老年人急性肾功能衰竭162例病因分析

目的 分析老年人急性肾功能衰竭(ARF)的常见原因.方法 通过对我院近5年162例老年人急性肾功能衰竭患者临床资料的回顾性研究,对引起ARF的病因进行分析.结果 老年人由肾实质性疾病所致的ARF较少,而血容量不足、感染创伤、大手术以及应用肾毒性药物是ARF发病的主要原因.结论 肾前性因素、感染及创伤的控制欠佳以及肾毒性药物的不当使用是老年人ARF的常见原因,及时纠正某些可逆因素可明显影响ARF患者的预后.     

老年人急性肾功能衰竭162例病因分析

目的分析老年人急性肾功能衰竭（ARF）的常见原因。方法通过对我院近5年162例老年人急性肾功能衰竭患者临床资料的回顾性研究，对引起ARF的病因进行分析。结果老年人由肾实质性疾病所致的ARF较少。而血容量不足、感染创伤、大手术以及应用肾毒性药物是ARF发病的主要原因。结论肾前性因素、感染及创伤的控制欠佳以及肾毒性药物的不当使用是老年人ARF的常见原因，及时纠正某些可逆因素可明显影响ARF患者的预后。     

57例老年人急性肾衰竭的临床特点

目的探讨老年人发生ARF的病因、预后及其相关因素。方法收集上海交通大学附属第六人民医院2003年12月～2004年12月期间所有住院ARF患者共96例,按年龄分为老年组(≥60岁)和对照组(<60岁)。对比分析两组患者的临床资料、治疗和预后。结果老年组ARF患者为57例(59.4%),青年组ARF患者为39例(40.6%)老年组的主要病因为严重感染、肾后梗阻;与青年组相比老年合并症以呼吸系统、心血管系统、感染为多见(P均<0.05),且原有糖尿病(P<0.05)、肾功能不全史、少尿史、心力衰竭、呼吸衰竭、机械通气以及需要透析治疗的比例高于对照组;老年组病死率为38.6%,死因主要为原发病伴MODS,与对照组无差异(P>0.05)。结论老年患者ARF发生率高,感染为主要的病因,也是主要的并发症以及死亡原因,原有基础疾病发生率高,易出现MODS,治疗难度大。年龄与预后无关。     

139例急性肾功能衰竭的病因分析

目的：探讨住院患者急性肾功能衰竭（ARF）的临床病因。方法：回顾性分析139例ARF患者的临床资料,探讨其病因、肾衰类型及危险因素。结果：139例ARF患者中,肾前性90例,肾性37例,肾后性12例。其中,60岁以上的老年人73例,占52.5%。引起ARF的根本病因中,感染、心衰及创伤为引起ARF的主要病因。结论：注意有效血容量不足的症状及体征、及时扩容及控制感染可以减少ARF的发生。同时,60岁以上老年人仍是高危人群,应重在预防。     

急性肾功能衰竭96例临床研究

目的研究急性肾功能衰竭(ARF)患者的病因、预后和影响预后的因素。方法回顾性研究我院2004年6月至2008年6月住院ARF患者的临床资料。结果观察期间住院患者共34 622例次,其中ARF患者96例,占同期住院患者的0.28%。ARF主要病因为感染、心力衰竭和药物。ARF患者病死率为30.2%,进行肾替代治疗者病死率(24.1%)低于保守治疗者(35.8%),二者比较差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论住院ARF患者的主要病因是感染、心力衰竭和药物,ARF的发病率和病死率较高,肾替代治疗预后较好。     

医院获得性急性肾功能衰竭的病因与预后分析

目的探讨医院获得性急性肾功能衰竭(HA-ARF)的病因及影响预后的相关因素。方法将住院急性肾功能衰竭(ARF)患者按发生地点分为HA-ARF与社区获得性ARF(CA-ARF),对比分析两组患者病因及预后。结果共收集ARF患者435例,占同期住院患者的0.27%,逐年比较呈增高趋势,其中HA-ARF 82例,CA-ARF 353例。HA-ARF组患者发病年龄47.8±22.9岁,>65岁老年患者比例为28.0%,大于CA-ARF组(P<0.01);HA-ARF组患者住院时间27.0±31.1d,较CA-ARF组长(P=0.013)。HA-ARF组患者主要病因是:与药物相关45例(54.9%),肾脏低灌注13例(15.8%),感染有关11例(13.4%),手术后10例(12.2%);肾前性ARF 13例(15.8%),肾性ARF 66例(80.5%),肾后性ARF 3例(3.7%)。HA-ARF患者死亡率高于CA-ARF患者(P<0.01)。HA-ARF组中老龄、无尿/少尿、严重的基础疾病、并发多器官功能衰竭患者死亡率高。结论药物、肾脏低灌注、感染、手术是引起HA-ARF的主要原因,老龄、无尿/少尿、严重的基础疾病、并发多器官功能衰竭是影响HA-ARF患者预后的重要危险因素。     

