亚洲地区沙尘和人为气溶胶的分布及直接气候效应

利用耦合气溶胶化学过程的高分辨率区域气候模式RegCM4,模拟研究了2000~2009年亚洲地区沙尘和3种人为气溶胶（硫酸盐、黑碳、有机碳）的时空分布和直接气候效应。结果表明,模拟的气溶胶光学厚度在沙尘源区附近较为准确,但在人为活动影响较大的地区偏小。4种气溶胶的综合作用引起大气层顶负的辐射强迫,从而造成了地表气温的下降。降水方面,冬夏两季气溶胶对模拟区域的影响都以降水减少为主,这与气溶胶增加了大气稳定度,减少了地表蒸发并产生了偏北风距平有关。沙尘和人为气溶胶各自都能引起气温的下降和降水的减少,两类气溶胶都能造成的偏北风距平对我国南方降水的减少有重要作用。在人类活动密集区,人为气溶胶引起的气候效应约占总的4种气溶胶气候效应的50%。     

中国春季沙尘气溶胶的辐射效应及对气候影响的研究

本文在区域气候模式RIEMS2．0中引入沙尘气溶胶的起沙机制,同时建立了与气候模式连接的沙尘气溶胶输送模式,并在辐射模块中加入沙尘气溶胶的影响,模拟沙尘气溶胶的输送、扩散、沉降等过程以及对辐射的影响．利用此模式得到了1998年春季3、4、5月中国地区沙尘气溶胶的主要源区分布、沙尘气溶胶的柱浓度分布、光学厚度等物理量及其辐射效应和气候效应．结果表明春季中国沙尘源区主要集中在内蒙古西部的腾格里沙漠、巴丹吉林沙漠,中部的浑善达克沙地,南疆塔克拉玛干沙漠东部,河西走廊地区以及青海的柴达木盆地附近,这些地区的起沙率大于5μg／（m^2·s）,最大为65μg／（m^2·s）;沙尘气溶胶柱浓度最大值达0．55g／m^2,出现在塔克拉玛干沙漠地区,相应的光学厚度最大值是0．50．沙尘气溶胶使得中国地区地面短波辐射收入平均减小了4．10w／m^2,地面长波辐射收入增大了,＋0．46w／m^2,地面净辐射强迫为-3．64w／m^2,大气辐射收支与地面相反,净辐射强迫为＋3．10w／m^2;同时沙尘气溶胶通过影响到达地面的辐射使得地面有较强的降温,整个模拟区域平均地面气温降低了0．24K,而北方地区地面气温降低了0．37K;沙尘对于降水的影响主要体现在对小雨的影响上,沙尘气溶胶使得模拟区域内小雨减小了20％左右;另一方面,华北地区降水受沙尘气溶胶影响最大,总降水减少了13．8％,而全区域总降水只减少了2％．     

中国东部气溶胶活化颗粒物浓度对区域气候影响的模拟研究

该工作利用区域模式(WRF),对我国东部三大城市群区域的气溶胶活化颗粒物浓度增加的气候效应进行了模拟研究.结果表明:增加气溶胶活化颗粒物后,我国东部许多地区的地表感热、潜热通量减少,华东大部分地区的地表2m气温降低;降水对气溶胶活化颗粒物浓度增加的响应较为复杂,缺乏一致的规律性,但增加活化颗粒物后,我国东部许多地区的降水明显减少;由气溶胶活化颗粒物浓度变化造成的大气水汽输送和水汽含量的变化,是气溶胶间接效应影响东亚夏季风降水的主要原因.从总体上来说,中国不同地区的气溶胶活化颗粒物浓度增加,使得中国东部大部分地区的低层气温降低、大气湿度降低、降水减少,呈现出干冷化的趋势.     

我国春季大气沙尘气溶胶分布和短波辐射效应的数值模拟

利用已建立的区域气候模式与大气化学模式耦和的模拟系统 ,在气候模式中引入了起沙机制 ,同时建立了与气候模式连接的沙尘气溶胶输送模式 ,模拟沙尘的输送、扩散、沉降等过程 .通过对 1 998年 4月的模拟 ,分析得到中国地区沙尘气溶胶的主要源区分布情况、沙尘的浓度分布特点和光学厚度特征 ,并且将一次沙尘暴个例与同期卫星观测的气溶胶指数分布做了对比 .进一步模拟了沙尘气溶胶辐射效应 ,发现沙尘气溶胶能减少地面的辐射净收入 ,使南方的大气辐射收入减少 ,使北方的大气辐射收入增加 .由于沙尘气溶胶对辐射的削弱使地面气温有显著降低     

