成矿过程奇异性与矿产预测定量化的新理论与新方法

在分析地震、滑坡、洪水、暴雨、森林火灾等一系列非线性地球系统过程共同特征的基础上,笔者提出了成矿过程作为奇异性过程的命题。探讨了成矿过程奇异性、广义自相似性、自组织临界性等基本非线性特征的内在联系。从多重分形理论出发给出了:(1)度量成矿域空间结构不均匀性的局部奇异性分析模型;(2)度量成矿多样性与自相似性关系的系列广义自相似性度量模型;(3)首次给出了奇异性指标作为度量控矿要素与矿床分布相关关系的非线性模型,提出了从奇异性出发计算成矿后验概率的新的对数概率模型;(4)介绍了成矿奇异性的动力学模拟过程。详细介绍了非线性矿产资源预测理论和方法的基本内容和模型。     

非线性成矿预测理论:多重分形奇异性-广义自相似性-分形谱系模型与方法

介绍了“奇异性-广义自相似性-分形谱系”(“3S”: Singularity-generalized self-Similarity-fractal Spectrum)为核心的多重分形现代成矿预测理论与模型(Multifractal Mineralization Prediction Theory and Models)的基本内容和前沿研究方向.讨论了作为非线性、复杂性理论的重要领域之一, 多重分形理论所提供的“奇异性-广义自相似性-分形谱系”等概念和相关的模型.这些新概念和模型不仅能够合理地描述成矿系统、成矿过程、成矿富集规律、矿产资源时空分布, 还提供了定量模拟和识别成矿异常(地质、地球物理、地球化学、遥感异常)的有效模型和实用方法.将多重分形原理与成矿过程、矿产资源分布规律、矿产资源信息获取研究相结合, 可形成具有良好应用前景的现代成矿预测理论与模型.采用该多重分形矿产资源预测理论和在此基础上所开发的专用地学非线性空间信息GeoDASGIS技术, 对国内外多个金属成矿区带进行了矿产资源勘查与评价, 均取得了较理想的预测效果, 表明对开展矿产资源勘查和评价是有效和可行的.      

应用复杂性-非线性理论开展成矿预测——奇异性理论-广义自相似性-分形谱系多重分形理论与应用

本文应用 “奇异性-广义自相似性-分形谱系”为核心的多重分形现代成矿预测理论与模型开展了云南兰坪、个旧等地区的成矿过程模拟与矿产资源定量评价。文中介绍了作为非线性、复杂性理论的重要领域之一的多重分形理论如何应用与矿产资源定量评价中，所涉及的“奇异性-广义自相似性-分形谱系”等概念和相关的模型能够合理地描述成矿系统、成矿过程、成矿富集规律、矿产资源时空分布，还提供了定量模拟和识别成矿异常（地质、地球物理、地球化学、遥感异常）的有效模型和实用方法。将多重分形原理与成矿过程、矿产资源分布规律、矿产资源信息获取研究相结合，可形成具有良好应用前景的现代成矿预测理论与模型。采用该多重分形矿产资源预测理论和在此基础上所开发的专用地学非线性空间信息GeoDAS GIS技术，对国内外多个金属成矿区带进行了矿产资源勘查与评价,均取得了较理想的预测效果。文中将以该理论方法在云南省多个地区开展矿产品定量预测的实例来说明该理论体系和方法技术的有效性和可行性。     

非线性矿床模型与非常规矿产资源评价

探讨了建立非线性矿床模型对难识别的非常规矿产资源评价的可能性.首先评述了非线性理论在成矿动力学和矿产勘查中的应用, 以及非常规矿床与非常规矿产资源评价的研究现状.然后引进了以岩浆结晶分异成矿作用为例的多维分形非线性成矿系统模型.在此基础上揭示了非线性成矿系统必然导致元素富集和聚集的奇异分布及矿床分布的广义自相似性规律.广义自相似性刻画了成矿的外在多样性和内在相似性.介绍了2种最新研究的“奇异分析”和“广义自相似性”异常分解方法.采用文中所建议的非线性矿床模型方法对加拿大北部Gowganda地区的热液型Co, Ni, Ag, As, Pb 5种元素矿产进行了预测和评价.结果表明, 以“广义自相似性”和“奇异分析”为基础的非线性矿床模型及GIS信息综合技术对非常规难识别矿产资源评价是有效的.      

