ZnO花状微结构合成研究

在无表面活性剂的条件下,通过水热法在3种不同的基底上制备了由纳米棒组成的花状氧化锌微结构,其纳米棒沿c轴方向生长.通过X线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对花状氧化锌微结构进行了表征.XRD测试结果表明ZnO为纤锌矿结构,扫描电镜照片表明ZnO微结构具有花状形貌.简单讨论了反应物浓度对花状ZnO纳米棒形成的影响及生长机理.     

花状ZnO超细结构的水热自组装

通过简单的水热合成路线,合成出由ZnO纳米棒束组装的花状结构.其组成结构单元ZnO纳米棒沿［001］晶向生长,呈很好的单晶结构.大部分纳米棒直径约为500nm,长约6.0μm.研究结果表明,在无水乙二胺存在的条件下,氨水（28%, v/v）在ZnO花状结构的形成过程中起到了至关重要的作用.调节氨水的含量,组成结构单元ZnO纳米棒可以组装成不同的花状结构.当加入氨水的量使得溶液的pH值达到10时,即可得到由ZnO纳米棒束组装成的花状结构,并简单讨论了这种花状结构的形状结构的形成机理.      

种子层对染料敏化ZnO纳米棒光伏电池性能的影响

用射频溅射法在透明导电玻璃上分别沉积了氧化锌（ZnO）和掺铝氧化锌（AZO）薄膜，其可见光透射率达到85％以上。用水热法在不同的薄膜作种子层的导电玻璃上生长了纳米棒，x射线衍射分析（XRD）发现所制得的纳米棒都有（002）择优取向；扫描电子显微镜（SEM）结果表明，采用不同的实验条件和参数可以有效的影响纳米棒的长度、直径、密度等，并得到了垂直于衬底的纳米结构。用所得到的纳米结构制作太阳能电池的效率达到了0．26％。     

热蒸发法ZnO纳米棒阵列的研究

采用热蒸发的方法在ZnO薄膜缓冲层上成功制备了高密度的ZnO纳米棒阵列，其中ZnO薄膜缓冲层是通过PLD（Pulsed Laser Deposition）的方法制得。与已有的报道不同，该方法未使用任何金属催化剂。X射线衍射仪（XRD）以及场发射扫描电子显微镜（FE-SEM）的结果表明，实验得到的ZnO纳米棒阵列整齐垂直排列在衬底上．此外，在常温下测量得到的光致发光（PL）谱和透射电子显微镜显示该ZnO纳米棒阵列结晶较好，无明显的缺陷,研究结果表明纳米棒阵列的形成主要归因于ZnO纳米棒和薄膜之间完美的晶格匹配。     

纳/微蒲公英状氧化锌材料的制备

采用溶剂热法,以Zn粉为锌源,通过柯肯特尔效应制备出由单晶ZnO纳米棒组成的三维蒲公英状的氧化锌纳米结构.通过XRD、SEM、RDS、SEAD、TEM和HRTEM等方法对样品的组成,结构和形貌进行了研究.该方法可作为一种新的大规模制备纳/微ZnO纳米材料而被广泛应用.     

室温固相法合成ZnO纳米棒及其光学特性

在氯化钠存在下,以硫酸锌和氢氧化钠为原料,采用一步室温固相法制备了纳米氧化锌.XRD、TEM分析结果表明:所得纳米氧化锌为棒状,直径约10nm左右,长度约100～160nm.利用紫外-可见分光光度计测试了光吸收性能,发现ZnO纳米棒对200～380nm波长范围的光有很强吸收性,在可见光范围内,也有较强的吸收.ZnO纳米棒在550nm左右具有较弱的荧光发光峰且ZnO纳米棒较普通氧化锌发光峰波长发生了明显的红移.     

不同形貌氧化锌的乙醇胺辅助水热制备及光催化性能

采用乙醇胺辅助水热的方法制备了一系列不同形貌的具有高效光催化性能的氧化锌纳米/微米晶。通过简单地调控乙醇胺的加入量得到了六方棱柱状孪晶、六方棒和三维花状等形貌。通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、紫外-可见(UV-Vis)分光光谱等对样品进行了表征。在模拟太阳光氙灯的照射下,研究了不同形貌氧化锌光降解甲基橙的性能,发现六方棱柱状孪晶氧化锌表现出最佳的光催化活性。     

氧化锌纳米棒形貌对ZnO/Cu2O异质结太阳能电池光伏性能的影响

采用电化学沉积法制备了ZnO纳米棒,首先讨论了电化学沉积参数对氧化锌(ZnO)纳米棒形貌的影响,并对不同长度ZnO纳米棒的光吸收和反射等性质进行了研究.实验发现沉积时间是影响纳米棒长度、直径的重要因素,ZnO纳米棒的微观形貌对其光学性质有重要影响.然后以氧化锌纳米棒为n型材料,以氧化亚铜为p型材料,通过电化学沉积法构筑了ZnO/Cu2O异质结太阳能电池,并测试了其光伏性能,研究表明增长纳米棒阵列的长度使得开路电压、短路电流密度及光电转换效率等性能得到提升.最后,综合分析了氧化锌纳米棒形貌与所组装电池的性能之间的关系,发现调控氧化锌纳米棒的形貌是提高ZnO/Cu2O异质结太阳能电池光伏性能的有效途径.     

纳米碳管/氧化锌异质结构的合成及发光性质

以纳米碳管（CNTs）为基体、铜为催化剂,采用催化碳热还原方法直接合成出具有异质结构的纳米碳管/氧化锌（CNT/ZnO）复合材料。利用扫描电镜、透射电镜及X射线衍射等手段研究了异质结构CNT/ZnO复合材料的形态和结构。发现氧化锌纳米线在纳米碳管表面的生长过程遵循催化剂诱导的汽-液-固（VLS）机制;氧化锌纳米线与铜催化剂和纳米碳管之间分别存在明显的界面,并且氧化锌纳米线与纳米碳管均保持了规整的晶体结构。同时也发现在大直径纳米碳管上易于形成高密的氧化锌纳米线;随沉积温度的升高ZnO的形态由线到棒最后形成颗粒。异质结构CNT/ZnO复合材料的诱导发光性能不同于氧化锌纳米线和纳米碳管,在蓝光区域的发光强度远大于紫外发光强度。     

聚乙二醇辅助电沉积ZnO纳米棒阵列的研究

以聚乙二醇（PEG-400）为添加剂,采用恒电位方法直接在ITO导电玻璃上制备了ZnO纳米棒阵列膜,用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、X射线衍射仪（XRD）等分析手段对ZnO纳米棒阵列的形貌和结构进行了表征。结果表明所得ZnO纳米棒为六方纤锌矿型单晶结构,沿着垂直于基底的c轴极性生长,呈现出均匀的六方棒状形貌;在电沉积初期,PEG-400通过其大分子链的空间位阻作用及包覆作用对ZnO成核粒子的形貌和分散性产生显著影响,进而可以有效调整进一步生长所得ZnO纳米棒阵列的密度和垂直度,当PEG-400在电沉积液中的体积分数为2%时,可以得到取向良好垂直度高的纳米棒阵列;光电性能测试表明,ZnO纳米棒阵列膜电极的光电流随着阵列规整度提高而增大。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.