金黄地鼠Kcnq1基因的分子克隆与鉴定以及在多种器官组织中的表达差异分析

对金黄地鼠Kcnq1基因进行分子克隆与鉴定以及在多种器官组织的表达差异进行分析,旨在研究Kcnq1基因在地鼠各组织器官中的功能。提取金黄地鼠心脏组织总RNA,根据大鼠Kcnq1的保守序列区域设计引物TK1,用RT-PCR的方法从金黄地鼠心脏组织中扩增出Kcnq1cDNA片段,并且以心脏cDNA片段为模板,将纯化后的cDNA在T4连接酶的作用下与pMD18-T载体特异性连接,转化感受态大肠杆菌DH5α中,筛选重组子并酶切鉴定,将鉴定后的重组子进行DNA测序。提取心、肝、脾、肺、肾各组织总RNA,并反转录,将各组织cDNA做荧光定量检测,检测各组织表达量的差异。结果显示克隆出金黄地鼠Kcnq1基因477bp的部分片段长度,推测出编码的159个氨基酸。与大鼠等物种Kcnq1基因比对,核苷酸和氨基酸序列均具有较高的同源性。荧光定量结果显示,Kcnq1在金黄地鼠心脏中表达量最高,在肺脏和肾脏中均有较高表达,在脾脏中低度表达,在肾脏中基本不表达。该研究结果为深入研究金黄地鼠Kcnq1基因功能奠定了基础。     

金黄地鼠Dpl基因克隆及其组织特异性表达的研究

本文成功克隆了金黄地鼠Dpl(PrP-like protein doppel,Doppel)基因,并采用实时荧光定量PCR法对其组织特异性表达进行了研究.根据已发表家鼠Dpl基因序列设计引物,采用PCR直接扩增金黄地鼠(Ham.ster)的Dpl基因CDs区,序列测定和分析表明金黄地鼠的Dpl基因CDs区全长537 bp,编码178个氨基酸的前体蛋白,不存在基因多态性.经基因序列对比分析,金黄地鼠与其他10种属哺乳动物Dpl基因有较高同源性,均为70.8%以上,且与鼠科Dpl序列的同源性最高(86%).实时定量PCR结果表明,在所检测组织中,Dpl m.RNA在睾丸表达量最高,其次为脾脏、心脏、骨髓和脑,其在肝脏、肺脏、肾脏和肌肉中的表达低于检测水平;成年动物与未成年动物相比,在睾丸组织的表达量,成年鼠显著高于未成年鼠;在成年鼠脑组织检测不到Dpl m.RNA 的表达.本研究对金黄地鼠Dpl基因序列进行分析测定,并对其在不同组织的生理表达进行了定量,以期为其功能的进一步研究提供基础数据.     

陆川猪GPR1基因真核表达载体构建及组织表达谱分析

试验旨在构建陆川猪G蛋白偶联受体1(G protein-coupled receptor 1,GPR1)基因真核表达载体,并对其组织表达谱进行分析。采用RT-PCR技术从10周龄陆川猪皮下脂肪组织中扩增出GPR1基因CDS区后,使用常规分子克隆手段构建含GPR1基因片段的真核表达载体pEGFP-N1-GPR1,利用双酶切和测序对重组质粒pEGFPN1-GPR1进行鉴定,并以脂质体法将重组质粒转染3T3-L1细胞24h后观察细胞荧光表达情况。收集所转染3T3-L1细胞并提取其总RNA,实时荧光定量PCR进一步检测GPR1真核表达载体表达情况;提取6头10周龄陆川猪心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺脏、肾脏、背最长肌、皮下脂肪总RNA,实时荧光定量PCR检测GPR1基因mRNA在陆川猪各组织中的表达量。结果表明,陆川猪GPR1基因CDS全长1 068bp,成功将其连接至pEGFP-N1真核表达载体,重组表达载体pEGFP-N1-GPR1质粒和空载pEGFP-N1质粒所转染3T3-L1细胞均能表现出绿色荧光,且空白对照组并未表现出绿色荧光。实时荧光定量PCR结果证实,GPR1基因在重组质粒试验组的表达量极显著高于空载质粒组(P0.01)。GPR1基因在10周龄陆川猪肝脏中表达量最高,在心脏、脾脏、肺脏、肾脏、皮下脂肪中均有表达,在背最长肌中几乎不表达。本试验成功构建了真核表达载体pEGFP-N1-GPR1,并获得了GPR1基因组织表达谱,为进一步研究GPR1基因对陆川猪脂肪沉积的影响提供参考。     

