上海地区冬季利用自然通风改善候车室空气质量方法探讨

[目的]探讨火车站候车室在现有机械通风设施的基础上,合理、充分利用自然通风,达到节能降耗,又改善室内空气质量的方法。[方法]候车室现场空气质量、换气次数监测,根据室外风速、风频、温差等估算综合换气次数。[结果]候车室容积为7009m^3,座位832个,冬季窗户全部关闭,仅靠机械通风,测得换气次数2．3次／h,通过换气次数估算模型的计算,利用自然通风,每开1扇窗（1．2m^2）,室内空气的换气次数增加1．8次/h。[结论]该火车站候车室在冬季每小时开4扇窗,就能满足每小时换气≥6次的卫生要求;可改善室内空气质量。     

室内空气中甲醛污染及其变化规律探讨

随着我国居民的生活水平不断提高，室内装修已很普遍，由于室内建筑装饰材料及家用化学品的种类与数量均不断增加，这些材料或产品均会向室内释放有害化学成分，造成室内空气污染。而一些公共场所如宾馆、娱乐场所、火车站、机场候机楼等，对室内空气质量重视不够，不能保证足够的洁净的新风量和换气次数，致使室内空气污染。     

室内空气质量与人体健康效应

对大多数人来说，90％的时间是在室内度过的，室内空气质量（Indoor Air Quality缩写为IAQ）的优劣直接关系到每个人的健康。所谓室内，指住宅内，尤其是居室中，广泛地还包括办公室、旅店、影剧院、图书馆、候车室等室内公共场所。室内空气质量很早就被人们开始研究了，1902年，日本的绪方正规就在东京医学杂志上发表了关于日本房屋换气的论文。20世纪80年代开始，     

某二甲医院手术室及重症监护病房空气质量分析

目的分析评价手术室及重症监护病房（ICU）工作环境空气质量状况。方法按照GB／T18883-2002等标准对室内空气温湿度、新风量、二氧化碳、甲醛等进行检测评价。结果室内新风换气次数达到国家标准的只占30％。主要原因是净化装置缺乏保养、调节功能失灵，室内装修污染及职业活动影响较小。结论空气净化装置要定期维护保养。医疗机构建设要重视卫生学问题，建议建立卫生学评价制度并加强卫生监督。     

三门峡医疗、托幼机构室内卫生质量影响分析

目的　评价三门峡市属医院及托幼机构室内卫生质量状况。方法　采用公共场所卫生监测规范与检验方法调查有关场所室内环境卫生质量状况。结果　室内卫生质量春秋季较好 ,冬夏季较差。结论　加强通风换气 ,有利于提高医疗、托幼机构室内空气的卫生质量。     

潍坊市家具商场室内空气污染现状调查

目的调查家具销售场所室内空气污染现状，降低家具商场空气中有害物质的含量，保护从业人员身体健康。方法在夏冬季节对潍坊市9家家具城进行现状调查，监测室内空气中的微小气候和CO、CO3、甲醛、苯、甲苯及二甲苯含量。在9家家具城和5家不售家具的综合性商场内，分别选择154和145名从业人员为调查对象，通过问卷方式了解他们由于室内空气污染而引发的主观感觉和呼吸道症状。结果采暖期和非采暖期甲醛的监测结果平均值分别高于公共场所卫生标准的0.33和3．42倍，超标率分别为60．29％和92．74％。板材的卫生质量及生产后的放置时间、板材密度、室内温度、湿度及通风换气能力是影响家具城室内空气质量的重要因素。结论该市家具城室内空气中的主要污染物为甲醛。建议家具城配备有效的通风设施，加强通风，对家具城的从业人员应定期进行健康检查，以保护其身体健康。     

