底泥翻耕对巢湖西部聚藻区黑臭风险的预控效果

聚藻区高有机负荷表层底泥已被证实是西巢湖黑臭频发的主要因素,但能否借鉴像控制湖泊内源污染的翻耕方式对黑臭进行预控,则有待于与过程有关的试验研究.基于湖泊底泥再悬浮特征和耕作性能设计的底泥翻耕措施,借助能够模拟湖泊风浪与沉积物再悬浮的大型装置,通过藻体堆积诱发试验,研究黑臭诱发过程中上覆水水色,ρ（Fe2+）、ρ（S2-）的动态,新生沉积物-水界面底泥关键物化指标以及底泥间隙水Fe、S变化对底泥翻耕的响应过程.结果表明:①翻耕深度对黑臭影响较大,PT15（15 cm深度的翻耕处理组）达到了对湖泛黑臭的控制,当第8~14天PT2、PT5、PT10（2、5和10 cm翻耕处理组）,CK（对照组）和Blank（空白组）相继发生黑臭时,PT15上覆水主要致黑物质为Fe2+和S2-,其质量浓度分别为PT2、PT5、PT10、CK和Blank的68.6%、79.5%、48.1%、46.7%、51.3%和75.2%、65.7%、57.1%、74.5%、75.0%.②PT15可明显提升新生泥-水界面对蓝藻堆积及缺氧环境的耐受力,黑臭诱导模拟后,其底部水体及泥-水界面的ρ（DO）、E_h和pH均远高于发生湖泛黑臭处理组,ρ（∑H₂S）却明显低于发生湖泛黑臭处理组,表层底泥间隙水中ρ（Fe2+）为0.54 mg/L,仅为发生湖泛黑臭处理组的25.3%~33.7%,ρ（Fe2+）占ρ（TFe）的比例为25.2%,远低于发生湖泛黑臭处理组（约40.0%）,表层底泥中w（AVS）（AVS表示酸可挥发性硫化物）为0.51 μg/g,仅为发生湖泛黑臭处理组的14.6%~17.2%.研究显示,底泥翻耕作为一种底泥物理改良方式,对于聚藻区内底泥,因其将有机污染负荷较重的表层翻转至了下层,阻隔了表层污染底泥中物质迁移供给和对厌氧微生物参与的控制,在藻体大量聚集和死亡的水柱环境中可较好地阻止致黑致臭物的形成,有效控制了湖泛黑臭的发生.      

若干人工调控措施对富营养化湖泊藻类种群的影响

在太湖用围隔试验,研究湖泊底泥稳外源污染对富;营养化湖泊藻类种群的影响,结果表明,在没有底泥和外源污染（相于当彻底清淤和截污）的情况下,围区内（２００ｍ＾２）水体氮磷浓度均有明显下降,但藻类生物量却急剧上升,且出现“藻华”,结合南京玄武湖和杭州西湖的截污、清淤挖泥、引水冲污等富营养化防治措施的实际效果分析,探讨了截污、清淤、引水冲污对营养几湖泊藻类种群的影响,指出对严重富营养化的湖泊,单纯采取截污     

蓝藻暴发对巢湖表层沉积物氮磷及形态分布的影响

以巢湖表层沉积物及上覆水体为对象,于蓝藻暴发前(4月)和蓝藻暴发期(7月)采集水样及沉积物样品,分析了氮磷及其形态赋存特征,并探讨了沉积物氮磷及其形态与蓝藻暴发的关系.结果发现,蓝藻暴发时,巢湖表层沉积物总磷减少,总氮增加,同时削弱了磷在空间上分布的异质性.从氮磷形态来看,蓝藻暴发未造成巢湖表层沉积物氮形态(NH4+-N、NO3--N和Org-N)含量和比例的明显波动,但却造成了活性磷(弱吸附态磷和铁铝结合态磷之和)含量及比例的下降,钙结合态磷(Ca-P)以及有机磷(OP)含量及比例增加,生物有效性磷(AAP)的含量的减小.相关性分析表明,上覆水中叶绿素a(Chl-a)的浓度与铁铝结合态磷(Fe/Al-P)以及有机磷(OP)的含量显著相关(P<0.05),却与氮形态(铵态氮,硝态氮和有机氮)相关性不显著.巢湖沉积物磷(Fe/Al-P及AAP)对巢湖水体蓝藻暴发具有促进作用,而氮及其形态对蓝藻暴发作用较弱.     

