2-硝基-1,3-苯二甲醚的合成

采用间苯二酚为原料,经过磺化、硝化、水解合成2-硝基-1,3-苯二酚,再用硫酸二甲酯进行甲基化,得到2-硝基-1,3-苯二甲醚。重点讨论了2-硝基1,3-苯二酚及其甲醚化工艺条件,结果表明,使用质量分数20%发烟硫酸可使1,3-苯二酚全部二磺化从而使2-硝基1,3-苯二酚收率增至63.5%,色谱纯度达98.5%以上;在反应温度80℃,反应时间4 h,n(M e2SO4)∶n(2-硝基1,3-苯二酚)=2.2∶1.0时,2-硝基-1,3-苯二酚甲基化收率高达75.6%。     

取代1,3-二苯基-1,3-丙二酮的合成与抗氧化性能

以取代芳酮和取代芳酯为原料,经克莱森反应合成了5个取代1,3-二苯基-1,3-丙二酮。采用正交实验优化1,3-二(4-甲氧基苯基)-1,3-丙二酮较佳的工艺条件:以甲苯为溶剂,NaNH2作催化剂,n(对甲氧基苯乙酮)∶n(对甲氧基苯甲酸甲酯)∶n(氨基钠)=1∶4∶5,微波辐射功率320 W,反应时间45 min,收率为72.1%。合成的产物结构经IR与1HNMR光谱进行了结构表征,用HPLC测定其含量。对UV光谱有良好的吸收及对猪油有较好的抗氧化作用。     

取代1,3-二苯基-1,3-丙二酮的合成与抗氧化性能研究

以取代芳酮和取代芳酯经克莱森反应合成了5个取代1,3-二苯基-1,3-丙二酮。采用4因素3水平正交试验优化1,3-二(4-甲氧苯基)-1,3-丙二酮较佳的工艺条件：以甲苯为溶剂,NaNH2作催化剂,n(对甲氧基苯乙酮)：n(对甲氧基苯甲酸甲酯)：n(氨基钠)=1:4:5,微波辐射功率320W,反应时间45min,收率为72.1%。合成的产物结构经IR与1HNMR光谱进行结构表征,用HPLC测定含量。对UV光谱有良好的吸收及对猪油有较好的抗氧化作用     

1,3-二甲基-2-咪唑啉酮的制备

以乙二胺、尿素、甲醛和甲酸为原料,经过环化和甲基化反应制得目标产物1,3-二甲基-2-咪唑啉酮(1,3-DMI)。通过红外、核磁对其结构进行了确证。考察了溶剂、原料浓度、原料摩尔比、反应温度和时间、催化剂对制备(1,3-DMI)收率的影响。较佳工艺条件为:制备2-咪唑啉酮时,以水-乙二醇混合作溶剂;制备1,3-DMI时,甲醛(36%)∶甲酸(85%)摩尔比为1∶2.8,反应温度95~100℃,反应时间16 h,氯化亚铜和三乙胺作催化剂,用量分别是2-咪唑啉酮摩尔数的1.0%。总收率达到71%,纯度为98.5%。     

多聚甲醛制备2-异丙基-2-异戊基-1,3-丙二醇

使用多聚甲醛作原料制备了2-异丙基-2-异戊基-1,3-丙二醇(PPPO)。考察了催化剂、反应温度、反应时间对PPPO收率的影响。结果表明,最佳工艺条件为n(己醛)∶n(单体甲醛)=1∶3.1,20℃滴加30%氢氧化钠溶液,2 h加完,40℃反应8 h。在此条件下,PPPO收率为83.4%。     