控制室内空气污染，探讨改炉改灶途径

目的为控制炉灶造成的室内空气污染，使室内空气质量达标，提高热利用率，在模拟房间测定了室内换气次数、室内CO、SO2、PM4、PM10浓度和回风炉热工性能，在此基础上讨论分析，提出改进炉灶的意见。方法房间的换气次数、室内CO、SO2、PM10等浓度、炉灶热工性能测试分别按国家标准有关规定进行。结果①炉灶烟囱从下到上全部为负压，有利于控制炉灶内污染物外溢，居室内安装有烟囱的炉灶可使室内空气质量达到或接近卫生标准；②提高烟囱高度可造成较大负压，提高排烟量，促进燃烧，但排烟热损失和燃料消耗也随之增加。因此烟囱高度应以能克服烟道的阻力和提供燃料充分燃烧所需的空气量为准，一般为3-4m：③实验的炊事、取暖两用回风炉使用块煤做燃料，平均火力强度为31．2％-49．6％，炊事热效率18．6％-25．6％，取暖热效率为54．7％-49．2％，烟气热损失为17．2～23．0％，表明其结构较合理，应用中受到欢迎；④砖砌台灶以木材或煤为燃料其烟气热损失达74．4％和61．2％，取暖热效率为0．9-9％，表明燃烧热量没有得到较好的利用。应加大锅底与火焰的接触面积、增设炕道取暖和热水器等充分利用烟气余热；⑤台灶烟囱大小为0．12m×0．12m，使用木柴为燃料，耗量为2．8kg／h，烟气流率达128．0m^3／h，平均火力强度达59．4kJ／min；回风炉烟道直径为0．089m，使用木柴做燃料，耗量为2．0kg／h，烟气的流量率为46．0m^3／h，平均火力强度仅28．9％，因此燃木材的炉灶，应选用断面较大的烟囱（道）；⑥烟道的设置应考虑防雨、防倒烟。结论居室内安装有烟囱的炉灶可有效地控制燃煤燃柴造成的室内空气污染，使空气质量达标；应通过合理的炉灶结构、适宜的烟囱高度与断面、加大锅与火焰的接触面积、增设炕道取暖和热水器等充分利用烟气余热，提高热利用率。     

佛山市城区室内装修污染特征初探

目的 为了解佛山市室内装修空气污染状况，通过对佛山市室内装修污染物进行调查，掌握室内装修污染的一些基本特征并提出控制措施。方法 根据卫生部《室内空气质量卫生规范》以及《室内空气污染物的检验方法》方案，调查采用了问卷调查和现场检测的方法。结果 佛山市室内装修空气污染物主要为甲醛，苯，总挥发性有机物(TVOC)，超标率分别为86％，36％，23％。结论 目前佛山市城区室内装修污染物的特征为：有机污染较无机污染严重，室内甲醛污染严重，苯次之而氢污染相对较轻，室内空气苯污染车辆、居室高于办公室，甲醛污染居室，办公室高于车辆。     

有关细菌气溶胶的研究——对室内空中菌、降落菌及地面附着菌的分析

近年生活居住环境,在建筑构造气密化上,已成功引入换气空调设备,对室内空气环境卫生管理日益重视。作者等着手于室内空气污染主因之CO_2浓度等理化条件及作为生物学指标的重要性方面,在大学讲室进行有关空中细菌环境卫生学意义的研究。认为实际存在于室内空气中的细菌必须综合考虑:(1)一定时间内室内空间细菌数;(2)细菌从换气混入室内;(3)细菌附于从天花板落下的尘块中;(4)细菌虽在地面,但因人在室内动作及     

办公室内空气质量的主、客观评价

近年来,现代化办公大楼日益增多,建筑装饰材料、办公设备等引起的室内空气污染越来越严重。尤其是空调的普遍使用,要求建筑结构有良好的密闭性,以达到节能的目的。因此,室内的通风换气效果基本取决于空调系统的设计和运行状况。而现行的空调系统由于种种原因,有的新风量不足,有的换气次数不够,成为室内空气质量不佳的关键因素之一。人们在该种环境下长期工作和生活会出现不适感,如头痛、胸闷、易疲劳、皮肤过敏等反应,WHO将此种现象称为“不良建筑综合征”(SickBuilding Syndrom,SBS)。室内空气质量已成为室内环境的主要矛盾。因此,对室内空气质量进行调查与评价,尤其是科学的评价环境要素对人群的工作、生活适宜程度,并有针对性地提出预防对策,已成为当务之急。     

Bioaerosol data distribution: probability and implications for sampling in evaluating problematic buildings

Airborne fungal contamination in the indoor environment is a substantial contributor to indoor air quality (IAQ) problems, yet there are no set numerical standards by which to evaluate air sampling data. Intuitively appealing is the operational model that the indoor air should not be significantly different from the outdoor air, but determining what is "significant" as well as where to sample and how many samples to collect to determine significance have not been firmly established. The purpose of this study was to determine the number of samples and their locations necessary to determine significant differences in airborne fungi between the ambient and indoor environments. Sampling results from several hundred air samples for culturable fungi from various sites were used to derive a probability of detection in the outdoor air for problematic or "marker" fungal species. Under the assumption that indoor fungal growth results in an increase in the probability of detection for a given fungal species, mathematical probability dictates the number of samples necessary in the indoor (target zone) and in the outdoor (reference zone) air to demonstrate significance. Ultimately, it is the sparse distribution of the problematic species that drives the number of required samples to demonstrate a significant difference, which varies depending upon the level of significance desired. Therefore, the number of samples in each zone can be adjusted to reach a target difference in detection frequency, or an investigator can assess a sampling scheme to identify the differences in detection frequency that show significance.     

