变形链球菌MBC1：1,牙龈卟啉单胞菌MBC1：8。结论：薄荷复方煎液对龋病、牙周病致病菌有抑制和杀灭作用。     

婴儿期不同喂养方式儿童猛性龋病原菌分析

目的：比较不同喂养方式幼儿问变形链球菌族细菌(MS)定殖差异，为龋病预防提供依据。方法：采用细菌分离、培养、生化试验和免疫学血清凝集试验对幼儿乳前牙牙菌斑内细菌进行分离鉴定，分析病原菌的定殖情况以及与婴儿期喂养方式的关系。结果：幼儿猛性龋优势菌为变形链球菌。不同喂养方式猛性龋幼儿之间MS定殖水平无差别。母乳喂养无龋儿童牙菌斑内MS水平明显高于奶瓶喂养者。结论：幼儿猛性龋主要致病菌为变形链球菌，6个月以上的母乳喂养有利于MS定殖。     

不同龋敏感人群牙菌斑中变形链球菌的检测

目的 :探讨不同龋敏感人群牙菌斑中变形链球菌的检出情况和血清分型与龋病的关系。方法 :采用经典生化和血清学鉴定方法 ,对不同龋敏感人群菌斑中的变形链球菌进行分离、鉴定。结果 :血清c型变形链球菌在牙菌斑中检出率最高 ,在高龋组中变形链球菌群细菌和变形链球菌培养阳性率明显高于无龋组 (P <0 .0 0 5 )。结论 :变形链球菌群细菌尤其是变形链球菌的数量与龋病发生有直接关系     

西吡氯铵体外抑菌实验研究

目的研究西吡氯胺对牙周相关致病菌的抑制作用。方法选用牙周主要致病菌的国际参考菌株,牙龈卟啉单胞菌、中间普氏菌、粘性放线菌和具核梭杆菌,以氯己定作为对照,采用杯碟法进行抑菌实验,观察最小抑菌浓度和测量抑菌环直径大小,评价西吡氯胺含漱液对受试细菌的抑菌作用。结果西吡氯胺对4个菌种的抑菌作用明显,与对照组氯己定比较,最小抑菌浓度差异无统计学意义;0．1％西吡氯胺含漱液与0．1％氯己定含漱液的抑菌效果无显著差异。结论0．1％西吡氯胺含漱液对牙周相关致病菌的抑制作用与氯己定含漱液作用相同。     

口腔微生物与免疫学

牙龈卟啉单胞菌基因疫苗pcDNA3．1（＋）／kgpc免疫原性研究；c血清型变形链球菌抑龋相关基因文库的构建；减毒沙门菌体内介导基因转移对ACC-M抑制的实验研究；不同龋敏感人群唾液富酪蛋白对致龋细菌粘附影响的比较；西吡氯铵含漱液辅助治疗口腔念珠菌感染临床观察     

一种新型漱口液可供临床使用

力搏漱口液是卫生部北京医院开发研制的一种新型漱口液 ,其主要有效成分是三氯羟苯醚。力搏漱口液对于口腔主要致病菌具有快速、高效、持久的杀菌、抑菌作用并有较强的抗附着作用。经常使用 ,能够有效地祛除刷牙后残留的牙菌斑并可抑制新的牙菌斑形成。力搏漱口液无染色、无毒副作用、无异味 ,口感清爽。自 1996年研制成功并获准生产以来 ,经 5年临床应用 ,疗效显著 ,获得广大患者好评。欢迎广大专业医务人员垂询、使用。北京市山海医药保健开发公司　地址 :北京东单大华路一号 (北京医院内 )　邮政编码 :10 0 730　电话 :6 5 132 983　联系…     

大黄甲壳胺牙周缓释膜抑菌作用的实验室观察

目的观察大黄甲壳胺牙周缓释膜的抑菌、缓释和解吸附功能.方法选择与牙周及龋病相关致病菌,用杯碟法进行细菌敏感稳定性试验和用附着板法观察大黄甲壳胺牙周缓释膜抑菌作用的稳定性及解吸附作用. 结果大黄甲壳胺药膜对牙龈卟啉单胞菌等几个菌种有明显抑菌作用;药膜4℃存放半年后,仍有明显的抑菌作用.0.16%～0.48%药膜完全溶解有抗变形链球菌附着作用.结论大黄甲壳胺牙周缓释膜对牙周致病菌有稳定的抑制作用,对变形链球菌有解吸附作用.     

