青少年与中老年腰椎间盘突出相关因素分析

[目的]检测细胞因子基质金属蛋白酶(matrix metalloproteinases,MMPs)MMP-3,IgG和CD68在青少年与中老年患者突出腰椎间盘组织中的表达,探讨两个年龄段腰椎间盘突出的病因.[方法]收集42例腰椎间盘突出症患者的突出腰椎间盘髓核标本,青少年组18例;年龄11 ～25岁,平均(20.59 ±3.39)岁;中老年组24例,年龄30～72岁,平均(47±11.15)岁.HE染色观察标本退变情况,免疫组化检测MMP-3,IgG和CD68的表达,光学显微镜下观测并记录数据.[结果] MMP-3阳性率青少年组(33.3％)低于中老年组(79.2％);IgG阳性率青少年组(66.7％)高于中老年组(29.2％);CD-68阳性率青少年组(83.3％)高于中老年组(54.2％),两组MMP-3,IgG和CD68的表达阳性率比较,均P＜0.05,差异均有统计学意义.标本HE染色提示中老年组腰椎间盘存在明显退变,青少年组椎间盘退变不明显或无退变.[结论]病理表明中老年组突出腰椎间盘组织存在明显退变,而青少年组退变不明显.免疫组化检测显示中老年组MMP-3明显高于青少年组,但青少年组IgG和CD68均明显高于中老年组,免疫和炎症反应可能是青少年腰椎间盘突出的重要病因,而中老年腰椎间盘突出可能主要与退变有关.     

uPA、MMP-3在退变椎间盘中的表达及意义

目的探讨尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活剂（uPA）、基质金属蛋白-3（MMP-3）在人类退变椎间盘组织中的表达变化。方法对照组为取自脊柱侧凸患者的正常腰椎间盘组织；实验组为腰椎间盘突出患者的退变椎间盘组织。分别进行免疫组织化学染色，比较2组椎间盘组织中uPA及MMP-3的光密度值。结果uPA和MMP-3在突出椎间盘组织中平均光密度值较正常椎间盘组织中的平均光密度值表达明显升高；相关分析显示突出椎间盘中uPA、MMP-3呈正相关关系。结论uPA和MMP-3均可能参与了人椎间盘组织的退变过程，且MMP-3与uPA在人类退变椎间盘组织中有相同的增高趋势。     

uPA、MMP-3在退变椎间盘中的表达及意义

目的探讨尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活剂（uPA）、基质金属蛋白-3（MMP-3）在人类退变椎间盘组织中的表达变化。方法对照组为取自脊柱侧凸患者的正常腰椎间盘组织；实验组为腰椎间盘突出患者的退变椎间盘组织。分别进行免疫组织化学染色，比较2组椎间盘组织中uPA及MMP-3的光密度值。结果uPA和MMP-3在突出椎间盘组织中平均光密度值较正常椎间盘组织中的平均光密度值表达明显升高；相关分析显示突出椎间盘中uPA、MMP-3呈正相关关系。结论uPA和MMP-3均可能参与了人椎间盘组织的退变过程，且MMP-3与uPA在人类退变椎间盘组织中有相同的增高趋势。     

基质金属蛋白酶-13、白细胞介素-1在大鼠 退变腰椎间盘组织中的表达及意义

目的探讨基质金属蛋白酶-13( MMP-13 )、白细胞介素-1( IL-1 )在去势大鼠退变腰椎间盘组 织中的表达及临床意义。方法 80只3月龄却rague-Dawiey ( SD )大鼠,随机均分为3组,每组10 只：基础对照组（BL组）手术组（0VX);手术对照组（Sham组）;BL组在手术开始前处死,其余2组 术后三个月处死,并与处死前10凿和4凿分别给予显色双荧光标记。L2-4椎体进行骨密度及硬组织 切片分析,蕴源-5进行HE常规染色、灾郧特殊染色及运用免疫组化检测MMP-13、L-1的表达,观察椎 间盘的病理学改变并据评分标准对腰椎间盘的退变程度（LVD)进行评分。结果1、大鼠腰椎骨量的 下降及椎间盘的退化：双侧卵巢切除组比手术对照组严重;2、免疫组化：双侧卵巢切除组与手术对照 组比较大鼠椎间盘中MMP-13、L-1表达明显升高（孕<0.05 )。结论基质金属蛋白酶-13、白细胞介 素-1表达量的增加是腰椎间盘退变形成和发展的重要因素。     