东亚典型站点混合型气溶胶光学特性和辐射效应对比

根据东亚地区沙尘传输路径上人为污染程度的不同,选取AERONET典型站点SACOL、Beijing和Gwangju_GIST站的观测数据,结合SBDART辐射传输模式,对比分析了东亚地区混合型气溶胶的光学特性、辐射效应以及不同程度大气污染对气溶胶混合的影响.结果表明,与沙尘气溶胶和人为气溶胶相比,东亚混合型气溶胶吸收能力最强,特别在可见光波段,导致地表冷却和大气加热效应加强,大气层顶冷却效应减弱. Beijing站比SACOL、Gwangju_GIST站混合型气溶胶浓度更高,吸收能力更强,地表冷却和大气加热效率更强,大气层顶冷却效率更弱.粗模态沙尘气溶胶与细模态人为气溶胶对于混合型气溶胶的生成和辐射吸收能力的增强都有着极为重要的作用.混合型气溶胶在东亚区域重污染(雾霾)过程中有重要作用.     

沙尘天气对内蒙古草原城市大气环境质量的影响研究

沙尘不仅是生态环境恶化的重要标志,也会污染大气环境,影响气象、气候和人体健康。为了探讨沙尘天气对内蒙古草原城市大气环境的影响,综合利用遥感影像与地面观测数据,研究了沙尘天气对锡林郭勒盟草原城市大气环境质量的影响,以期为沙尘天气环境影响评价提供理论依据。研究表明利用MODIS(the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer)数据可以实现沙尘活动的遥感监测,结果与基于地面观测发生规律一致;并得到气溶胶自动观测网(aerosol robotic network,AERONET)AOD(aerosol optical depth)产品验证。沙尘天气引起草原城市能见度下降,空气环境质量下降。大气污染主要由颗粒物的增加引起;但伴随沙尘天气的大风使CO、NO_2、SO_2等污染物浓度下降,具有清除人为源所排放污染物作用。     

沙尘天气对内蒙古草原城市大气环境质量的影响

沙尘不仅是生态环境恶化的重要标志,也会污染大气环境,影响气象、气候和人体健康。为了探讨沙尘天气对内蒙古草原城市大气环境的影响,综合利用遥感影像与地面观测数据,研究了沙尘天气对锡林郭勒盟草原城市大气环境质量的影响,以期为沙尘天气环境影响评价提供理论依据。研究表明利用MODIS(the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer)数据可以实现沙尘活动的遥感监测,结果与基于地面观测发生规律一致;并得到气溶胶自动观测网(aerosol robotic network,AERONET)AOD(aerosol optical depth)产品验证。沙尘天气引起草原城市能见度下降,空气环境质量下降。大气污染主要由颗粒物的增加引起;但伴随沙尘天气的大风使CO、NO_2、SO_2等污染物浓度下降,具有清除人为源所排放污染物作用。     

东亚地区人为硫酸盐气溶胶辐射气候效应不同模拟方法的对比

 利用区域气候模式RegCM2与大气化学模式连接的模拟系统,研究了中国地区人为排放生成的硫酸盐气溶胶分布及其辐射气候效应,并与全球模式的结果进行了比较,同时对比了硫酸盐气溶胶辐射气候效应的在线、离线模拟方法所得结果差异的细致情况.通过以上工作表明:区域气候和大气化学耦合模式系统能在比大气环流模式更精细的尺度上获得硫酸盐分布规律和辐射气候效应;并且区域气候模式与大气化学模式的在线与离线连接方法得到的硫酸盐柱含量、有反馈和无反馈大气顶直接辐射强迫和地表温度响应在较小区域平均的尺度上存在较显著的差异,并且在全区域平均尺度上也不能被忽略;通过对气候响应的进一步分析发现:模拟结果显示了从硫酸盐含量到辐射强迫和地表温度响应逐渐加大的不确定性.     

用零维能量平衡气候模型分析大气气溶胶的气候效应

将大气短波吸收系数的增加量假设为晴空大气反照率的增加量的线性函数,综合考虑云对能量传输的调节及其与地气系统之间复杂的非线性相互作用,利用零维能量平衡模型分析了气溶胶的气候效应。分析计算结果发现,大气气溶胶含量增加可能引发的气候变化主要是：(1) 大气温度升高,地表感热输送和蒸发潜热减少,这会引起全球干旱; (2) 气溶胶使地面升温还是降温,主要依赖于大气对太阳辐射的吸收能力和晴空大气的反照率,地表反照率反馈机制使气溶胶的气候效应得到加强。     