2,2-二氟丙烷-1,3-二胺的合成

该文经氟化、酰胺化和还原3步反应合成了2,2-二氟丙烷-1,3-二胺(DFPDA)。以丙二酸二乙酯为基本原料,首先经选择性氟化剂1-氯甲基-4-氟-1,4-二氮双环[2.2.2]辛烷双氟硼酸盐(Selectfluor)氟化得第一中间体2,2-二氟丙二酸二乙酯(DFDEM),DFDEM再经氨水酰胺化反应得到第二中间体2,2-二氟丙二酰胺(DFMA),最后以硼烷为还原剂,将中间体DFMA还原得到最终产品2,2-二氟丙烷-1,3-二胺(DFPDA),总收率最高可达45%。考察了3步反应的工艺条件对产品收率的影响,结果表明,较理想的反应条件为:氟化反应温度0℃,n(丙二酸二乙酯):n(氢化钠):n(Selectfluor)=1:3:3,氟化反应收率达58.18%;酰胺化反应8 h,n(氨水):n(DFDEM)=5:1,酰胺化反应收率可达96%以上;在65℃还原反应3～4 h,n(DFMA):n(BH3)=1:7.5,还原反应收率达91.1%。用IR、1HNMR和GC-MS分析了每个产物的化学结构。     

香料2-甲基-2-乙基-1,3-二硫杂环己烷的合成

以丁酮和1,3-丙二硫醇为原料,采用TiSiW12O40/TiO2作催化剂,合成了一种新型香料化合物2-甲基-2-乙基-1,3-二硫杂环己烷,并用元素分析、IR、1HNMR对其结构进行了表征。采用正交试验研究了影响目标化合物产率的主要因素,得到了优化反应条件:n(丁酮)∶n(1,3-丙二硫醇)=1.1∶1.0,m(催化剂)∶m(1,3-丙二硫醇)=0.04∶1,不需要带水剂,反应3 h,目标产物的收率为87.6%。催化剂无需处理可直接重复使用8次以上。     

2-甲基-1，3-环戊二酮的合成

以丁二酸和丙酰氯为原料,无水A lC l3为催化剂,合成2-甲基-1,3-环戊二酮,并对工艺条件进行了优化。最佳条件为:在氮气作用下,n(丁二酸):n(丙酰氯):n(氯化铝)=1:3:3,反应温度100℃,回流时间2h,产品收率为58.9%。用红外光谱确定了产品结构。     

1-甲基-2,4,5-三硝基咪唑(MTNI)的合成

以4-硝基咪唑为原料,经硝化、热重排、甲基化等反应合成1-甲基-2,4,5-三硝基咪唑(MTNI),总收率19.4%,纯度>98%,经红外光谱、核磁共振、元素分析等方法表征其结构。研究了反应温度、反应时间等因素对1-甲基-2,4-二硝基咪唑(MDNI)合成及收率的影响,得到了较优的工艺条件:n(2,4-二硝基咪唑)∶n(碘甲烷)=5∶9,反应温度40~45℃,反应时间8h。对硝化反应条件进行了研究,确定了适宜反应时间为1h,反应温度为95℃。     

改性活性炭催化合成苯乙酮1,3-丙二醇缩酮工艺研究

采用活性炭负载Al2(SO4)3作为催化剂(Al2(SO4)3改性活性炭);以苯乙酮和1,3-丙二醇为原料合成苯乙酮1,3-丙二醇缩酮.考察了Al2(SO4)3。改性活性炭催化剂用量、原料配比、回流时间和带水剂用量对此反应工艺条件的影响.最佳的反应工艺条件为Al2(SO4)3改性活性炭用量为苯乙酮用量的6.67%,n(苯乙酮)∶n(1,3-丙二醇)=1∶1.1,带水剂用量为15 mL,回流时间为5 h,在此最佳反应条件下苯乙酮1,3-丙二醇缩酮的收率为61.15%,经前馏分循环使用可使收率提高到65.64%,产品的纯度为98.1%。Al2(SO4)3。改性活性炭催化剂的制备简单,催化活性好,而且重复利用后的产率并不下降,其后处理简便,无三废污染,符合环保、绿色催化的发展的趋势。     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.