成矿动力系统在混沌边缘的分形生长——一种新的成矿理论与方法论

笔将复杂性理论及非线性科学与矿床地质学相结合,对我国扬子古陆周缘6个矿集区的基本范式进行系统研究。结果指出,成矿系统总体上是开放、远离平衡、时－空延展的动力学系统。它们具有复杂性和自组织临界性的内禀基本属性,并且在混沌边缘分形生长。     

大型矿床和成矿区(带)在混沌边缘

笔者将复杂性科学和矿床地质学相结合提出了一种新的金属成矿理论———“金属成矿动力系统的复杂性与自组织临界性”,并应用这一理论研究扬子古陆周缘四大成矿区带的矿床成因与成矿规律,发现“大型矿床和成矿区带在混沌边缘”。文章在概述“金属成矿动力系统的复杂性与自组织临界性”的理论纲要与噪声、混沌和混沌边缘基本概念的基础上,提出地质成矿系统在混沌边缘的四条判定准则：Ⅰ．自组织临界性的标志———广义地质学（地质学、地球物理学、地球化学）场（温度、流速、浓度、压力等场）的场量之时空幂律分布———及其基本属性：（１）长程时空关联与连通性及时空分形结构;（２）崩塌动力学;（３）“元胞自动机”的动力学机制;（４）自组织临界性涌现于“混沌边缘”,并具有最大的复杂性、演化性和创新性。Ⅱ．地质成矿过程向时间混沌及地质成矿系统向时空混沌的演化。Ⅲ．岩浆和热液“孤子”、“孤波”与“相干结构”以及其它弱混沌“拟序结构”。Ⅳ．超临界地质流体参与地质成矿作用。笔者进一步提出金属成矿动力系统的复杂性与自组织临界性的三大基础理论：（１）地质成矿过程的非线性动力学———应用非线性动力学理论研究矿床和矿集区形成的动力学机制;（２）“地质成矿作用与时空结?     

大型矿床和成矿区(带)在混沌边缘

笔者将复杂性科学和矿床地质学相结合提出了一种新的金属成矿理论———“金属成矿动力系统的复杂性与自组织临界性”,并应用这一理论研究扬子古陆周缘四大成矿区（带）的矿床成因与成矿规律,发现“大型矿床和成矿区（带）在混沌边缘”。文章在概述“金属成矿动力系统的复杂性与自组织临界性”的理论纲要与噪声、混沌和混沌边缘基本概念的基础上,提出地质成矿系统在混沌边缘的四条判定准则：Ⅰ．自组织临界性的标志———广义地质学（地质学、地球物理学、地球化学）场（温度、流速、浓度、压力等场）的场量之时空幂律分布———及其基本属性：（１）长程时空关联与连通性及时空分形结构;（２）崩塌动力学;（３）“元胞自动机”的动力学机制;（４）自组织临界性涌现于“混沌边缘”,并具有最大的复杂性、演化性和创新性。Ⅱ．地质成矿过程向时间混沌及地质成矿系统向时空混沌的演化。Ⅲ．岩浆和热液“孤子”、“孤波”与“相干结构”以及其它弱混沌“拟序结构”。Ⅳ．超临界地质流体参与地质成矿作用。笔者进一步提出金属成矿动力系统的复杂性与自组织临界性的三大基础理论：（１）地质成矿过程的非线性动力学———应用非线性动力学理论研究矿床和矿集区形成的动力学机制;（２）“地质成矿作用?     

成矿动力系统在混沌边缘分形生长——一种新的成矿理论与方法论(上)