陆川猪GPR1基因真核表达载体构建及组织表达谱分析

试验旨在构建陆川猪G蛋白偶联受体1（G protein-coupled receptor 1，GPR1）基因真核表达载体，并对其组织表达谱进行分析。采用RT-PCR技术从10周龄陆川猪皮下脂肪组织中扩增出GPR1基因CDS区后，使用常规分子克隆手段构建含GPR1基因片段的真核表达载体pEGFP-N1-GPR1，利用双酶切和测序对重组质粒pEGFP-N1-GPR1进行鉴定，并以脂质体法将重组质粒转染3T3-L1细胞24 h后观察细胞荧光表达情况。收集所转染3T3-L1细胞并提取其总RNA，实时荧光定量PCR进一步检测GPR1真核表达载体表达情况；提取6头10周龄陆川猪心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺脏、肾脏、背最长肌、皮下脂肪总RNA，实时荧光定量PCR检测GPR1基因mRNA在陆川猪各组织中的表达量。结果表明，陆川猪GPR1基因CDS全长1 068 bp，成功将其连接至pEGFP-N1真核表达载体，重组表达载体pEGFP-N1-GPR1质粒和空载pEGFP-N1质粒所转染3T3-L1细胞均能表现出绿色荧光，且空白对照组并未表现出绿色荧光。实时荧光定量PCR结果证实，GPR1基因在重组质粒试验组的表达量极显著高于空载质粒组（P<0.01）。GPR1基因在10周龄陆川猪肝脏中表达量最高，在心脏、脾脏、肺脏、肾脏、皮下脂肪中均有表达，在背最长肌中几乎不表达。本试验成功构建了真核表达载体pEGFP-N1-GPR1，并获得了GPR1基因组织表达谱，为进一步研究GPR1基因对陆川猪脂肪沉积的影响提供参考。     

狮头鹅RFRPR基因克隆和组织表达

RFRPR是下丘脑神经肽促性腺激素抑制激素(GnIH)的受体,为了获取鵝RFRPR基因结构及其在各组织中的表达情况,本研究采用獅头鹅作为实验材料,采集其下丘脑、睾丸和肌肉等组织样品提取RNA逆转录后,应用RT-PCR克隆的方法对RFRPR基因进行克隆,并用RACE扩增cDNA全长序列,同时运用实时荧光定量PCR的方法检测鵝RFRPR基因的组织表达规律。结果我们获得鵝RFRPR基因4个不同转录本V1-V4,这4个转录本的编码序列一样,共1200bp,编码399个氨基酸;荧光定量检测发现RFRPR基因在鹅的12个组织中均有表达,其中,在睾丸的表达量最高,在胸肌、腿肌和小脑表达量也相对其他组织较高,而在脾脏肾脏和十二指肠中表达量较低。这些结果表明RFRPR基因可能参与调控獅头鶴的公鹅的繁殖和肌肉生长。     

藏系绵羊KRT26基因的克隆测序和组织表达分析

为了克隆藏系绵羊KRT26基因序列,并研究其组织表达谱,试验从藏系绵羊皮肤中提取总RNA,用RT-PCR技术克隆KRT26基因,并进行了氨基酸序列测定和荧光定量PCR分析。结果表明:获得了1 407 bp的编码区序列,该序列与绵羊KRT26基因的预测序列仅有1个碱基差异,推导的氨基酸序列相同,与牛、人、小鼠KRT26的氨基酸序列相似性依次为94.44%、79.44%和73.32%。KRT26基因在藏系绵羊的心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肾脏、脂肪、皮肤中均有不同程度表达,但在皮肤的表达量远远高于其他组织,表现出极高的组织特异性。     