Phytoplankton community from Lake Taihu, China, has dissimilar responses to inorganic and organic nutrients

To evaluate the response of phytoplankton from Lake Taihu to di erent types of nutrients, the phytoplankton responses were measured after adding inorganic nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) or decomposed algal scum (Microcystis spp.) into the lake water. Both types of nutrients promoted an increase in phytoplankton biomass as determined by chlorophyll a and algal wet weight. The addition of decomposed algal scum resulted in a significantly greater phytoplankton response than the addition of inorganic N and P alone. The dissolved inorganic N and P in the inorganic nutrient treatment were found not limit phytoplankton growth. The higher algal biomass obtained in the treatment with decomposed algal scum indicated the importance of other organic nutrients besides N and P such as trace elements, as well as the importance of the form of N since the levels of ammonia nitrogen (NH4 +-N) from the decomposed algal treatment were actually higher than that of the inorganic N and P addition. Microcystis spp. (Cyanobacteria), Scenedesmus spp. (Chlorophyta) and Synechocystis spp. (Cyanobacteria) were the dominant taxa in the control, inorganic N and P treatment, and the decomposed algal scum treatment, respectively. Microcystis never bloomed in response to both types of nutrient additions indicating that the bloom propagation is not solely related to nutrient additions, but may be related to the absence of selective grazing from zooplankton.     

A vertically integrated eutrophication model and its application to a river-style reservoir-Fuchunjiang,China

Based on a 2-D hydrodynamic model, a vertically integrated eutrophication model was developed. The physical sub-model can be used for calculation of water density at different depths and the water quality sub-model was for calculation of algal growth. Suspended solids were divided into two types of sediment which named cohesive and non-cohesive sediments and simulated using separate methods. The light extinction coefficient used in the underwater light regime sub-model was linearly related to the sum of sediment and phytoplankton biomass. Some components less important to the model were simplified to improve practicability and calculation efficiency. Using field data from Fuchunjiang Reservoir, we calculated the sensitivity of ecological parameters included in this model and validated the model. The results of sensitivity analysis showed that the parameters strongly influenced the phytoplankton biomass including phytoplankton maximum growth rate, respiration rate, non-predatory mortality rate, and settling rate, zooplankton maximum filtration rate, specific extinction coefficient for suspended solids and sediment oxygen demand rate. The model was calibrated by adjusting these parameters. Total chlorophyll a (chl-a) concentrations at different layers in the water column were reproduced very well by the model simulations. The simulated chl-a values were positively correlated to the measured values with Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.92. The mean difference between measured and simulated chl-a concentrations was 12% of the measured chl-a concentration. Measured and simulated DO concentrations were also positively correlated (r=0.74) and the mean difference was 4% of measured DO concentrations. The successful validation of model indicated that it would be very useful in water quality management and algal bloom prediction in Fuchunjiang Reservoir and a good tool for water quality regularation in other river-style reservoirs.     