“成矿动力系统在混沌边缘分形生长”理论是笔者将复杂性理论及非线性科学与矿床地质学相结合 ,对中国扬子古陆周缘六个矿集区的基本范式进行长期系统研究所取得的总结性成果。研究指出 ,成矿系统总体上是开放、远离平衡、时空延展的动力学系统。它们具有复杂性和自组织临界性的内禀基本属性 ,并且在混沌边缘分形生长。该理论以“地质作用与时 空结构是一切地质现象的本质与核心”的自然哲学理念作为根本立足点 ,建立起一种具有普适性的理论框架。然后进一步将其具体化为三大组成部分 ,即 ( 1)矿床的动力学属性 ,( 2 )矿床地质学场 ,( 3 )成矿系统的演化。体现了成矿作用 (其核心为成矿作用动力学 )、空间结构 (矿床地质学场 )和时间结构 (成矿系统的演化 )三位一体的整体耦合与交织 ,从而又使该理论具有包容性。在此基础上进而归纳出“成矿动力系统在混沌边缘分形生长”的 5项判定准则以及表征这些准则的 10项相应的动力学行为特征。最后笔者提出“矿质局部活化导致成矿的发生”的命题 ,拟定了“成矿的发生”的重要科学问题 ,以“元胞非线性网络”(CNN)作为复杂性的范式 ,定量揭示成矿的发生 ,并对矿床在混沌边缘作精确定位 ,对“成矿动力系统在混沌边缘”理论作进一步的延伸、深化与发展。该理论在矿?     

成矿动力系统在混沌边缘分形生长——一种新的成矿理论与方法论(下)

:“成矿动力系统在混沌边缘分形生长”理论是笔者将复杂性理论及非线性科学与矿床地质学相结合 ,对中国扬子古陆周缘六个矿集区的基本范式进行长期系统研究所取得的总结性成果。研究指出 ,成矿系统总体上是开放、远离平衡、时空延展的动力学系统。它们具有复杂性和自组织临界性的内禀基本属性 ,并且在混沌边缘分形生长。该理论以“地质作用与时 空结构是一切地质现象的本质与核心”的自然哲学理念作为根本立足点 ,建立起一种具有普适性的理论框架。然后进一步将其具体化为三大组成部分 ,即 ( 1)矿床的动力学属性 ,( 2 )矿床地质学场 ,( 3 )成矿系统的演化。体现了成矿作用 (其核心为成矿作用动力学 ) ,空间结构 (矿床地质学场 )和时间结构 (成矿系统的演化 )三位一体的整体耦合与交织 ,从而又使该理论具有包容性。在此基础上进而归纳出“成矿动力系统在混沌边缘分形生长”的 5项判定准则以及表征这些准则的 10项相应的动力学行为特征。最后笔者提出“矿质局部活化导致成矿的发生”的命题 ,拟定了“成矿的发生”的重要科学问题 ,以“元胞非线性网络”(CNN)作为复杂性的范式 ,定量揭示成矿的发生 ,并对矿床在混沌边缘作精确定位 ,对“成矿动力系统在混沌边缘”理论作进一步的延伸、深化与发展。该理论在?     

湖南郴州柿竹园超大型钨多金属矿床的成矿复杂性研究

用非线性科学和复杂性理论对湖南郴州柿竹园超大型钨多金属矿床的成矿复杂性进行系统、深入的研究 ,以成矿作用与时空结构是一切矿产资源的本质与核心的自然哲学理念为根本立足点 ,从一种新的视角 ,就矿床的动力学属性、矿床的物质成分与结构、矿床的地质学场和成矿系统的演化四大相互联系的范畴 ,对矿产资源进行再认识 ,提出了矿床的新定义 ,并较深刻地揭示了矿床的动力学属性、成矿物质高度多样化和复杂性及其超常规模集成、矿田成矿分带的内部结构、矿床地质学场的时空分形结构、成矿系统时间演化的长期性和成矿过程的多期多阶段性以及成矿作用的发生和矿床形成的分形生长机制等方面的复杂性与动力学本质。项目成果将矿床学的研究提高到非线性科学和复杂性理论的层次 ,提供了如何应用这种理论和方法对矿床的成矿复杂性进行研究的实例 ,也是第一作者所提出的关于成矿系统复杂性的新成矿理论与方法论“成矿动力系统在混沌边缘分形生长”的具体化及其进一步深化。沿着这一研究方向的不断开拓将可使传统矿床学向精确科学跨越。     

Non-Linear Theory and Power-Law Models for Information Integration and Mineral Resources Quantitative Assessments