猪INSIG2基因cDNA克隆、序列特征分析及差异表达

为了克隆猪胰岛素诱导2(INSIG2)基因,并对其进行序列特征分析和组织差异表达规律研究,试验提取猪总RNA,反转录c DNA后进行PCR反应,对克隆得到的INSIG2序列进行生物信息学分析,并用实时荧光定量PCR检测INSIG2在心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺脏、胃、肾脏、肌肉7个器官/组织中的表达情况。结果表明:试验获得1段998 bp的序列,该片段编码区序列长度为678 bp,编码225个氨基酸。INSIG2蛋白分子质量为24.730 9 ku,理论等电点为8.64,不含信号肽;INSIG2蛋白有较强的疏水性,具有5个跨膜螺旋结构。与其他动物的INSIG2基因氨基酸序列一致性在92%以上。INSIG2基因在7个被检测器官/组织中均有表达,且肺脏中表达量最高,肝脏次之,再次是胃,心脏和肌肉的表达量最低。     

西农萨能奶山羊SERPINA1基因克隆、生物信息学及组织表达分析

本研究旨在克隆西农萨能奶山羊SERPINA1基因的CDS区,采用生物软件和在线预测工具进行生物信息学分析,通过实时荧光定量PCR技术检测SERPINA1基因在西农萨能奶山羊各组织间mRNA的表达水平。根据GenBank中山羊SERPINA1基因CDS区序列(登录号:XM_018066209.1),利用Primer Premier 5.0软件设计特异性引物,RT-PCR扩增目的基因,构建原核表达载体测序后对序列进行生物信息学分析;采集西农萨能奶山羊心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺脏、乳腺、肾脏、肌肉、瘤胃和小肠组织,提取组织RNA,反转录为cDNA模板,设计特异性定量引物,进行实时荧光定量PCR,检测SERPINA1基因在不同组织中的表达差异。结果显示,西农萨能奶山羊SERPINA1基因CDS区全长1 326 bp,编码441个氨基酸;同源性比对分析显示,西农萨能奶山羊与山羊、绵羊、牛和小鼠SERPINA1基因核苷酸序列同源性分别为100%、98.6%、95.7%和71.6%,与山羊亲缘关系最近,其次是绵羊。SERPINA1蛋白分子质量为48.71 ku,等电点为5.71,为跨膜亲水蛋白;SERPINA1氨基酸序列分别有62个磷酸化位点,3个跨膜区结构。组织表达分析显示,SERPINA1基因在西农萨能奶山羊肝脏组织中显著高表达(P0.05),其次是乳腺组织,在肺脏组织中表达量最低。研究结果为进一步探究SERPINA1基因在奶山羊乳蛋白合成代谢中的作用提供理论依据。     

猪A-FABP基因的克隆及其组织差异性表达

为了进行猪A-FABP基因的克隆及不同器官组织中的差异表达,试验采用RT-PCR方法从长白猪背最长肌中克隆A-FABP基因的cDNA序列并进行测序比对,分别与人、牛、山羊、家鼠及鸡进行同源性比较,应用半定量RT-PCR方法检测猪心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺脏、肾脏、背最长肌、腿肌中A-FABP基因的表达。结果表明:成功克隆得到A-FABP基因的cDNA序列,且比对结果为100%,该序列与人、牛、羊的同源性分别为90.98%、89.97%、89.97%,与鸡的同源性为73.68%。半定量RT-PCR结果为A-FABP基因在心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺脏、肾脏、背最长肌、腿肌器官组织中均有表达,其中背最长肌和腿肌中A-FABP基因的表达量最高,肺脏内的表达量最低,A-FABP基因在动物进化中具有高度保守性,该基因在猪不同器官组织中的表达具有差异性。     

猪A-FABP基因真核表达载体的构建及其组织表达

本实验以长白猪背最长肌为实验材料,进行组织RNA的提取及A-FABP基因的克隆,构建p EGFPN1-A-FABP真核表达载体,并通过脂质体转染成纤维细胞,48 h观察荧光表达。同时应用荧光定量PCR法检测猪7种不同组织(心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺脏、肾脏、背最长肌、腿肌)中A-FABP基因的差异表达。结果表明:成功构建p EGFP-N1-A-FABP融合表达载体,并在细胞中表达绿色荧光蛋白;A-FABP基因在7种组织中均有表达,其中背最长肌和腿肌中A-FABP基因的表达量最高,与其他组织相比差异极显著(P0.01),而脾脏和肾脏中的表达量相对于心脏、肝脏和肺脏差异显著(P0.05),而A-FABP基因表达量在心脏、肝脏和肺脏中差异不显著(P0.05)。表明该基因能够在真核载体和细胞中表达,并且在猪不同组织的表达具有差异性。     