Indoor and outdoor air carbonyl compounds correlation elucidated by principal component analysis

In this study indoor and outdoor air carbonyl compounds concentrations data are processed by means of principal component analysis (PCA). The analysis pointed to the carbonyl compounds sources as well as to their mutual interrelations. A global six sources (components) solution, accounting for the joint variability of the measured variables, was obtained. The existence of a linear function connecting outdoor and indoor components allowed for an exchange model between indoor and outdoor carbonyl compounds to be outlined. The different sources of carbonyl compounds were tentatively identified. Overall, this work demonstrates the presence of a delicate balance between indoor and outdoor carbonyl compounds contamination with the two compartments (indoor and outdoor) engaged in a close relationship.     

Influence of ambient (outdoor) sources on residential indoor and personal PM2.5 concentrations: analyses of RIOPA data

The Relationship of Indoor, Outdoor and Personal Air (RIOPA) study was designed to investigate residential indoor, outdoor and personal exposures to several classes of air pollutants, including volatile organic compounds, carbonyls and fine particles (PM2.5). Samples were collected from summer, 1999 to spring, 2001 in Houston (TX), Los Angeles (CA) and Elizabeth (NJ). Indoor, outdoor and personal PM2.5 samples were collected at 212 nonsmoking residences, 162 of which were sampled twice. Some homes were chosen due to close proximity to ambient sources of one or more target analytes, while others were farther from sources. Median indoor, outdoor and personal PM2.5 mass concentrations for these three sites were 14.4, 15.5 and 31.4 microg/m3, respectively. The contributions of ambient (outdoor) and nonambient sources to indoor and personal concentrations were quantified using a single compartment box model with measured air exchange rate and a random component superposition (RCS) statistical model. The median contribution of ambient sources to indoor PM2.5 concentrations using the mass balance approach was estimated to be 56% for all study homes (63%, 52% and 33% for California, New Jersey and Texas study homes, respectively). Reasonable variations in model assumptions alter median ambient contributions by less than 20%. The mean of the distribution of ambient contributions across study homes agreed well for the mass balance and RCS models, but the distribution was somewhat broader when calculated using the mass balance model with measured air exchange rates.     

Ozone and limonene in indoor air: a source of submicron particle exposure

Little information currently exists regarding the occurrence of secondary organic aerosol formation in indoor air. Smog chamber studies have demonstrated that high aerosol yields result from the reaction of ozone with terpenes, both of which commonly occur in indoor air. However, smog chambers are typically static systems, whereas indoor environments are dynamic. We conducted a series of experiments to investigate the potential for secondary aerosol in indoor air as a result of the reaction of ozone with d-limonene, a compound commonly used in air fresheners. A dynamic chamber design was used in which a smaller chamber was nested inside a larger one, with air exchange occurring between the two. The inner chamber was used to represent a model indoor environment and was operated at an air exchange rate below 1 exchange/hr, while the outer chamber was operated at a high air exchange rate of approximately 45 exchanges/hr. Limonene was introduced into the inner chamber either by the evaporation of reagent-grade d-limonene or by inserting a lemon-scented, solid air freshener. A series of ozone injections were made into the inner chamber during the course of each experiment, and an optical particle counter was used to measure the particle concentration. Measurable particle formation and growth occurred almost exclusively in the 0.1-0.2 microm and 0.2-0.3 microm size fractions in all of the experiments. Particle formation in the 0.1-0.2 microm size range occurred as soon as ozone was introduced, but the formation of particles in the 0.2-0.3 microm size range did not occur until at least the second ozone injection occurred. The results of this study show a clear potential for significant particle concentrations to be produced in indoor environments as a result of secondary particle formation via the ozone-limonene reaction. Because people spend the majority of their time indoors, secondary particles formed in indoor environments may make a significant contribution to overall particle exposure. This study provides data for assessing the impact of outdoor ozone on indoor particles. This is important to determine the efficacy of the mass-based particulate matter standards in protecting public health because the indoor secondary particles can vary coincidently with the variations of outdoor fine particles in summer.     

