显微手术治疗幕上高血压性脑出血的体会

目的探讨显微镜下清除幕上高血压性脑出血的疗效。方法我院2010年1月-2013年1月显微手术治疗30例幕上高血压性脑出血,根据头颅CT影像定位确定手术切口,游离骨瓣开颅,做一长2-3am皮层瘘口,用自动牵开器由浅入深显露血肿,显微镜下清除血肿。结果30例手术均获得成功。术后次日复查头颅CT,14例血肿完全清除,11例血肿清除率达到90％,5例清除率达到80％。术后死亡4例（13．3％）：均于术后4周内死亡：2例死于脑疝所致脑干功能衰竭,1例死于肺部感染,1例死于多脏器功能衰竭。术后3个月ADL分级：I级7例,Ⅱ级9例,Ⅲ级6例,Ⅳ级3例,V级1例。结论显微镜下血肿清除并直视下止血,对脑组织损伤小,止血彻底,疗效满意。     

微创手术治疗基底节区高血压脑出血

目的探讨小骨窗开颅显微镜下治疗基底节区高血压脑出血的临床疗效。方法对38例基底节区高血压脑出血患者采用小骨窗开颅,显微镜下清除血肿。结果术后24小时内复查CT显示,26例血肿清除90％以上,8例血肿清除70％～80％以上。死亡4例。其中2例死于术后再出血所致的脑疝,1例死于肺部感染,1例死于多器官衰竭。术后生存34例,随访3~6个月。日常生活能力（ADL）分级：I级7例,Ⅱ级13例,Ⅲ级9例,Ⅳ级4例,V级1例。结论小骨窗开颅显微镜下手术,视野清晰、操作精细,止血确切,手术创伤较小,术后恢复良好,是治疗基底节区高血压脑出血的有效手术方式之一。     

小骨窗开颅显微手术治疗基底节高血压脑出血

目的探讨小骨窗开颅微创治疗基底节高血压脑出血的临床疗效。方法对138例基底节区高血压脑出血患者采用小骨窗开颅,显微镜下清除血肿。结果术后24h内复查CT显示,117例血肿清除90%以上,21例血肿清除80%以上。死亡13例,其中5例死于术后再出血所致的脑疝,3例死于肺部感染,2例死于多器官衰竭,死于颅内感染、气道梗阻及消化道大出血各1例。术后生存125例,平均随访8(3～12)个月,日常生活能力(ADL)分级:Ⅰ级25例,Ⅱ级49例,Ⅲ级34例,Ⅳ级15例,Ⅴ级2例。结论小骨窗开颅显微手术创伤小,术野显露充分,血肿清除彻底,止血可靠,是治疗基底节高血压脑出血的有效手术方式之一。     

幕上型高血压脑出血微侵袭手术治疗方式选择

目的比较显微镜下锁孔手术血肿清除及血肿穿刺针用于微创颅内血肿清除术治疗幕上型高血压脑出血的两种不同手术效果。方法240例高血压脑出血患者随机分为两组,第1组采用显微镜下锁孔手术血肿清除术治疗,第2组采用微创颅内血肿穿刺清除术。结果出血量在50ml以内者采用钻孔引流疗效较锁孔组差异无统计学意义;出血量在50ml以上者,锁孔组治疗效果明显优于钻孔引流组。结论出血量小于50ml者可根据具体情况选择任一手术方式;出血量在50ml以上者采用锁孔手术疗效更好。     

高血压脑出血开颅血肿清除与微创清除对比分析

目的 探讨微创与开颅血肿清除术对高血压脑出血治疗的可行性和有效性，为临床提供适宜的治疗措施。方法应用开颅血肿清除治疗高血压脑出血12例，应用微创血肿清除治疗高血压脑出血16例。结果 开颅血肿清除抢救成功8例，抢救成功率66．6％，微创血肿清除抢救成功8例，抢救成功率50．0％，但出血8h内12例手术，仅抢救成功4例，而出血3天后手术4例均获成功。结论高血压脑出血早期，血肿量大，中线移位明显，特别是伴有脑疝时，应开颅血肿清除。出血早期因微创术有引起再出血的危险，要慎用。出血3天后的患者，这时出血已停止，血肿已液化，适宜微创血肿清除。     

高血压脑出血微创清除65例临床分析

目的应用微创清除技术治疗高血压脑出血，观察其疗效及其安全性。方法采用北京万特福公司YL-1型一次性颅内血肿粉碎穿刺针，对65例高血压脑出血患者进行穿刺引流。结果2例死于脑疝，3例死于肺部感染，1例死于肾衰竭，1例死于应激性溃疡并发多器官功能衰竭，58例治愈好转，其中ADL1级23例，ADL2级29例，ADL3级5例，ADL4级1例。结论微创清除术治疗高血压脑出血能快速清除血肿，有效减轻脑损伤，较大限度地降低死亡率，提高生存质量。     