基于宏条形码技术的白洋淀水华藻类识别及其驱动因子分析

浮游藻类是引起水华暴发的主要原因.为筛选潜在水华藻类,评估白洋淀水华风险区域,于2020年8月对白洋淀373点位展开浮游藻类调查.利用宏条形码技术分析,解析水华藻类群落组成,同时采用显微镜计数法统计藻密度.根据总藻密度对白洋淀不同区域的水华程度进行评估,同时进一步针对水华藻类群落,耦合淀区水质条件,探究白洋淀不同区域水华藻类群落空间差异驱动因子,以甄别影响水华藻类群落结构关键环境因子.结果表明,95%以上采样区域无水华风险(藻类密度<2×10⁶个·L^-1),仅5个样点存在轻微水华风险.但水华藻类群落分析共检测到了90种水华藻类,其中优势水华藻种有20种,隶属于以绿藻门、蓝藻门和裸藻门为主.水华藻类群落结构在不同区域上具有显著空间异质性(P<0.05).关键驱动因子解析结果表明,总磷(TP)、总氮(TN)和氨氮(NH⁺₄-N)是造成水华藻类群落结构差异的关键因子.其中,门水平上,蓝藻门水华藻类与以上关键因子显著正相关;种水平上,硅藻门和绿藻门水华藻类与关键因子响应更显著.因此,水华藻类群落...     

营养盐添加对水华蓝藻——卵孢金孢藻生长和竞争影响的原位实验

为探究在水体营养盐浓度持续增加的条件下,卵孢金孢藻(Chrysosporum ovalisporum)的生长趋势和其它藻类的生长响应,在上海滴水湖畔采用39个大桶(100 L)进行不同浓度N、P添加的原位中型模拟实验.结果表明,高浓度营养盐添加可促进卵孢金孢藻和绿藻生物量的增加,加P组二者生物量的增加趋势高于加N组,但差异并不显著(P0.05),加NP组二者生物量的增加趋势显著高于加N组和加P组(P0.001).在加N组和加NP组,卵孢金孢藻相对丰度随营养盐添加量的增加呈显著的下降趋势(P0.05),而在加P组其相对丰度随着P浓度的增加略有上升,但不显著(P0.05).实验结束时,所有处理组中卵孢金孢藻的生物量不占优势,而小粒径藻类[色球藻属(Chroococcus spp.)、空星藻属(Coelastrum spp.)、小球藻属(Chlorella spp.)、四角藻属(Tetraedron spp.)、栅藻属(Scenedesmus spp.)]的生物量随营养盐浓度升高的增加趋势显著高于卵孢金孢藻(P0.05),小型绿藻占据绝对优势,表明在高温和相对静止的条件下,随着水体中营养盐浓度的持续增加,小粒径藻类易替代卵孢金孢藻而占据竞争优势;这与小粒径藻类在高营养条件下代谢速率较高有关,也与绿藻喜静止、高光强的生物学特性有关.小型绿藻占据优势可能成为小型超富营养水体中浮游植物群落在高温季节的演替方向之一.     

蓝藻水华及其降解对沉积物-水微界面的影响

模拟研究了不同条件下,蓝藻水华及其降解过程对沉积物-水微界面的影响.采用丙酮法测定水体中叶绿素质量浓度,溶解氧微电极测定界面溶解氧质量浓度,毫米级分层测定沉积物中营养盐与金属元素的垂直分布.结果表明,蓝藻水华及其降解过程改变了界面附近溶解氧环境和表层约3 mm深沉积物中营养盐与金属元素的垂直分布.扰动在蓝藻水华降解过程和C、P营养盐与Fe、Ca、Mg、Al和K等金属元素的早期成岩过程中起着重要作用.遮光加速了蓝藻降解,并且削弱了扰动的影响.无处理对照组沉积物表面出现了一层底栖藻,底栖藻的光合作用产生了氧气,造成表层1 mm沉积物中大部分营养盐与金属元素质量浓度和处理组间的显著性差异.相关分析结果表明,沉积物中P的垂直分布与Mn显著相关,其次是C.高分辨率研究结果可见,蓝藻水华及其降解过程在毫米级厚度内即对沉积物-水界面产生了影响.     