桑树的遗传变异特点及在品种选育中的应用

我国具有悠久的桑树栽培历史,拥有3 000余份桑树种质资源,分属15个桑种和4个变种,并逐渐形成适应不同生长环境的8个生态类型。依据已有的研究结果,综述桑树遗传变异的特点包括:广泛分布、自然有性杂交和异花授粉以及缺乏稳定性选择等,促进了桑树的突变发生,形成遗传变异的多样性;无性繁殖方式产生了丰富的无性系变异;性状遗传值中非加性效应占有较大比例;无性系品种间杂种一代存在复杂的多样性分离和经济性状的普遍退化;存在丰富的多倍体系列和普遍的混倍现象等。对桑树品种选育研究提出建议:基于桑树的高度杂合习性,不仅要重视研究不同品种中加性效应在遗传值中所占比率,更要研究非加性效应所占比率及充分利用的方法;基于桑树遗传变异的多样性和丰富的无性系变异,加强无性系和田间选优育种;利用桑树混倍现象,将培育多倍体特别是三倍体品种作为一条有效的多倍体育种途径。     

Variation in quantity and quality of native forages and grazing behavior of cattle and goats in Tanzania

The study was conducted to assess the effects of seasonal variation in the quality and quantity of pasture and management of livestock exclosures (ngitili) on the grazing behavior of cattle and goats. The study was 2×2×2 factorial design with three independent variables: season (Dry or Rainy), ngitili management (Private or Communal) and animal species (Cattle or Goats). Focal and scan observation methods were used to record different behavioral activities. Vegetation attributes from the study areas were measured in two consecutive seasons. Most key forage species had significant higher crude protein (CP) content and in vitro organic matter digestibility (INVOMD) in rainy than in dry season (P<0.05), but Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF) and Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF) did not vary significantly with season (P>0.05). ADF and NDF were significantly higher in species from communal ngitili than those from private ngitili (P<0.05). Above-ground herbaceous biomass and bulk density (BD) were significantly higher in the rainy season and in the private ngitili than in the dry season and in the communal ngitili respectively. Cattle and goats spent considerably more time grazing and browsing respectively in the rainy season than in the dry season (P<0.05). Cattle foraging activities did not vary significantly (P>0.05) with ngitili management, but goats found to spend considerably more time browsing in the communal ngitili and more time grazing in the private ngitili (P<0.05). Despite the merits of stocking cattle and goats together in the heterogeneous pasture, seasonal variation in forage resources requires investigation of other strategies such as use of multipurpose trees and treatment of crop residues to improve livestock production.     

Evaluation of lysozyme and lactoferrin in lacrimal and other ocular glands of bison and cattle and in tears of bison

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate lactoferrin and lysozyme content in various ocular glands of bison and cattle and in tears of bison. SAMPLE POPULATION: Tissues of ocular glands obtained from 15 bison and 15 cattle and tears collected from 38 bison. PROCEDURE: Immunohistochemical analysis was used to detect lysozyme and lactoferrin in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections of the ocular glands. Protein gel electrophoresis was used to analyze ocular glands and pooled bison tears by use of a tris-glycine gel and SDS-PAGE. Western blotting was used to detect lactoferrin and lysozyme. RESULTS: Immunohistochemical staining for lactoferrin was evident in the lacrimal gland and gland of the third eyelid in cattle and bison and the deep gland of the third eyelid (Harder's gland) in cattle. Equivocal staining for lactoferrin was seen for the Harder's gland in bison. An 80-kd band (lactoferrin) was detected via electrophoresis and western blots in the lacrimal gland and gland of the third eyelid in cattle and bison, Harder's glands of cattle, and bison tears. An inconsistent band was seen in Harder's glands of bison. Lysozyme was not detected in the lacrimal gland of cattle or bison with the use of immunohistochemical analysis or western blots. Western blots of bison tears did not reveal lysozyme. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Distribution of lactoferrin and a lack of lysozyme are similar in the lacrimal gland of cattle and bison. Differences in other tear components may be responsible for variability in the susceptibility to infectious corneal diseases that exists between bison and cattle.     