腰椎间盘突出症的免疫病理学研究

目的从免疫组织化学角度研究破碎型和完整型腰椎间盘突出症的病理机制和病理过程，比较其差异，探讨腰椎间盘突出症的不同病理学分型。方法选取40例腰椎间盘突出症患者的椎间盘手术标本，依术中所见分为两组：（1）破碎型腰椎间盘突出组（切开突出病变部浅层后纵韧带及纤维环可见破碎椎间盘组织与椎间盘母体分离，突出病变质软，自行溢出或较易钳出）。（2）完整型腰椎间盘突出组（切开突出病变部浅层后纵韧带及纤维环无破碎椎间盘组织溢出，突出病变质硬，必须以器械切除）。所获得的椎间盘标本均行常规HE染色；以鼠抗人CD43RO、CD20单克隆抗体进行免疫组织化学标记，双盲法半定量计数阳性细胞，Ridit等级分析；以FITC标记的兔抗人IgM、IgG抗体进行免疫荧光标记，双盲法半定量计数荧光量，Ridit等级分析。结果两组形态学有显著差异：（1）HE染色可见破碎组标本边缘灶性炎性细胞浸润，血管化；完整组髓核面积减少，纤维环增厚，软骨基质增生；（2）破碎组标本CD。sRO免疫组织化学阳性反应与完整组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）；（3）破碎组标本IgG和kM免疫荧光阳性反应与完整组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论（1）破碎型腰椎间盘突出症标本中有T淋巴细胞浸润和免疫球蛋白IgG、IgM沉积，因而其病理机制可能是在损伤基础上的自免疫炎症反席过程。（2）完整犁腰椎间鼎突出以髓核很蛮、软骨某质及纤维环增牛为丰兽表现．     

环氧化酶2与血管内皮生长因子在突出腰椎间盘中的表达及意义

目的：探讨环氧化酶2（COX-2）、血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）在突出腰椎间盘中的表达及其意义。方法：62个突出椎间盘标本取自58例腰椎间盘突出症手术患者,包括突起型22个,破裂型20个,游离型20个。取材部位分别为突出组织或游离组织（A部位）和椎间隙残余髓核组织（B部位）。对照组取自4例新鲜年轻尸体的L3/4、L4/5及L5/S1椎间盘组织共12个标本,取材部位为椎间盘边缘（A部位）和中央髓核（B部位）;应用免疫组化法对各组标本中COX-2和VEGF的表达进行检测;应用图像分析系统测量标本中COX-2和VEGF表达量的平均光密度值。结果：在腰椎间盘突出组,特别是破裂型和游离型组的突出组织中存在富含新生血管的肉芽组织,COX-2和VEGF染色阳性细胞主要表达于肉芽组织中及突出组织的椎间盘细胞中,对照组未见阳性染色细胞。在突出组的A部位从突起型、破裂型到游离型COX-2和VEGF的表达均逐渐增高,差异有显著性（P〈0.01）。突出组的A部位COX-2和VEGF的表达明显高于B部位（P〈0.01）。腰椎间盘组织中COX-2和VEGF的表达存在明显相关性（r=0.855,P〈0.01）。结论：COX-2、VEGF参与腰椎间盘退变、突出的发病过程;随着腰椎间盘退变突出的进展,COX-2、VEGF的表达均逐渐增高;COX-2与VEGF表达密切相关。     

Caspase-1表达和软骨细胞凋亡在骨关节炎的意义

目的观察骨关节炎（osteoarthritis,OA）关节软骨标本的Caspase-1表达和软骨细胞凋亡的程度,初步探讨两者的相关性和与OA病变程度的关系。方法选取2007年3月至2007年11月进行关节置换的OA患者的关节软骨标本26例作为OA组,男8例,女18例;髋20例,膝6例;年龄52～81岁,平均60岁。选取截肢的正常关节软骨标本10例作为对照组,男7例,女3例;年龄16～45岁,平均40岁;均排除结构性破坏。按改良Mankin病理评分进行分级,将标本分成正常软骨组0～1分（A组）即对照组;OA软骨轻度退变组2～5分（B组）、OA软骨中度退变组6～9分（C组）和OA软骨重度退变组10～14分（D组）,B～D组即OA组。分别采用HE染色和番红O/固绿染色后,采用免疫组化和TUNEL检测法,检测软骨细胞中Caspase-1的表达和凋亡细胞阳性率。结果 （1）对照组Caspase-1表达低于OA组;Caspase-1的表达与Mankin评分呈正相关;（2）对照组的凋亡细胞阳性率低于OA组的凋亡细胞阳性率;软骨凋亡细胞阳性率与Mankin病理评分呈正相关;（3）A～D组Caspase-1的表达和凋亡细胞阳性率不存在相关性。结论 （1）Caspase-1与OA发生发展有关,能反应OA软骨的病变进展程度;（2）软骨细胞凋亡是OA的可能发病机理,其凋亡率可能影响OA病程进展。     