微创术治疗高血压脑出血90例临床分析

目的 探讨微创术在高血压脑出血中的应用。方法 回顾分析90例高血压脑出血病人微创治疗，对其治疗方法和效果进行分析。结果 本组90例，死亡11例，病死率12．2％，置管引流时间平均5天，首次血肿清除率32％～86％，1周内清除占80％，2周内清除占100％。结论 微创术是治疗高血压脑出血的有效方法。     

锁孔显微手术治疗高血压基底节区脑出血41例探讨

目的 :探讨锁孔显微手术治疗高血压基底节区脑出血的方法及疗效。方法 :41例均在全麻下手术 ,作颞部长5cm斜切口 ,直径 3cm的圆形骨窗 (环钻 ) ,显微镜下分开侧裂池或脑沟、皮质 ,清除血肿并彻底止血 ,复位固定骨瓣。结果 :存活 3 6例 ,根据ADL(日常生活能力 )分级 :Ⅰ级 6例 ,Ⅱ级 17例 ,Ⅲ级 9例 ,Ⅳ级 3例 ,Ⅴ级 1例。结论 :此术式副损伤小 ,止血及清除血肿彻底 ,手术路径短、视野清晰。     

微创清除颅内血肿的临床治疗体会

目的总结微创清除颅内血肿的治疗。方法我科于1999年6月以来用3mm直径YL-1型颅内血肿粉碎穿刺针治疗颅内血肿,经过对血肿的抽吸冲洗,血肿逐步液化流出而达到清除颅内血肿的目的。结果多数病例在术后5天内拔针,脑室外引流可根据情况保留10-15天。一般脑内血肿清除率在80％以上,硬脑膜外血肿清除率在90％以上,而慢性硬脑膜下血肿清除率更高达95％以上。患者昏迷时间缩短,恢复快,致残率降低。术后生活能力方面以急性硬脑膜外血肿和慢性硬脑膜下血肿效果最佳,均为Ⅰ级,高血压脑出血中Ⅰ级12例,Ⅱ级5例,Ⅲ级3例,Ⅳ级2例,良好率为76％,死亡率16％。结论微创颅内血肿清除术适用于病情相对稳定,昏迷但无瞳孔异常改变或无明显脑疝的外伤性颅内血肿以及高血压脑出血、脑室出血的患者。其操作方便简单,创伤小,效果好。值得临床推广普及。     

“软通道”微创介入技术治疗高血压脑出血

目的探讨“软通道”微创介入技术治疗高血压脑出血的临床效果。方法对42例符合适应症的高血压脑出血患者行“软通道”微创介入血肿清除外引流术。结果42例患者术后再出血3例（再出血率7．1％）,随访3～6个月进行ADL评定：I级6例、Ⅱ级18例、Ⅲ级10例、Ⅳ级3例、V级2例、死亡3例,恢复良好率81％,死亡率7．1％。结论“软通道”微创介入血肿清除外引流术治疗高血压脑出血是一种操作简便、创伤微小、预后良好的术式,特别适合基层医院的应用推广。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Intrathecal administration of sameridine to patients subjected to arthroscopic knee joint surgery

Background: Sameridine, a new substance with both local anesthetic and opioid effects, was administered intrathecally for the first time to humans, i. e. in patients subjected to arthroscopic knee joint surgery.
Method: A dose-escalating (10, 15, 20 and 25 mg), open study was performed in 33 patients. Only two patients were included in the 25 mg group.
Results: Sameridine provided good quality of surgical anesthesia in all patients except those receiving 10 mg. The maximum level of sensory block, Th5–Th7, was reached within 30 min with a median duration of 3.6–3.9 h. The motor block was more profound with increasing dose, but never lasted longer than the sensory block. The influence on heart rate and blood pressure was minor and atropine and ephedrine were needed in four patients. No clinically significant ECG-changes were detected and no arrhythmias were recorded. Oxygen saturation and respiratory rate did not decrease in a clinically significant way and were not affected by concomitant morphine given i. v. postoperatively. There were few side-effects, the most frequent being mild pruritus (10/33).
Conclusion: Sameridine provided clinically adequate anesthesia for the patients receiving the doses of 15, 20 and 25 mg. Further studies are needed to evaluate the substance and it is of great interest to clinically investigate the opioid component with respect to postoperative analgesia.     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.