Housing of dogs and cats in shelters and kennels in Switzerland

The study deals with the situation regarding housing of dogs and cats in Swiss shelters and kennels. In shelters, dogs were mainly held inside a cubicle with a small outside yard. In kennels, housing of dogs took place mainly in inside rooms. Usually two or three dogs were kept together. Cats were held in rooms, with or without outside yards, mainly in groups; no establishment preferred exclusively the housing in cubicles. Shelters received on average 183 dogs and 262 cats each year. Among them, about a third were lost animals while the remaining ones were relinquished. The study highlights some possibilities for improvements and the great diversity of the establishments regarding their size, infrastructure, housing conditions and aims.     

Ecology and epidemiology of anthrax in cattle and humans in Zambia

Anthrax is endemic in Western and North-western Provinces of Zambia. The disease occurs throughout the year and impacts negatively on the economy of the livestock industry and public health in Zambia. During 1989-1995, there were 1626 suspected cases of anthrax in cattle in Western province and of these 51 were confirmed. There were 220 cases of human anthrax cases in 1990 alone and 248 cases during 1991-1998 with 19.1% and 7.7% case fatality rates, respectively. Interplay of the ecology of affected areas and anthropogenic factors seem to trigger anthrax epidemics. Anthrax has drawn considerable attention in recent years due to its potential use as a biological weapon. In this paper, the history, current status and approaches towards the control of the disease in Zambia are discussed. Quarantine measures restrict trade of livestock and exchange of animals for draught power resulting in poor food security at household levels. Challenges of anthrax control are complex and comprise of socio-political, economical, environmental and cultural factors. Inadequate funding, lack of innovative disease control strategies and lack of cooperation from stakeholders are the major constraints to the control of the disease. It is hoped that the information provided here will stimulate continued awareness for the veterinary and medical authorities to maintain their surveillance and capabilities against the disease. This may lead to a culminating positive impact on livestock and human health in the southern African region.     

猪卵母细胞体外成熟和孤雌培养体系的建立和优化

试验系统探讨了猪卵母细胞的体外成熟和孤雌激活方法。结果表明:在成熟液中分别添加FSH(促卵泡素:0.1ng/mL)和hMG(人绝经期促性腺激素:0.01IU/mL)的卵母细胞成熟率差异显著,但2组间的分裂率和囊胚率差异不显著。在成熟液中添加0、10、30、50、70ng/mL或90ng/mL的EGF(表皮生长因子),50ng/mLEGF组的分裂率达到84.90%,囊胚率达到30.20%,显著高于其余各组。分别使用以TCM-199和NCSU-23为基础液的成熟液来成熟培养猪卵母细胞,NCSU-23组的分裂率,成熟率和囊胚率均高于TCM-199组。使用离子酶素激活方法和电激活方法进行对比,离子酶素激活后孤雌胚胎发育效果好,差异极显著(P<0.01)。     

犬和猫急性胰腺炎的病因及机制研究进展

胰腺周围脂肪组织和腺泡坏死被认为是急性胰腺炎(Acute pancreatitis,AP)的主要病理特征。胰腺炎轻者不累及其他器官,无并发症,为自限性疾病;重者胰腺出血、坏死、多器官功能衰竭,出现并发症,危及生命。近年来,胰腺炎在犬和猫中发病率非常高,而且病程一般是由急性期转至慢性期,由轻微转至严重。对其发病原因及其发病机制知之甚少,国内外兽医相关文献鲜有报道。论文参考大量研究文献并结合临床经验,综述该病的发病原因和发病机制,以期为临床预防和治疗提供思路。     

甘肃苜蓿田芫菁的种类为害及防治

通过对甘肃苜蓿田芫菁为害调查表明,常见芫菁种类有中华豆芫菁、绿芫菁、苹斑芫菁、腋斑芫菁、豆芫菁、暗头芫菁6种。对其成虫形态特征进行了描述,并列出了检索表。讨论了苜蓿田芫菁的为害性,指出其不仅取食为害,而且因其尸体内含有的斑蝥素,含其尸体的苜蓿草及草产品也会对家畜健康造成危害;因此,干草中不能有有其尸体。最后提出了芫菁的取样调查和防治技术。