A new borehole wire extensometer with high accuracy and stability for observation of local geodynamic processes

Very stable and reliable instruments with high accuracy are required in field measurements for continuous monitoring local geodynamic processes, such as tectonic movements, ground motions in landslide prone areas, etc. A sensitive borehole wire extensometer with low energy consumption was developed in the Geodetic and Geophysical Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences to observe very small vertical movements (in the order of a few millimeters) of the upper layer of the soil due to hydrological, meteorological and biological processes. The newly developed instrument eliminates the disadvantages of the borehole wire extensometers which are presently used. Its sensitivity and stability are much higher than these parameters of the previous instruments. The instrument is able to measure distance variations without instrumental drift in a range of 0-4 mm with a resolution of better than 1 μm. Since the effect of the yearly temperature variations can be easily removed from the extensometric data record, the compensation for the short-periodic (daily) thermal effects on the instrument was of high priority during the design of the instrument. This paper describes the construction and calibration of the extensometer. The extensometer was installed for monitoring vertical ground movements due to hydro-meteorological processes on the high loess wall of the Danube River at Dunafo?ldva?r, Hungary. The efficiency of the temperature compensation of the instrument was investigated in detail on the basis of the measured data series.     

设计过程信息建模及重组

在综合分析现有建模技术的基础上，将软件设计中的数据流图引入工程设计过程的信息建模，提出了一种基于数据流图和设计结构矩阵进行信息建模和重组的新方法，深入讨论了目前尚不很成熟地设计结构矩阵撕裂算法，给出了算法流程，并以注塑模具设计为例，具体说明信息建模和重组的实现过程。     

一种新型全空间钻孔测斜仪标定算法研究

针对基于磁性传感器的钻孔测斜仪,详细地介绍了应用测斜仪测量钻孔的基本原理,同时分析了系统的误差来源,构建了测斜仪的误差模型,建立了一种新型全空间的测斜仪测量算法的流程和具体的修正方法。实验结果表明:该标定算法倾角误差最大为0.2°,方位角误差小于0.58°,工具面角误差小于0.18°,达到了设计要求,满足工程的需要。     

Polarimetric Borehole Radar System for Fracture Measurement

Radar polarimetry is a technology that overcomes the limitation between the radar resolution and the penetration depth of borehole radar. We have developed a stepped-frequency polarimetric borehole radar system. This is a polarimetric borehole radar system which measures the full-radar polarimetry in a borehole by changing the antenna arrangements. By using a network analyzer and an optical analog signal link, this system has a frequency bandwidth of 2–500MHz, which is suitable for two different antennas for radar polarimetry. We also propose a technique for polarimetric antenna calibration. In order to understand the potential of polarimetric borehole radar, field measurement were carried out at the Mirror Lake fractured-rock research site (NH, USA). The radar penetration depth from the borehole in the reflection measurement was over 10m, at the frequency range of 2–402MHz. We observed many clear reflections from fractures in each polarization status. Even in the raw data, we found the differences in the radar profile for different polarization status. We believe the polarimetric feature is closely related to the roughness of each fracture, and it is also related to the physical properties of the fracture such as water permeability.     

Recognition of Borehole Radar Cable-Related Effects Using Variable Offset Sounding

Conductive cables can influence borehole radar measurements and introduce artifacts into data and therefore must be considered during data analysis and interpretation. This study presents examples of some cable-related effects in data acquired with a radar system that relies on conductive cables for signal transmission. Data show that measurements can be affected when energy radiated from the transmitter antenna induces currents on conductive cables, which can function as an electromagnetic waveguide, allowing fields to propagate along cables and be detected by the receiver antenna. Additionally, periodic artifacts can result when currents traveling on cables reflect at system impedance mismatches.Variable offset soundings (VOS) are not typically conducted during borehole radar studies, but can be useful for recognizing cable-related effects on recorded data and studying propagation characteristics in a borehole. In addition to single-hole VOS measurements, VOS measurements made on the ground surface using E-Plane and H-Plane configurations are shown to have the potential for providing additional insight in regards to coupling mechanisms between borehole antennas and cables.     

无针注射射流穿透表皮机理理论研究

由于表皮是外界与体内的屏障,因此无针注射喷射速度和初始滞止压力必须达到穿透表皮临界值。通过具体建立其穿透前变形的数学模型并结合其破裂过程,计算在0.1mm表皮厚度和喷嘴口径100～340μm下的射流穿透表皮的临界初始速度及滞止压力。并与已知数据比对来验证计算过程可靠性,而为无针注射器的设计提供一定的理论依据。     

Assessment of acridine orange and SYTO 16 for in vivo imaging of the peritoneal tissues in mice

The effect of peritoneal injection of acridine orange and SYTO 16 in mice was investigated. Images of peritoneal tissues stained with these dyes and obtained through a confocal micro-endoscope are presented. Seventy-five Balb/c mice were split into five groups and given peritoneal injections of dye or saline. The proportions of negative outcomes in each group were compared using confidence intervals and the Fisher's exact statistical test. A statistically significant increase in adverse events due to dye injection was not observed. These data provide an initial investigation into the safety of acridine orange and SYTO 16 for in vivo imaging.     