水库浅水区底泥营养物质释放与藻类生长关系研究

采用围格试验,通过对自然条件下的水库浅水区底泥及上覆水体的模拟,研究了水库浅水区底泥营养物质的释放规律及其与藻类生长的关系。结果表明:水库浅水区底泥营养物质在第10天开始释放,在第17天出现峰值,营养物质的释放会加速藻类的生长;改变底泥原始上覆水的水质条件,低浓度的原始上覆水可加速底泥营养物质的释放,同时藻类出现峰值的时间晚于高浓度的上覆水;雨季的到来可以加速底泥中P的释放,进而加速藻类的爆发,特别是绿藻爆发;藻类爆发前期,p H和溶解氧均会升高并出现峰值。     

鄱阳湖浮游植物时空变化特征及影响因素分析

在5月、9月、11月对鄱阳湖浮游植物开展野外调查,分析鄱阳湖浮游植物的时空分布特征及原因.结果表明:在群落结构上,鄱阳湖浮游植物样品中共发现8门107属,其中绿藻门54属,占浮游植物总数的50%.3次调查平均生物量最高的为硅藻门(蓝藻门藻细胞密度最高),生物量为0.29 mg·L-1,占浮游植物总生物量的28%,是鄱阳湖的优势藻门;其次分别为隐藻门、甲藻门和绿藻门,分别占26%、21%和17%.空间分布上,南部湖区浮游植物生物量最高,中部区次之,北部湖口水道区最低;时间分布上,5月份浮游植物生物量最高,11月份最低.温度、悬浮物和透明度是影响藻类时空分布的主要影响因素.鄱阳湖总体水动力较好,水华暴发总体风险小,但中部和南部水动力弱的湖区,藻量高,仍有水华风险.     

淀山湖浮游藻类群落的早期增长

对2004～2009年淀山湖浮游藻类群落生物量[以叶绿素a（Chla）表示]随时间的变化进行了数学模拟.模拟结果表明,Logistic增长模型能够很好地描述淀山湖浮游藻类群落春季和夏季的早期增长.一般说来,淀山湖春季以硅藻和绿藻为主的浮游藻类群落于2月下旬进入指数级增长,到3月上旬浮游藻类密度已经达到始盛点的2倍,浮游...     

水动力条件对藻类生理生态学影响的研究进展

湖泊和水库等水体富营养化通常会引起藻类水华暴发. 已有较多研究总结了光照、温度、营养盐等环境因素对藻类水华发生的影响方面的进展,但缺乏对水动力因素影响藻类生理生态学乃至水华发生等方面的研究总结. 本文通过梳理水动力条件对藻类生长、种群结构的影响及其作用机制,以及临界流速和人工混合对藻类的影响等方面的研究发现:在藻类生理学方面,水动力条件主要影响藻类的生长、细胞形态、营养盐吸收、光合作用活性和酶活性的变化;在藻类生态学方面,不同藻类对应的临界流速有所差异,水动力条件的变化会导致优势种之间的转变;人工混合使局部水体藻细胞密度降低进而改善水质. 对今后的研究热点进行展望:后续仍需进一步研究水动力条件对藻类生理的影响,不仅是酶活性和相关物质的吸收,还应包含胶被、产毒特性和基因序列等方面;应用于实际湖库的临界流速、水体扰动方式、扰动时间、扰动频率和最佳深度的探究,旨在推进藻类水华控制、保障水质安全等方面的相关研究.      

富春江库区高温热浪变化特征及对藻类水华潜在影响研究

随着全球气候变暖,夏季高温热浪出现频次、强度和持续时间明显增加. 为探明气候变暖引起的夏季高温热浪对藻类水华及淡水生态系统的影响, 基于长期气象观测、高频浮标水温监测、藻华过程浮游植物生物量连续监测以及卫星遥感反演,分析了富春江库区夏季高温热浪长期变化特征以及2016年高温热浪对富春江水库藻类水华的影响过程. 结果表明:①1972—2020年近50年富春江水库呈现明显的区域增温,平均气温增速为0.35 ℃/(10 a),2016年达最高值(18.13 ℃);与此同时,高温热浪频次和天数也显著增加,且起始时间显著提前,结束时间显著推迟,2016年经历了近50年来较严重的高温热浪事件. ②野外实测和卫星遥感反演表明,2016年7—8月富春江水库暴发严重的藻类水华,库区叶绿素a浓度在8月19日达最高值〔(65.3±21.3) μg/L〕. ③因果分析显示,高温热浪引起的气温和水温增加、降水和风速减少以及热力分层强化等直接或者间接诱发和促进了浮游植物生物量累积及蓝藻水华形成. 研究显示,夏季高温热浪加剧了富春江水库藻类水华暴发,未来全球变暖背景下高温热浪频次和强度将继续增加,需开展高频同步监测和受控试验,深入揭示高温热浪对藻类水华形成的驱动机制.      