隆力奇DL复合酶牙膏对部分口腔微生物体外抑菌作用的实验研究

目的:检测隆力奇DL复合酶牙膏(含葡聚糖酶和溶菌酶)对口腔部分微生物的抑菌作用。方法:采用Dentocult SM法检测葡聚糖酶水溶液和隆力奇DL复合酶牙膏提取液对变形链球菌黏附性的作用;采用琼脂扩散法检测溶菌酶水溶液和隆力奇DL复合酶牙膏对伴放线放线杆菌、牙龈卟啉单胞菌和粘性放线菌的抑菌作用。结果:葡聚糖酶水溶液和隆力奇DL复合酶牙膏提取液能够减少变形链球菌在Dentocult SM附着板上的黏附;溶菌酶水溶液可以在伴放线放线杆菌、牙龈卟啉单胞菌和粘性放线菌的含菌培养基上形成清晰的抑菌环,其直径大小随溶菌酶浓度增加而增大;隆力奇DL复合酶牙膏也可在牙龈卟啉单胞菌和粘性放线菌的含菌培养基上形成清晰的抑菌环,而在伴放线放线杆菌培养基上形成的抑菌环不清晰。结论:葡聚糖酶和隆力奇DL复合酶牙膏能够降低变形链球菌的黏附性;溶菌酶和隆力奇DL复合酶牙膏对部分口腔微生物具有一定的体外抑菌效果。     

Effects of mouthrinses with triclosan, zinc ions, copolymer, and sodium lauryl sulphate combined with fluoride on acid formation by dental plaque in vivo

Bacteriological tests demonstrated a slight synergistic effect of triclosan and sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) on the growth of Streptococcus mutans NCTC 10449 and Streptococcus sanguis ATCC 10556 in vitro. A single mouthrinse with SLS (17.4 mM) or SLS plus triclosan (3.5 mM) significantly decreased the number of salivary mutans streptococci in a group of 12 subjects up to 90 min after rinsing. The effect on plaque pH of a mouthrinse with either 12.0 mM NaF, NaF plus 10.0 mM zinc acetate, NaF plus 17.4 mM SLS, or NaF plus SLS plus 3.5 mM triclosan with or without the addition of zinc ions or 0.65% w/v of a polyvinylmethyl ether/maleic acid copolymer was investigated. The plaque pH responses to a 10% w/v sucrose mouthrinse were measured in 2-day-old plaque with microtouch pH electrodes in six groups of 10 subjects 90 min after a single mouthrinse with test solution. There was no significant difference in plaque pH between the various mouthrinses. In conclusion, triclosan enhanced the growth-inhibitory activity of SLS against oral streptococci in vitro but not against salivary mutans streptococci in vivo. Neither triclosan incorporated into a mouthrinse containing SLS plus fluoride, nor the addition of zinc ions or copolymer affected acid formation by dental plaque in vivo.     

A rapid procedure to ascertain the antimicrobial efficacy of oral care formulations

A rapid method examining the antimicrobial efficacy of oral care formulations with alamar blue, an oxidation-reduction dye with fluorescent end-points, is described. Significant correlations between increasing viable plate counts of the oral bacteria Actinomyces viscosus, Streptococcus sanguis, Streptococcus mutans and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and increased alamar fluorescence were noted. Metabolically active bacteria reduced alamar with the reduced dye found in the cell-free filtrate. Insignificant alamar reductions were noted in the absence of bacteria or by spent culture supernatants. The efficacy of mouthrinses with clinically proven antiplaque agents such as chlorhexidine or cetylpyridinium chloride were determined by alamar blue. In a model system with A. viscosus, triclosan dentifrices demonstrate a dose-dependent effect on bacteria. Human salivary bacteria demonstrate increasing alamar fluorescence with increasing plate counts. A clinical study examined the effects of rinsing with chlorhexidine or cetylpyridinium chloride mouthrinses in comparison with a placebo mouthrinse and water on salivary bacteria. Rinsing with chlorhexidine resulted in the least number of bacteria by alamar and plate count methods. In summary, the current study demonstrates the utility of alamar blue to examine the antimicrobial effects of oral care formulations in laboratory and clinical studies.     