腾格里沙漠东北部地区沙尘气溶胶质量浓度变化特征

目的 探究腾格里沙漠东北部地区典型扬沙天气过程中沙尘气溶胶的质量浓度变化特征，以期为沙尘气溶胶辐射气候效应的数值模拟提供参考。方法 利用EDM 164型颗粒物监测仪对腾格里沙漠东北部地区沙尘气溶胶数浓度进行外场观测，获得了典型扬尘天气过程中沙尘气溶胶的数浓度采样资料。结果与结论(1)腾格里沙漠东北部地区典型扬沙天气过程中沙尘气溶胶质量浓度日变化呈双峰型分布特征，峰值分别出现在上午11时(471μg/m³)和下午16时(500μg/m³)。沙尘气溶胶质量浓度与大气压和相对湿度呈负相关关系(p<0.01),与温度和风速呈正相关关系(p<0.01)。(2)沙尘气溶胶数浓度主要分布在积聚模态内(97%),质量浓度主要分布在粗模态内(92%);沙尘气溶胶数浓度随着粒径的增加而减少，质量浓度谱呈明显的双峰型分布，质量浓度随着粒径的增加表现为先增加后减少的变化趋势，2个峰值分别出现在粒径4.5和2.75μm处。(3)沙尘气溶胶质量浓度谱可以用粗模态1和粗模态2进行对数正态分布拟合，2个模态的峰值所对应的粒度直径分别为2.75和4.5μm。     

A satellite view of aerosols in the climate system

Anthropogenic aerosols are intricately linked to the climate system and to the hydrologic cycle. The net effect of aerosols is to cool the climate system by reflecting sunlight. Depending on their composition, aerosols can also absorb sunlight in the atmosphere, further cooling the surface but warming the atmosphere in the process. These effects of aerosols on the temperature profile, along with the role of aerosols as cloud condensation nuclei, impact the hydrologic cycle, through changes in cloud cover, cloud properties and precipitation. Unravelling these feedbacks is particularly difficult because aerosols take a multitude of shapes and forms, ranging from desert dust to urban pollution, and because aerosol concentrations vary strongly over time and space. To accurately study aerosol distribution and composition therefore requires continuous observations from satellites, networks of ground-based instruments and dedicated field experiments. Increases in aerosol concentration and changes in their composition, driven by industrialization and an expanding population, may adversely affect the Earth's climate and water supply.     

Palaeoclimate simulation of Little Ice Age

Promotedbytheinternationalresearch projectsofPAGESandCLIVAR ,thestudiesonclimaticandenvironmentalchangesinthepast 2 0 0 0yearshavedrawntheattentionofgeologistsandpalaeoclimato logistsallovertheworld[1,2 ] .AmongthemthecoldeventoftheLittleIceAge (LIA)isparticularlythemostattractiveone[3～ 10 ] ,whichisthenearesttypicalcoldperiodintheglobalrangefrommodernage ,andhadaprofoundimpactuponhumansociety[11] .Addi tionally ,moreknowledgeaboutthecauseoforiginanddynamicmechanismofLIAmayenrichandpe…     

Analysis of variation trends and causes of aerosol optical depth in Shaanxi Province using MODIS data

The temporal and spatial variations and causes of aerosol optical depth （AOD） in Shaanxi Province were investigated based on the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer （MODIS） derived aerosol data for the period of March 2000-February 2012. The results showed that the distribution of aerosol was largely affected by topography and local economic activities. Heavy aero- sol loading and increasing tendency in AOD was observed in Guanzhong, Hanzhong and Ankang basin, while a reverse tendency was revealed in most other regions. The spatial distribution of aerosol Angstrom wavelength exponent was predominantly related to vegetation coverage in Shaanxi. Airborne dust from ground is an important source of coarse mode aerosols. Vegetation im- provement indicated by an increase in normalized difference vegetation index （NDVI） and a reduction in dust weather led to a gradual decrease in coarse mode AOD to the north of Qinling Mountains in Shaanxi, while anthropogenic activities led to an in- crease in fine mode AOD in other areas except those covered by forests. The main aerosol type gradually shifted to the urban industrial type in Shaanxi.     