Correlation between the prevalence of certain fungi and sick building syndrome

OBJECTIVE: To examine the role of fungi in the production of sick building syndrome. METHODS: A 22 month study in the United States of 48 schools (in which there had been concerns about health and indoor air quality (IAQ). Building indoor air and surface samples, as well as outdoor air samples were taken at all sites to look for the presence of fungi or their viable propagules. RESULTS: Five fungal genera were consistently found in the outdoor air and comprised over 95% of the outdoor fungi. These genera were Cladosporium (81.5%), Penicillium (5.2%), Chrysosporium (4.9%), Alternaria (2.8%), and Aspergillus (1.1%). At 20 schools, there were significantly more colony forming units per cubic metre (CFU/m3) (p < 0.0001) of propagules of Penicillium species in the air samples from complaint areas when compared with the outdoor air samples and the indoor air samples from noncomplaint areas. At five schools, there were more, although not significant (p = 0.10), Penicillium propagules in the air samples from complaint areas when compared with the outdoor air samples and the indoor air samples from noncomplaint areas. In 11 schools, the indoor air (complaint areas) fungal ratios were similar to that in the outdoor air. In these 11 schools Stachybotrys atra was isolated from swab samples of visible growth under wetted carpets, on wetted walls, or behind vinyl wall coverings. In the remaining 11 schools, the fungal ratios and CFU/m3 of air were not significantly different in different areas. Many of the schools took remedial action that resulted in an indoor air fungal profile that was similar to that outdoors. CONCLUSIONS: Propagules of Penicillium and Stachybotrys species may be associated with sick building syndrome.

 

     

青岛市某学校室内空气质量卫生学评价

目的了解学校教室、实验室、阅览室、体育馆、餐厅的室内空气质量,为保护学生身体健康、改善室内环境质量提供依据。方法对青岛市某学校学生日常活动场所的室内温度、湿度、风速、CO、CO2、甲醛、PM10、空气细菌总数共8项指标进行检测和分析。结果该学校室内污染较严重的是甲醛、可吸入颗粒物,场所的超标率分别为80%和50%;污染较轻微的是CO2和空气细菌总数,场所的超标率分别为20%和10%。室内甲醛浓度和CO2浓度、室内PM10浓度与室外PM10浓度、空气细菌总数与室内风速指标间的相关性具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论学校应采取定时通风、安装智能室内通风系统、使用符合卫生要求的课桌椅和装修材料以及绿化校园等有针对性的措施改善教室空气质量。     

A survey of typical exposures to formaldehyde in Houston area residences

A survey of indoor air quality under warm weather conditions, in a variety of Houston area residences not selected in response to occupant complaints, revealed a distribution of indoor formaldehyde concentrations ranging from less than 0.008 ppm to 0.29 ppm, with an arithmetic mean of 0.07 ppm. Approximately 15% of the monitored residences had concentrations greater than 0.10 ppm. Formaldehyde levels were observed to depend on both age of dwelling and the structural classification of the residence. These factors are not independent and reflect the influence of more fundamental variables, such as the rate of exchange of indoor and outdoor air and the overall emission potential of indoor materials. The results of this survey suggest that considerable population exposures to excess (greater than 0.10 ppm) formaldehyde concentrations may occur in the residential environment, indicating the need for improved control strategies.     

Characterization of indoor particle sources: A study conducted in the metropolitan Boston area

An intensive particle monitoring study was conducted in homes in the Boston, Massachusetts, area during the winter and summer of 1996 in an effort to characterize sources of indoor particles. As part of this study, continuous particle size and mass concentration data were collected in four single-family homes, with each home monitored for one or two 6-day periods. Additionally, housing activity and air exchange rate data were collected. Cooking, cleaning, and the movement of people were identified as the most important indoor particle sources in these homes. These sources contributed significantly both to indoor concentrations (indoor-outdoor ratios varied between 2 and 33) and to altered indoor particle size distributions. Cooking, including broiling/baking, toasting, and barbecuing contributed primarily to particulate matter with physical diameters between 0.02 and 0.5 microm [PM((0.02-0.5))], with volume median diameters of between 0.13 and 0.25 microm. Sources of particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters between 0.7 and 10 microm [PM((0.7-10))] included sautéing, cleaning (vacuuming, dusting, and sweeping), and movement of people, with volume median diameters of between 3 and 4.3 microm. Frying was associated with particles from both PM((0.02-0.5)) and PM((0.7-10)). Air exchange rates ranged between 0.12 and 24.3 exchanges/hr and had significant impact on indoor particle levels and size distributions. Low air exchange rates (< 1 exchange/hr) resulted in longer air residence times and more time for particle concentrations from indoor sources to increase. When air exchange rates were higher (> 1 exchange/hr), the impact of indoor sources was less pronounced, as indoor particle concentrations tracked outdoor levels more closely.