Effect of an essential oil-containing antiseptic mouthrinse on plaque and salivary Streptococcus mutans levels

BACKGROUND: Clinical studies in which antimicrobial mouthrinses were shown to have significant antiplaque activity most frequently have used gingivitis as the clinically relevant endpoint. However, there is evidence to suggest that mouthrinses containing active agents effective against Streptococcus mutans, such as chlorhexidine, may also have a role in inhibiting dental caries. This clinical study was conducted to determine the effect of 2x-daily rinsing with an essential oil-containing antiseptic mouthrinse (Listerine Antiseptic) on levels of recoverable S. mutans and total streptococci in supragingival interproximal plaque and in saliva. Additionally, a follow-up in vitro study is reported which determined whether a differential susceptibility to the antiseptic mouthrinse exists among different strains of streptococci. METHOD: Following baseline saliva and plaque sampling for quantification of recoverable S. mutans and total streptococci, 29 qualifying subjects were randomly assigned either the essential oil mouthrinse or a sterile water control. They rinsed with 20 ml for 30s 2 x daily for 11 days and once on the 12th day, in addition to their usual oral hygiene procedures. On day 12, saliva and plaque samples were again collected and microbiological quantification performed. The procedures were repeated with the alternate rinse after a 1-week washout period. RESULTS: The essential oil mouthrinse produced respective reductions of 69.9% and 75.4% in total recoverable streptococci and in S. mutans in plaque, and corresponding reductions of 50.8% and 39.2% in saliva. The in vitro study revealed that streptococci from the mutans group were more susceptible to the bactericidal activity of the essential oil mouthrinse than streptococci from the mitis group. CONCLUSIONS: As antimicrobial mouthrinses are most frequently recommended to patients whose mechanical oral hygiene procedures are not adequate for the control of supragingival plaque and gingivitis, this study provides an additional rationale for the inclusion of the essential-oil mouthrinse as an adjunct to daily oral hygiene procedures.     

Experiments with two-phase plaque-inhibiting mouthrinses

Reports indicate that oil/water mouthrinses with an aqueous phase containing an antibacterial agent, reduce the amount of volatile bacterial products in expiration air compared with aqueous mouthrinses. These systems have not, however, been tested concerning antiplaque activity. The aim of the present study was to examine the plaque-inhibiting effect of a mouthrinse with an aqueous phase containing 0.2% chlorhexidine (CHX) and an oily phase (soya oil) containing 0.3% triclosan. A test panel rinsed with the mouthrinses twice daily for 4 d. The mouthrinse containing CHX and triclosan in two phases was significantly better than the negative control (water). However, it was not as effective as the rinse consisting of an aqueous phase with chlorhexidine combined with an oily phase without triclosan. A two-phase mouthrinse with soya oil containing 0.3% triclosan was not superior to soya oil alone, and the combination of CHX and triclosan in a two-phase rinse was not as effective as 0.1% CHX alone in water. No beneficial effect on plaque inhibition could thus be found by using a two-phase system with two different antibacterial agents (one water soluble and one lipid soluble). Soya oil without triclosan rendered higher plaque inhibition than the control, presumably due to formation of a hydrophobic layer on the tooth surfaces.     