Long-term joint e ect of nutrients and temperature increase on algal growth in Lake Taihu, China

To study how global warming and eutrophication a ect water ecosystems, a multiplicative growth Monod model, modified by incorporating the Arrhenius equation, was applied to Lake Taihu to quantitatively study the relationships between algal biomass and both nutrients and temperature using long-term data. To qualitatively assess which factor was a limitation of the improved model, temperature variables were calculated using annual mean air temperature (AT), water temperature (WT), and their average temperature (ST), while substrate variables were calculated using annual mean total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and their weighted aggregate (R), respectively. The nine fitted curves showed that TN and AT were two important factors influencing algal growth; AT limited growth as algal photosynthesis is mainly carried out near the water surface; N leakage of phytoplankton and internal phosphorus load from sediment explains why TN was the best predictor of peak biomass using the Monod model. The fitted results suggest that annual mean algal biomass increased by 0.145 times when annual mean AT increased by 1.0°C. Results also showed that the more eutrophic the lake, the greater the e ect AT had on algal growth. Subsequently, the long-term joint e ect of annual temperature increase and eutrophication to water ecosystems can be quantitatively assessed and predicted.     

Long-term joint effect of nutrients and temperature increase on algal growth in Lake Taihu, China

To study how global warming and eutrophication affect water ecosystems, a multiplicative growth Monod model, modified by incorporating the Arrhenius equation, was applied to Lake Taihu to quantitatively study the relationships between algal biomass and both nutrients and temperature using long-term data. To qualitatively assess which factor was a limitation of the improved model, temperature variables were calculated using annual mean air temperature (AT), water temperature (WT), and their average temperature (ST), while substrate variables were calculated using annual mean total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and their weighted aggregate (R), respectively. The nine fitted curves showed that TN and AT were two important factors influencing algal growth; AT limited growth as algal photosynthesis is mainly carried out near the water surface; N leakage of phytoplankton and internal phosphorus load from sediment explains why TN was the best predictor of peak biomass using the Monod model. The fitted results suggest that annual mean algal biomass increased by 0.145 times when annual mean AT increased by 1.0℃. Results also showed that the more eutrophic the lake, the greater the effect AT had on algal growth. Subsequently, the long-term joint effect of annual temperature increase and eutrophication to water ecosystems can be quantitatively assessed and predicted.     

微污染水体夜间曝气控藻效果研究

设计和开发了一种适用于小城镇的曝气控藻设备,通过底泥围隔实验,研究了夜间曝气对微污染水体的治理效果。结果表明:曝气可以有效抑制氮素循环中反硝化作用和底泥向上覆水中释放磷元素,对氮、磷营养元素的抑制率高达80%;曝气对叶绿素a浓度影响极其显著(p<0.01);曝气能有效抑制藻类增长,并防止围隔内的藻类优势种转变为容易引发"水华"的铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)。     