组织蛋白酶L与人腰椎间盘退变关系的研究

[目的]探讨Cathepsin L与人腰椎间盘退变的关系.[方法]实验组标本来源于腰间盘突出症的患者,在外科手术过程中取得的退变间盘组织,并根据术中所见将腰间盘突出分为非包含型组和包含型组;对照组间盘来源于胸腰段骨折行前路手术患者手术中切除的间盘组织,以上标本采用.HE染色组织学观察椎间盘的退变特征,免疫组织化学S-P法和逆转录-聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)法检测人腰椎间盘细胞Cathepsin L蛋白表达.[结果]HE染色组织学观察在退变组间盘中,各标本均表现出一定的退变特征纤维环板层结构紊乱,软骨细胞巢状增生,纤维环粘液瘤样变,髓核软骨细胞减少,纤维细胞增生,玻璃样变及纤维化,髓核毛细血管的侵入,炎性细胞的浸润等.在未包含型组与包含型组比较显示了更多的髓核毛细血管侵入和炎性细胞浸润,髓核及纤维环退变更严重,纤维细胞增生及瘢痕形成.免疫组织化学染色显示组织蛋白酶L阳性率在退变组(90.68±7.61)%明显高于对照组(10.00±8.69)%,并且在非包含型组(95.45±4.63)%明显高于包含型组(86.93±7.49)%.RT-PCR结果显示组织蛋白酶L的mRNA表达水平在退变组(1.445±0.206)%较对照组(0.526±0.378)%明显上调,并且在非包含型组(1.608±0.044)%明显高于包含型组(1.282±0.166)%.以上结果均经统计分析证实组间差异有统计学意义.[结论]Cathepsin L与人腰椎间盘退变有关.     

腰椎间盘突出症患者IgM和IgG与其症状和体征相关性研究

目的 探讨腰椎间盘突出症患者腰椎间盘中血管浸润和IgM、IgG分布,以及IgM、IgG与患者症状和体征之间的关系.方法 收集59例单节段腰椎间盘突出症患者的腰椎间盘标本,男36例,女23例;年龄(41±17)岁.发病部位:L2-3 1例,L3-4 4例,L4-5 35例,K5S119例.以2例正常腰椎间盘标本为对照.根据术中所示腰椎间盘的位置分为突出组和脱出组.术前检查患者视觉模拟评分(visual analogue scale,VAS)和直腿抬高试验.HE染色观察椎间盘标本中血管形成的特征,免疫组化法检测IgM、IgG分布,并测量光密度进行定量分析.结果 脱出组新生血管形成率(78.9%)高于突出组(17.5%).脱出组IgM阳性率(94.7%)高于突出组(60.0%),脱出组IgG阳性率(94.7%)高于突出组(47.5%),两者IgM、IgG阳性率比较,差异均无统计学意义.腰椎问盘IgG阳性患者的VAS(6.49±1.96)高于IgG阴性患者(4.80±3.39),两者比较差异有统计学意义;IgM阳性患者VAS(6.17±2.20)高于IgM阴性患者(5.09±3.59),两者比较差异无统计学意义.椎问盘有IgM、IgG沉积患者的VAS和椎间盘中IgM、IgG的积分光密度呈正相关.结论 腰椎间盘突出后出现新生血管和IgM、IgG沉积,IgM、IgG介导的免疫反应在患者症状和体征的发生、发展中起重要作用.     

MMP-3在退变腰椎间盘组织中的表达及意义

目的研究MMP-3在退变腰椎间盘髓核和纤维环组织中的表达及其临床意义。方法用半定量RT—PCR和免疫组织化学法检测实验组1（30例退变腰椎间盘髓核）、实验组2（30例退变腰椎间盘纤维环）和对照组（10例创伤腰椎间盘髓核）中MMP3mRNA和蛋白表达。结果实验组1MMP-3mRNA和蛋白的表达均显著高于对照组（P均〈0．01）,实验组1与2之间MMP-3mRNA和蛋白的表达没有显著差异（P均〉0．05）。结论MMP-3的表达增加可能参与腰椎间盘退变的进程。     

Presenteeism and Absenteeism Before and After Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasty

BackgroundAbsenteeism is costly, yet evidence suggests that presenteeism—illness-related reduced productivity at work—is costlier. We quantified employed patients’ presenteeism and absenteeism before and after total joint arthroplasty (TJA).MethodsWe measured presenteeism (0-100 scale, 100 full performance) and absenteeism using the World Health Organization’s Health and Work Performance Questionnaire before and after TJA among a convenience sample of employed patients. We captured detailed information about employment and job characteristics and evaluated how and among whom presenteeism and absenteeism improved.ResultsIn total, 636 primary, unilateral TJA patients responded to an enrollment email, confirmed employment, and completed a preoperative survey (mean age: 62.1 years, 55.3% women). Full at-work performance was reported by 19.7%. Among 520 (81.8%) who responded to a 1-year follow-up, 473 (91.0%) were still employed, and 461 (88.7%) had resumed working. Among patients reporting at baseline and 1 year, average at-work performance improved from 80.7 to 89.4. A Wilcoxon signed-rank test indicated that postoperative performance was significantly higher than preoperative performance (P < .0001). The percentage of patients who reported full at-work performance increased from 20.9% to 36.8% (delta = 15.9%, 95% confidence interval = [10.0%, 21.9%], P < .0001). Presenteeism gains were concentrated among patients who reported declining work performance leading up to surgery. Average changes in absences were relatively small. Combined, the average monthly value lost by employers to presenteeism declined from 15.3% to 8.3% and to absenteeism from 16.9% to 15.5% (ie, mitigated loss of 8.4% of monthly value).ConclusionAmong employed patients before TJA, presenteeism and absenteeism were similarly costly. After, employed patients reported increased performance, concentrated among those with declining performance leading up to surgery.     

The German emergency and disaster medicine and management systemdhistory and present

As well for optimized emergency management in individual cases as for optimized mass medicine in disaster management, the principle of the medical doctors approaching the patient directly and timely, even close to the site of the incident, is a long-standing marker for quality of care and patient survival in Germany. Professional rescue and emergency forces, including medical services, are the “Golden Standard” of emergency management systems. Regulative laws, proper organization of resources, equipment, training and adequate delivery of medical measures are key factors in systematic approaches to manage emergencies and disasters alike and thus save lives. During disasters command, communication, coordination and cooperation are essential to cope with extreme situations, even more so in a globalized world. In this article, we describe the major historical milestones, the current state of the German system in emergency and disaster management and its integration into the broader European approach.     

Tendon and Ligament Healing and Current Approaches to Tendon and Ligament Regeneration

Ligament and tendon injuries are common problems in orthopedics. There is a need for treatments that can expedite nonoperative healing or improve the efficacy of surgical repair or reconstruction of ligaments and tendons. Successful biologically-based attempts at repair and reconstruction would require a thorough understanding of normal tendon and ligament healing. The inflammatory, proliferative, and remodeling phases, and the cells involved in tendon and ligament healing will be reviewed. Then, current research efforts focusing on biologically-based treatments of ligament and tendon injuries will be summarized, with a focus on stem cells endogenous to tendons and ligaments. Statement of clinical significance: This paper details mechanisms of ligament and tendon healing, as well as attempts to apply stem cells to ligament and tendon healing. Understanding of these topics could lead to more efficacious therapies to treat ligament and tendon injuries. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 38:7–12, 2020     

肝内胆管囊腺瘤和囊腺癌的CT、MRI及病理表现

目的探讨肝内胆管囊腺瘤和囊腺癌的CT、MRI和病理特点。方法回顾性分析经手术病理证实的6例肝内胆管囊腺瘤和2例肝内胆管囊腺癌的影像及临床病理资料，将病变的影像表现与其病理大体形态及组织学表现作对照分析。结果6例肝内胆管囊腺瘤，女4例、男2例；2例肝内胆管囊腺癌均为女性病人；8例病人平均年龄55岁。所有病灶均表现为多房囊性肿块，肿瘤囊腔各分房内常为多种液体成分，在CT上可表现为不同密度、在MRI上可表现为不同信号强度。囊内出现多发大小不等的壁结节在胆管囊腺癌内更常见，囊内有分隔但无壁结节只见于胆管囊腺瘤。在7例CT扫描中，4例胆管囊腺瘤和1例胆管囊腺癌可见囊壁或分隔上钙化，囊壁、囊内分隔及囊内结节均为轻、中度延迟增强。肿瘤中出现卵巢样间质见于3例胆管囊腺瘤和1例胆管囊腺癌，且均为女性病人。结论肝内胆管囊腺瘤和囊腺癌是肝脏不常见的囊性肿瘤，影像上多房、囊内有分隔且各分房囊内密度或信号不一致，高度提示肝内胆管囊腺瘤或囊腺癌的诊断，如囊内伴有多发大小不等的结节，则进一步提示囊腺癌的可能。但影像学表现不能区分肿瘤中有无卵巢样间质。