Dose response of chlorhexidine against plaque and comparison with triclosan

Abstract The optimum dose of chlorhexidine delivered by mouthrinse, which balances efficacy against local side-effects, is generally considered to be in the region of 20 mg 2 × daily. Unfortunately, there have been few dose-response studies for chlorhexidine mouthrinses and for these, only limited details are published. The aims of this study were to determine the dose response of chlorhexidine to plaque inhibition and position a 0.1% triclosan rinse within this model. 28 subjects took part in this 7-treatment, double-blind, randomised cross-over 4-day plaque regrowth study. The rinses were 0.01%, 0.05%, 0.1% and 0.2% chlorhexidine, 0.1% triclosan and minus active controls for chlorhexidine and triclosan. On day 1 from a zero plaque baseline, volunteers suspended tooth-cleaning and commenced supervised 2 × daily rinsing with 10 ml volumes of the allocated rinses. On Day 5, plaque was scored by index and area. Treatment differences between the 7 rinses were highly significant. A clear dose-response pattern was seen for chlorhexidine with mean plaque scores decreasing with increasing dose. Even at 0.01%. chlorhexidine showed considerable and significant plaque inhibition compared to control. Triclosan at 0.1% showed limited plaque inhibition and less than 0.01% chlorhexidine. The findings of this study suggest that consideration could be given to low concentration chlorhexidine rinses as adjuncts to oral hygiene.     

Antimicrobial effectiveness of an herbal mouthrinse compared with an essential oil and a chlorhexidine mouthrinse

BACKGROUND: The authors investigated mouthrinses' antimicrobial effectiveness against predominant oral bacteria, as determined by the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Specifically, they evaluated an herbal mouthrinse, an essential oil rinse and a 0.12 percent chlorhexidine gluconate rinse. METHODS: The authors assessed the inhibitory effects of the three test agents against 40 oral bacteria at concentrations of 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256 and 512 micrograms per millliter. They inoculated plates containing basal medium and the test agents with suspensions of the test species and incubated them anaerobically at 35 degrees C. The authors interpreted the MIC as the lowest concentration of the agent that completely inhibited the growth of the test species. RESULTS: The herbal mouthrinse inhibited the growth of most of the 40 test species. Compared with the essential oil mouthrinse, the herbal mouthrinse exhibited significantly lower MICs for Actinomyces species, periodontal pathogens Eubacterium nodatum, Tannerella forsythia and Prevotella species, as well as the cariogenic pathogen Streptococcus mutans. The chlorhexidine gluconate rinse had the lowest MICs compared with the essential oil rinse and the herbal rinse for all test species examined. CONCLUSIONS: Although less potent than the chlorhexidine gluconate rinse, the herbal rinse was more effective than the essential oil rinse in inhibiting the growth of oral bacteria in vitro. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: The data suggest that the herbal mouthrinse may provide oral health benefits by inhibiting the growth of periodontal and cariogenic pathogens. In vivo clinical testing is essential to confirm in vitro results.     

A dose-response study of triclosan mouthrinses on plaque regrowth

Abstract Triciosan is used in toothpastes and mouthrinses as a plaque inhibitory agent. The concentrations used and therefore the dose of triclosan varies between products and there is, as with most plaque inhibitory agents, little information on the dose response of this agent. The purpose of this investigation was to measure the plaque inhibitory properties of triclosan in a simple mouthrinse formulation over a range of concentrations and therefore doses. The study was a 5 treatment, double-blind, Latin-square randomised, minus-active controlled design balanced for residual effects. The formulations were 0.01%, 0.05%, 0.1% and 0.2% triclosan in 0.5% sodium carbonate and 5% alcohol aqueous solutions, used as 10 ml, 1-min rinses 2 x daily, without tooth-brushing. 2 groups each of 15 healthy volunteers rinsed during alternate 4-day treatment, 1-week washout periods with the allocated rinses. From a zero-plaque baseline on Day 1, plaque was scored by index and area on Day 5. A dose response pattern of decreasing plaque indices and particularly areas, with increasing triclosan dose was observed. However, by far the largest sequential drop in plaque scores occurred between 0.1% and 0.2% triclosan treatments. Extending the dose-response study to higher concentrations is considered impractical if not unjustifiable, because of potential harmful local side-effects and compliance difficulties. Dose–response studies to assess the agents thought to potentiate triclosan would seem warranted.     