水体及沉积物氮磷水平对附植藻类的影响

为了探讨湖泊富营养化过程中沉积物及水体氮、磷浓度对附植藻类的影响,通过室内模拟实验,研究了水体及沉积物氮、磷升高对苦草(Vallisnerianatans(Lour.) Hara)上附植藻类生长、群落组成及其体内氮、磷含量的影响.结果表明,在实验条件下,随着水中氮、磷含量升高,附植藻类生物量及附植藻类氮、磷含量均呈极显著增加(p0.01).随着水体可获得的氮、磷浓度升高,附植藻类的相对丰度有所变化,舟形藻(Navicula)、小球藻(Chlorella)及微囊藻(Microcystis)相对丰度随着氮、磷水平的升高而下降,直链藻(Melosira)则相反,但舟形藻、直链藻、微囊藻、小环藻(Cyclotella)和小球藻均为群落的优势属种.沉积物氮、磷含量升高对附植藻类生物量、优势种丰度及群落氮、磷含量影响较小,均未达到显著水平(p0.05).在实验条件下,沉积物氮、磷含量对附植藻类影响不大,而水体氮、磷浓度升高显著地促进了附植藻类生长.研究结果也为解释富营养化湖泊沉水植物衰退及消亡提供了一定的科学依据.     

再生水补给水体中丝状藻爆发成因分析:以华南某水体为例

利用再生水作为河流、湖泊补给水已成为城市水环境治理的重要措施,但是再生水的汇入也为一些水体带来了"藻华"爆发的风险。针对再生水补给水体中易出现的丝状藻"藻华"现象,以华南地区某再生水补给的河流水体为例,通过现场调研和实验室实验,分析了丝状藻的生长模式及爆发成因。研究结果表明:丝状藻生长过程分为休眠、萌发、扩增和爆发4个阶段,在前3个阶段,丝状藻底部附着在河流底泥上并不断向水中分生出丝状体,积累到一定程度后挣脱底质上浮形成爆发。水网藻是案例河段"藻华"中的优势种类,生长速率和最大密度都远远高于伴生种类单歧藻,属于丝状藻"藻华"藻;水网藻的最适生长温度在25℃左右,但在15℃的低温下也具有生物量扩增能力;丝状藻的低温生长优势、在底质上的锚定和底质表面充足的光照是案例河段丝状藻"藻华"爆发的主要原因;建议通过底质铺设砾石层、抚育耐寒型沉水植被和以丝状藻为食的水生动物及采取早期生物量监控预警等措施对丝状藻"藻华"进行控制。     

超声波控藻对氮磷释放及水质变化的影响

为探究超声波控藻的底泥氮磷释放过程与水质恶化风险,本研究从太湖梅梁湾采集泥样、水样和藻样,采用低频超声波（35kHz,0.035 W/mL）处理不同对象（泥体系：底泥和水;藻体系：微囊藻和水;泥藻体系：底泥、微囊藻和水）,分析底泥与藻细胞的氮磷释放贡献率及水质变化过程.结果显示,20min内超声处理不会造成底泥氮磷的显著释放,40min后会造成底泥氮磷大量释放和藻细胞破裂.比较3个体系的水质参数变化过程后得知底泥比藻细胞的氮磷释放贡献率更大.超声处理对COD_Mn和TN有一定的削减效果,泥体系和泥藻体系在超声波作用后溶解性氮以氨氮和硝氮为主.为降低水质恶化风险,建议超声波控藻采用适当的超声强度进行短时间处理,避免底泥氮磷大量释放和藻细胞破裂.     

曝气和阿科蔓填料对月湖围隔中的水质改善作用

在重富营养化的武汉月湖建立围隔,研究了曝气和投放阿科蔓填料对水质的改善作用。结果表明:建立围隔(5m×5m)后,会使内外水的TP浓度产生明显差异,发生水华的程度和频率增加,进而对透明度(SD)、Chla和COD造成负面影响;水下曝气、放置水花生浮床能够减轻水华发生的频率和程度。经13个月的曝气(每天2~3小时),能够明显降低水中的TN浓度,对TP和COD没有明显影响,在有水华时,能够通过抑制水华而降低Chla,提高SD;在没有水华时,对Chla和SD无明显影响。经11个月的围隔实验,投放阿科蔓(每个围隔2m)2能够能够降低COD和Chla浓度,提高SD,但对TN、TP浓度没有明显影响。