Singular physical or chemical processes may result in anomalous amounts of energy release or mass accumulation that, generally, are confined to narrow intervals in space or time. Singularity is a property of different types of non-linear natural processes including cloud formation, rainfall, hurricanes, flooding, landslides, earthquakes, wildfires, and mineralization. The end products of these non-linear processes can be modeled as fractals or multifractals. Hydrothermal processes in the Earth’s crust can result in ore deposits characterized by high concentrations of metals with fractal or multifractal properties. Here we show that the non-linear properties of the end products of singular mineralization processes can be applied for prediction of undiscovered mineral deposits and for quantitative mineral resource assessment, whether for mineral exploration or for regional, national and global planning for mineral resource utilization. In addition to the general theory and framework for the non-linear mineral resources assessment, this paper focuses on several power-law models proposed for characterizing non-linear properties of mineralization and for geoinformation extraction and integration. The theories, methods, and computer system discussed in this paper were validated using a case study dealing with hydrothermal Au mineral potential in southern Nova Scotia, Canada.     

Mineral Deposit Densities for Estimating Mineral Resources

Estimates of numbers of mineral deposits are fundamental to assessing undiscovered mineral resources. Just as frequencies of grades and tonnages of well-explored deposits can be used to represent the grades and tonnages of undiscovered deposits, the density of deposits (deposits/area) in well-explored control areas can serve to represent the number of deposits. Empirical evidence presented here indicates that the processes affecting the number and quantity of resources in geological settings are very general across many types of mineral deposits. For podiform chromite, porphyry copper, and volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit types, the size of tract that geologically could contain the deposits is an excellent predictor of the total number of deposits. The number of mineral deposits is also proportional to the type’s size. The total amount of mineralized rock is also proportional to size of the permissive area and the median deposit type’s size. Regressions using these variables provide a means to estimate the density of deposits and the total amount of mineralization. These powerful estimators are based on analysis of ten different types of mineral deposits (Climax Mo, Cuban Mn, Cyprus massive sulfide, Franciscan Mn, kuroko massive sulfide, low-sulfide quartz-Au vein, placer Au, podiform Cr, porphyry Cu, and W vein) from 108 permissive control tracts around the world therefore generalizing across deposit types. Despite the diverse and complex geological settings of deposit types studied here, the relationships observed indicate universal controls on the accumulation and preservation of mineral resources that operate across all scales. The strength of the relationships (R ²=0.91 for density and 0.95 for mineralized rock) argues for their broad use. Deposit densities can now be used to provide a guideline for expert judgment or used directly for estimating the number of most kinds of mineral deposits.     

Methods of Three-part Quantitative Assessments of Undiscovered Mineral Resources: Examples from Victoria,Australia

Quantitative mineral resource assessments following the 3-part form rely on grade and tonnage models and probabilistic estimates of the number of undiscovered deposits. Assessments completed in Victoria, Australia, indicate that undiscovered mineral resources can be effectively estimated using grade and tonnage sub-models constructed using only medium- and large-tonnage deposits. Numbers of undiscovered deposits can be estimated on the basis of expert judgement or entirely by statistical means. Appropriate mathematical aggregation of individual expert views, expressed at interactive expert workshops, provides robust estimates of the number of undiscovered deposits. Underestimation of uncertainty, which is common in expert judgement, can be compensated by the statistical modification of individual interval estimates. In this study, the linear opinion pool was used as a simple and robust method of mathematical aggregation of multiple expert estimates of the number of undiscovered deposits. A general regression model, which estimates numbers of undiscovered deposits based on the size of the geologically permissive area and the median deposit tonnage, provided results generally compatible with those based on expert judgement or local deposit density models.     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987110000320

The self-similar is a common phenomena arising in the field of geology.It has been shown that geochemical element data,mineral deposits,and spacial distribution conform to a fractal structure.A fractal distribution requires that the number of objects larger than a specified size have a power-law dependence on size.This paper shows that a number of distributions,including power-function,Pareto, lognormal,and Zipf,display fractal properties under certain conditions and that this may be used as the mathemat...     