The effect of mouthrinses containing zinc and triclosan on plaque accumulation and development of gingivitis in a 3-week clinical test

Abstract. Experimental mouthrinses containing 0.4% zinc sulphate and 0.15% triclosan were compared with a chlorhexidne and a negative control mouthrinse in a 3-week clinical trial. The zinc/triclosan mouthrinses 1 and 2 differed in their ethanol and humectant contents used to deliver the triclosan. The experimental protocol employed the partial mouth gingivitis design, whereby participants wear a toothshield during toothbrushing. Gingival health at baseline was established by professional cleaning, oral hygiene instruction and effective toothbrushing 3 × per day during a pre-experimental period of 2 weeks. The mouthrinses were subsequently used 2 × daily following normal toothbrushing during 3 weeks. The pre-experimental oral hygiene phase very effectively reduced plaque levels and gingival bleeding. During the rinsing period, in the absence of mechanical removal of plaque from the protected teeth, gingival bleeding rose to above the prestudy level in the negative control group. The increments (change from baseline to 21 days) of plaque and bleeding scores for the zinc/triclosan mouthrinse 1 were significantly lower than those in the negative control group. As expected, plaque and gingivitis scores were lowest in the group that rinsed with chlorhexidine. The results extend previous observations on the efficacy of the zinc/triclosan system to maintain gingival health.     

Can different chlorhexidine agents be used as cavity disinfectants?

This study used the agar well method to compare the antimicrobial effect of cavity disinfectants containing chlorhexidine with other chlorhexidine agents (such as mouthrinses and antiseptics) and to determine whether there was a difference in composite bond strength when these chlorhexidine agents were applied to the dentin surface. All tested solutions showed antimicrobial effect against Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Candida albicans (p < 0.05). However, Savlex was found to be the most effective antibacterial agent against all microorganisms (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences between the bond strengths obtained from the cavity disinfectants and those of the control group (p > 0.05). However, the mouthrinse and the antiseptic decreased the shear bond strength compared with the control group (p < 0.05).     

The effect of triclosan on mediators of gingival inflammation

Abstract Triclosan (2,4,4′,-trichloro-2′-hydroxydiphenylether) is a well-known and widely used nonionic antibacterial agent which has recently been introduced in toothpastes and mouthrinses. The efficacy of triclosan-containing toothpaste and mouthrinse to reduce both plaque and gingivitis in long-term clinical trials has been well documented. Until recently, it was generally assumed that triclosan's effect on gingival inflammation was due to its antimicrobial and anti-plaque effect. It has now become apparent that triclosan may have a direct anti-inflammatory effect on the gingival tissues. Several in vitro studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of triclosan on 4 primary enzymes of the pathways of arachidonic acid metabolism, cyclo-oxygenase 1, cyclo–oxygenase 2, 5-lipoxygenase and 15-lipoxygenase. These pathways lead to the production of known mediators of inflammation such as the prostaglandins, leukotrienes and lipoxins. Triclosan inhibited both cyclooxygenase 1 and cyclo-oxygenase 2 with IC–50 values of 43 μM and 227 μM, respectively. Triclosan also inhibited 5–lipoxygenase with an IC-50 of 43 μM. The 15-lipoxygenase was similarly inhibited by triclosan with an IC-50 of 61 μM. Hence, triclosan has the ability to inhibit both the cyclo-oxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways of arachidonic acid metabolism with similar efficacy. In cell culture experiments, it was found that triclosan inhibited IL-1β induced prostaglandin E₂ production by human gingival fibroblasts in a concentration dependent manner, and at relatively low concentrations. These data, taken together, indicate that triclosan can inhibit formation of several important mediators of gingival inflammation. The data further suggest that the necessary triclosan concentrations could probably be achieved in local tissues, such as the gingiva, from topical applications of triclosan-containing toothpaste and mouthrinse.