A data acquisition and control system based on the new Commodore PET microcomputer

A powerful data acquisition and control system at a very low cost is presented. This is made possible by providing the interfacing hardware and supporting software to integrate the new and low-cost consumer-marketed 'personal computers' into a useful and powerful data acquisition system. This system can be configured to the user's need at any given time, simply by writing the appropriate software. In addition to its computing power, the system has been programmed for use as a transient digitizer-multichannel analyzer with a minimum of 12 microsec per channel, a data and curve fitter, a general x-y recorder and averager, and a general purpose lab equipment controller. The system developed is, in many respects, at least as powerful as a DEC-PDP 11/04 system--at a small fraction of the cost.     

基于多组件Agent的协同设计系统

提出了适合协同设计的、基于多层有限状态机的组件Agent理论模型。通过对产品模型建立过程中应具备的中性交换、重用、远程更改、知识工程及自管理等方面的需求分析，提出了包含三类基本数据（功能数据、结构数据和管理数据）和外围更改数据的面向协同设计的产品数据模型。提出了将组件Agent理论模型和产品模型相结合的产品组件Agent模型框架，详细论述了实现过程中的几个关键问题：环境模型的建立、策略集组织、基于分布式组件技术的软件重用、程序与数据的封装。实际应用表明，该系统能有效地提高相关企业的产品协同设计能力。     

电导式相关流量计应用于油井井下流量测量

本文提出了一种新型的电导相关流量计,其敏感元件采用两个电导传感器,该流量能够应用于高含水油井的油水两相流流量测量,在多相流动实验装置上进行的实验表明,该流量计测量的流速范围宽,线性好,该流量计已经在大庆油田进行现场试验,使用该流量计在井下测量的油水的总流量与地面计量结果对比良好。     

Strip injection for carbon ion synchrotrons

Requirements and effects of strip injection of C(4+) at 6 MeV/u into carbon ion synchrotrons are studied. The setup is composed of three chicane dipoles, one Lambertson septum, and one carbon stripping foil at a thickness of 60 microg/cm(2). The required length of the injection section is about 4.1 m. The emittance growth due to multiple Coulomb scatterings is studied.     

Qualitative and quantitative analysis of spray characteristics of diesel and biodiesel blend on common-rail injection system

An experimental study was performed on spray characteristics of spray diesel (D100) and biodiesel blend (BD65) injected into an atmospheric chamber. A qualitative analysis of spray images was conducted through exploiting the image processing with common image processing software. The results showed that the posterization of the images offered more detailed qualitative information on the spray compared to the more commonly-used threshold method. The posterized images showed the existence of layers in the spray with its transition at different grey levels. At lower injection, the spray tip penetration of BD65 was slightly lower than D100, whereas at high injection pressure, spray tip penetration of BD65 was higher than D100. Although BD65 had lower maximum velocity, the higher density of biodiesel may have resulted in greater momentum that enabled BD65 to have longer spray tip penetration at higher injection pressure. At higher injection pressure, the spray angle of BD65 tended to be less than that of D100.     

A new method for measuring fuel-injection rate

The paper deals with the basic principles of use and testing of the new method for measuring injected volumes of liquids. The above method was employed in measuring the injected fuel volume in diesel injection systems, where fuel is injected at time intervals of up to 4 ms. It works by measuring the electric charge deposited by liquid droplets impacting a metal electrode. The electric charge is generated mainly in the injection nozzle, where the fuel rubs against the metal parts of injection nozzle, resulting in one portion of free electrons moving from the metal to the fuel. The fuel then transfers this electric charge to the sensor electrode. Rubbing merely serves to bring many points of the surface into good contact. The electric current appears also due to the temperature gradient in the sensor electrode. The temperature gradient in the electrode is a result of the transformation into heat of kinetic energy of fuel droplets hitting the electrode at velocities of 100–300 m s⁻¹. The electric charge is led from the electrode to the charge amplifier, where it is converted into electric current. The test results showed a very reliable operation of the sensor and a linear dependence of the area under the injection rate curve upon the injected fuel volume. The comparison of the injected rates measured with the charge and Bosch measuring method, which is most frequently utilised today, showed a good matching of results in any operating regime.     