Size distribution and element composition of dust aerosol in Chinese Otindag Sandland

Dust aerosol is one important component of atmos-pheric aerosols, and plays important roles in the Earth’s climate system and the biogeochemical cycle. Large amounts of dust aerosols produced from windblown soils and deserts are emitted annually into the atmosphere and transported over long distance to downwind land and ocean areas[1]. The deserts and desertification soils in northern China are important sources of East Asia dust aerosols. It is estimated that 800 Mt of dust aerosols emit-t…     

东亚高空大气气溶胶的分布及沙尘输送特征研究

利用长达20 年的SAGEⅡ(stratospheric aerosol and gas experimentⅡ) 资料, 研究了东亚地区5.0 ～15.0 km 高空气溶胶多年时空分布特征和变化趋势, 并研究了东亚沙尘活动对高空及下游的气溶胶输送。发现东亚高空气溶胶水平分布呈现上中下3 层不同的分布特征, 下层 5. 0 ～8. 5 km 高值区对应气溶胶源区青藏高原和西北沙漠地区;中层 9. 0 ～10. 0 km 高值区对应温带气旋高发的中纬度地区;上层 10. 5 ～15. 0 km 表现为低纬气溶胶含量显著高于高纬地区。高空各层气溶胶的空间分布受天气系统的影响具有明显的季节变化。近10 年来东亚高空气溶胶呈减少趋势, 平均光学厚度约下降了0. 016。另外还发现沙尘活动与 5. 0 ～11. 5 km 范围内的气溶胶显著相关, 反映沙尘活动影响的高度范围可以达到整个对流层。定义沙尘暴高空影响指数, 用来分析东亚沙尘暴对下游地区的影响, 发现随着时间推移沙尘逐渐向东移动, 在约 12 天之后可以到达大西洋。     

Influence of aerosol on regional precipitation in North China

The possible anthropogenic aerosol effect on regional precipitation is analyzed based on the historical data of precipitation and visibility of North China. At first, the precipitation amounts from 1960 to 1979 are considered as natural background values in our study for relatively less intensive industrial activities and light air pollution during that period of time, then the region is divided into different subregions by applying the clustering method including the significance test of station rainfall correlations to the time series of 10-day mean rainfall amounts in this period. Based on the rule that the precipitation characteristics are similar in the same clustering region, the correlation of precipitation amounts among all stations in each region is thus established. Secondly, for the period from 1990 to 2005, during which, the economy had experienced a rapid development in this region, the variations of visibility at each station are analyzed. The stations with the absolute change in visibility less than 0.1 km/a are used as the reference stations, at which it is assumed that precipitation has not been seriously influenced by anthropogenic aerosols. Then the rainfall amounts of reference stations are used to estimate the natural precipitation values of the other stations in each clustering region. The difference between estimated precipitation and measured precipitation amount is thought to result from changes in anthropogenic aerosols. These changes in precipitation amounts caused by anthropogenic aerosols at each station are calculated using the 10-day mean rainfall values from 1990 to 2005. The analysis results obtained with this method are remarkable if it passes the significance test, and therefore, the suppression of regional precipitation over the region by anthropogenic aerosol is proved. It is found that this effect is most remarkable in summer. The influence of anthropogenic aerosols on convective precipitation possibly plays an important role in this season. Supported by National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2006CB403706) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40475003)     

Global estimate of aerosol direct radiative forcing from satellite measurements

Atmospheric aerosols cause scattering and absorption of incoming solar radiation. Additional anthropogenic aerosols released into the atmosphere thus exert a direct radiative forcing on the climate system. The degree of present-day aerosol forcing is estimated from global models that incorporate a representation of the aerosol cycles. Although the models are compared and validated against observations, these estimates remain uncertain. Previous satellite measurements of the direct effect of aerosols contained limited information about aerosol type, and were confined to oceans only. Here we use state-of-the-art satellite-based measurements of aerosols and surface wind speed to estimate the clear-sky direct radiative forcing for 2002, incorporating measurements over land and ocean. We use a Monte Carlo approach to account for uncertainties in aerosol measurements and in the algorithm used. Probability density functions obtained for the direct radiative forcing at the top of the atmosphere give a clear-sky, global, annual average of -1.9 W m(-2) with standard deviation, +/- 0.3 W m(-2). These results suggest that present-day direct radiative forcing is stronger than present model estimates, implying future atmospheric warming greater than is presently predicted, as aerosol emissions continue to decline.     

Strong present-day aerosol cooling implies a hot future

Atmospheric aerosols counteract the warming effects of anthropogenic greenhouse gases by an uncertain, but potentially large, amount. This in turn leads to large uncertainties in the sensitivity of climate to human perturbations, and therefore also in carbon cycle feedbacks and projections of climate change. In the future, aerosol cooling is expected to decline relative to greenhouse gas forcing, because of the aerosols' much shorter lifetime and the pursuit of a cleaner atmosphere. Strong aerosol cooling in the past and present would then imply that future global warming may proceed at or even above the upper extreme of the range projected by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.