312例急性肾功能衰竭患者的临床特征与预后的关系

[目的]探讨急性肾功能衰竭(acute renal failure,ARF)的病因特点、治疗情况及其与预后的关系,为临床治疗ARF 提供依据.[方法]回顾性分析312例ARF的临床资料,采用逻辑斯蒂回归分析方法分析各种因素与患者预后的关系.[结果]312例ARF中内科病因引起的占55.4%,其次为外科病因,占29.8%,肿瘤病因占10.9%,儿科和妇产科病因所占的比例较低.老、少患者的病死及未愈率之和均高于青壮年(P＜0.05);少尿型、非少尿型ARF死亡及未愈率合计分别为60.1%和34.7% ,两者相比差异有显著性(P＜0.01);无并发症与合并多脏器功能衰竭的ARF病死及未愈率合计分别为43.9%和90.2% ,两者相比差异有显著性(P＜0.01).[结论]内科病因引起的ARF居首位,其次为外科病因和肿瘤;老、少患者,少尿型患者,合并多脏器功能衰竭患者病死率较高;透析可降低ARF患者的病死率.     

18年来急性肾功能衰竭临床特点变迁分析(附145例诊治经验总结)

目的回顾性分析近 18年来我院急性肾功能衰竭 (ARF)病因、临床特点变迁以及治疗对ARF预后的影响。方法采用我院 1983～ 2 0 0 0年 18年中经住院确诊的全部ARF病例 ,并分为两组进行有关指标的比较分析 (1983～ 1990年 48例 ,1991～ 2 0 0 0年 97例 )。结果 90年代ARF患者年龄较 80年代明显增大 (P <0 .0 0 1) ;ARF病因谱也发生明显变化 ,80年代内科疾病中毒物中毒及出血热是ARF常见病因 (5 3 .3 % ) ,90年代感染、肾实质疾病、肿瘤是较常见的病因 (6 4.5 % ) ;外科病因中手术后ARF比例显著增加 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;ARF总病死率为 44 .1% ,两阶段无显著性差异 (P >0 .0 5 )。低血压、感染性休克、多脏器衰竭等并发症是ARF死亡危险因素 (r>1) ,早期透析可降低病死率(P <0 .0 5 )。结论随着社会进步、卫生环境的改善ARF病因发生很大变化 ,但病死率仍较高 ,临床应进一步加强对ARF治疗学研究 ,以改善ARF患者的预后     

135例老年急性肾功能衰竭患者的前瞻性研究

目的 探讨住院患者中老年急性肾功能衰竭(ARF)患者的病因、预后及影响预后的因素.方法 前瞻性研究我院2003年12月至2006年12月老年ARF患者的临床资料,并与同期非老年患者进行比较.结果 观察期间老年ARF患者共135例,占总ARF例数(320例)的42.2%.老年组主要病因为感染、肾后梗阻性疾病.青年组死亡51例(29.7%),60～79岁组死亡31例(32.6%),≥80岁组死亡20例(50.0%).3组病死率比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).Logistic回归分析显示少尿、原有肾功能不全以及心力衰竭是与预后相关的危险因素.结论 住院患者中老年ARF的发生率及痛死率高,且随着年龄增长.病死率有升高趋势,及时透析可改善其预后.     

急性肾衰竭453例病因治疗与预后关系分析

目的:总结急性肾衰竭(acute renal failure,ARF)的病因特点、治疗情况及其与预后的关系,探讨临床治疗对策.方法:回顾性分析453例ARF的临床资料,采用逻辑斯蒂回归分析方法分析各种因素与预后的关系.结果:内科病因引起的ARF占53.6%,其次为外科病因占32.0%,肿瘤病因占9.9%,儿科和妇产科病因占较少比例.透析前血尿素氮水平越高、血清肌酐升高至开始透析的时间越长,患者死亡的相对危险度越大.老、少患者的病死率高于青壮年(P＜0.05);少尿型、非少尿型ARF病死率分别为50.7%和15.4%(P＜0.01);无并发症与合并多脏器功能衰竭的ARF病死率分别为28.2%和78.4%(P＜0.01).结论:内科病因引起的ARF居首位,其次为外科病因和肿瘤;老、少患者,少尿型患者,合并多脏器功能衰竭患者病死率较高;及时透析可降低病死率.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.