分形不变分布及其在山东地区金矿床中的应用

自相似性(标度不变性)是地学中的一个普遍现象。研究表明,地球化学元素含量、矿床储量规模及其空间分布具有分形结构。分形不变分布的特点要求大于某一尺度物体的数目与物体大小之间存在幂指数关系。论证了幂函数分布、帕累托分布、对数正态分布和齐波夫定律在一定条件下具有分形不变性质,它们是分形模型的数学基础。基于分形模型,用求和方法确定中国山东省金地球化学元素异常值范围。等值线大于或等于金地球化学元素临界值(200×10-9)围成的异常面积包含了已知的大型、超大型金矿床。     

Orogenic gold and the mineral systems approach: Resolving fact,fiction and fantasy

The fact that mineral deposit attributes such as the size frequency of orogenic gold deposits in specific provinces exhibit power law distributions similar to forest fires, earthquakes, and fault size populations, is a compelling motivation to examine their genesis from a systems context. Based on well-studied Earth systems such as climate, the systems related to mineral deposits are likely to be complex and potentially include sensitive dependent components that vary simultaneously and in subtly interconnected ways.Although a “systems approach” was enunciated for mineral exploration by Fyfe and Kerrich as early as 1976, it is yet to be fully embraced by the geosciences community that commonly retain models dependent primarily on deposit-scale characteristics. Orogenic gold deposits are well studied and widely considered to represent a single class of deposit that has formed over much of Earth history in settings ranging from Archean granite-greenstone belts to Phanerozoic turbidite sequences. Accordingly, the deposit type is well suited for assessment within a systems context. If orogenic gold deposits do in fact represent a single class of deposits, then the simplest application of a systems approach highlights the fact that the nature of the host upper crustal succession cannot be a fundamental control, with specific granite suites and pyritic sediments not universal, or at least not essential, components of the system. Furthermore the scale of orogenic gold systems implicates processes capable of tapping sub-crustal source regions.Increasingly, advances in orogenic gold systems, and mineral systems in general, are linked to application of systems science that emphasize importance of system-driven criticality. Orogenic gold systems and other mineral systems are typically short in duration and linked in time and space to tectonic triggers. The latter promote a rapid release of energy (‘avalanches’) that overcome system thresholds and are strong indicators of complex systems that may show power-law behavior.Only a rigorous application of a systems approach can cut through the confusion that arises from conflicting models based on local deposit studies. Only a systems approach can evaluate the significance of rare or anomalous features in a small number of deposits. Truly predictive models for mineral exploration will ultimately be developed by workers who adhere to the systems approach.     

奇异性理论在个旧锡铜矿产资源预测中的应用: 成矿弱信息提取和复合信息分解

本研究的目的是应用非线性理论和高新信息处理技术获取矿产资源预测综合信息, 开展以有色金属和贵金属矿产资源潜力评价和预测靶区圈定, 提交个旧及周边地区矿产资源潜力分布图.围绕该研究任务, 重点开展了如何应用奇异性理论和方法, 对比个旧东西矿区的异同.由于区域构造和岩体分布等空间变化性, 导致东西区成矿背景存在较大差异, 受出露地表或近地表矿体分布和矿山开采的影响, 东西区的成矿异常强度和大小都存在较大差异, 东区总体呈高背景而西区为低背景, 因而, 对东西区的成矿信息对比研究和异常圈定相对困难.采用局部奇异性分析方法从地球化学分形密度的角度圈定了局部异常, 在东西区均较好地反映了致矿地球化学异常的分布, 同时采用广义自相似分析方法分解了综合地球化学异常和背景.结果表明, 东西区地球化学背景差异悬殊, 而局部异常具有显著的自相似性.据此在东西区同时圈定的局部异常具有内在的相似性和表现形式上的多样性, 以此为依据所圈定的靶区均具有找矿意义.      

Fractal and Multifractal Modeling of Hydrothermal Mineral Deposit Spectrum： Application to Gold Deposits in Abitibi Area, Ontario, Canada

A number of fractal/multifractal methods are introduced for quantifying the mineral de-lmsit spectrum which include a number-size, grade-tonnage model, power spectrmn model,multi-fractal model and an eigeavalue spectrmn model The first two models characterize mineral deposits spec-tra based on relationships among the measures of mineral deposits.These include the number of deposits,size of deposits,concentration and volume of mineral deposits.The last three methods that deal with the spatial-temporal spectra of mineral deposit studies are all expected to be popularized in near future.A case study of hydrothermal gold deposits from the Abitibi area,a world-class mineral district is used to demonstrate the principle as well as the applications of methods proposed in this paper,It has been shown that fractal and multifractal models are generally applicable to modeling of mineral deposits and occurrences.Clusters of mineral deposits were identified by several methods including the power spectral eral deposits in the Timmins and Kirkland Lake camps.