Pneumatic hydrogen pellet injection system for the ISX tokamak

We describe the design and operation of the solid hydrogen pellet injection system used in plasma refueling experiments on the ISX tokamak. The gun-type injector operates on the principle of gas dynamic acceleration of cold pellets confined laterally in a tube. The device is cooled by flowing liquid helium refrigerant, and pellets are formed in situ. Room temperature helium gas at moderate pressure is used as the propellant. The prototype device injected single hydrogen pellets into the tokamak discharge at a nominal 330 m/s. The tokamak plasma fuel content was observed to increase by (0.5-1.2) x10(19) particles subsequent to pellet injection. A simple modification to the existing design has extended the performance to 1000 m/s. At higher propellant operating pressures (28 bars), the muzzle velocity is 20% less than predicted by an idealized constant area expansion process.     

The effect of starting hole geometry on borehole quality and tool life of twist drills

This paper reports about the relationship between starting hole geometry and twist drill performance, which is determined by the location error and diameter of the drilled borehole as well as the tool life of the employed twist drills. The experimental results lead towards the conclusion that the type of starting hole has a significant effect on borehole quality. This, however, is not as commonly assumed attributed to a variation in the location error of the different starting holes themselves, but to how a starting hole allows the subsequent twist drill to engage in the cutting process. Although twist drills that drill straight into the workpiece material achieved the longest tool life due to a gentle engagement, a deep starting hole (‘pilot hole’) results in the most satisfying overall twist drill performance.     

Development of a new 5 dof mobile robot arm and its motion control system

In this paper, a new revolute mobile robot arm with five degree of freedom (d.o.f) was developed for autonomous moving robots. As a control system for the robot arm, a distributed control system composed of the main controller and five motor controllers for arm joints was developed. The main controller and the motor controllers were developed using the ARM microprocessor and the TMS320c2407 microprocessor, respectively. A new trajectory tracking algorithm for the motor controllers was devised employing pre-generated off-line trajectory data. Also, a 3-D simulator based on the OpenGL software to simulate the motion of the robot arm was developed. To validate the performance of the robot system, experiments to track a specified trajectory were performed.     

Fabrication of microgrooves on a curved surface by the confocal measurement system using pulse laser and continuous laser

In order to fabricate microgrooves on a curved surface, the curved surface was measured with a confocal system and then it was used for laser microprocessing. This paper proposes a new method of using a pulse laser for the confocal system to measure the curved surface. It also compares the conventional way of using a continuous laser and a new way of using the pulse laser with the confocal system. Using the data measured with the pulse laser for fabrication, microgrooves were fabricated on a curved surface. The width of the fabricated microgroove was 10 μm and the depth was 27 μm. The microgroove fabricated on a curved surface as a part of this study can be used in injection molding to manufacture a micropatterned plastic surface at a low cost. This plastic surface can be applied for a superhydrophobic surface, a self-cleaning surface, or a biochip.     

Use of time-lapse resistivity tomography to determine freshwater lens morphology

Time-lapse electrical resistivity tomography (TLERT) was used to determine the freshwater-lens morphology in local scale at Carey Island, Selangor, Malaysia. TLERT images with geological background formation history, borehole and hydraulic conductivity data were used to interpret the changes of morphology. Subsurface resistivity changes were measured by ABEM Terrameter SAS4000 and ES10-64 electrode selector. TLERT monitoring using resistivity images on tide increment shows the freshwater lens morphology exhibited a thin and thick layer side by side of 400 m length of resistivity survey line. The occurrences of heterogeneous alluvium sediments in local scale created the different variability of hydraulic conductivity. The asymmetry of the freshwater lens enabled the tide force increment to pass through the differences in hydraulic conductivity. This is a major factor determining the morphology of freshwater lens in local scale. The results can assist in planning a strategy for sustainable groundwater exploration of local scale at the limited recharge area.     

基于SolidWorks和单片机的并联机器人控制系统

提出了一种新型的并联机器人运动控制方案。利用Solid Works运动仿真模块COSMOSMotion生成运动轨迹,将运动轨迹数据导出并处理成相应的机器人运动输入数据,单片机通过RS232串口与PC机通讯获得运动数据,并驱动步进电动机完成机器人的控制。该方案不需建立复杂的数学模型,就可以解决并联机器人控制系统设计,具有直观性强、运动精度高的特点。     

Semi-automated software for the three-dimensional delineation of complex vascular networks

The understanding of tumour angiogenesis is of great importance in cancer research, as is the tumour response to vascular‐targeted drugs. This paper presents software aimed at aiding these investigations and other situations where linear or dendritic structures are to be delineated from three‐dimensional (3D) data sets. This software application was written to analyse the data from 3D data sets by allowing the manual and semi‐automated tracking and delineation of the vascular tree, including the measurement of vessel diameter. A new algorithm, CHARM, based on a compact Hough transform and the formation of a radial map, has been used to locate vessel centres and measure diameters automatically. The robustness of this algorithm to image smoothing and noise has been investigated.