严重事故下反应堆压力容器下封头耦合烧蚀传热分析

核电站严重事故发生后，反应堆压力容器（RPV）固壁在熔池作用下会发生烧蚀、减薄。开展RPV下封头耦合烧蚀传热分析对堆坑注水有效性论证和RPV剩余壁厚确认有重要的理论指导意义。本文以CPR1000反应堆压力容器为研究对象，在FLUENT 17.2平台下，基于动态网格方法和UDF二次开发，构建了综合考虑RPV固壁瞬态烧蚀与导热、RPV内壁热流密度再分布及RPV外壁过冷沸腾的全耦合计算模型，获取了9 000 s内的堆坑两相流场分布和RPV固壁烧蚀温度场，分析确定了最小剩余壁厚和发生位置。结果表明：使用动态网格捕捉壁面烧蚀的方法可行，本文全耦合计算模型在分析RPV固壁瞬态烧蚀过程方面有一定优势。     

严重事故下大功率先进压水堆IVR-ERVC有效性分析

通过压力容器外部冷却(ERVC)以实现堆内熔融物滞留(IVR)作为反应堆严重事故缓解管理的一项重要举措一直以来广泛受到关注和研究。本文使用严重事故分析程序MELCOR,从瞬态角度对大型先进压水堆进行了IVR-ERVC相关研究。过程中重点关注了堆芯熔毁和重新定位,熔池形成、生长及其传热过程,并且对压力容器外部流动传热进行了分析。MELCOR计算所得下封头热流密度分布的瞬态结果与临界热流密度(CHF)比较和分析表明,1700 MWe大功率压水堆发生严重事故后在IVRERVC条件下能够保证压力容器的完整性,即,IVR-ERVC能够有效带出下封头熔融物的衰变热量,缓解严重事故后果。     

椭球形与球形下封头压力容器内熔融物滞留传热特性分析

严重事故下堆芯熔融物再分布于压力容器下封头，在衰变热作用下高温堆芯熔融物对压力容器壁面施加较大的热负荷，可能导致压力容器失效。针对压力容器内熔融物滞留下的传热过程，基于Fortran90语言开发了椭球形下封头压力容器内熔融物堆内滞留（IVR）分析程序IVRASA-ELLIP，计算具有椭球形下封头的压力容器在严重事故下稳态熔池的传热过程及IVR特性。利用IVRASA-ELLIP程序计算了VVER-1000压力容器内熔池的传热，分析具有椭球形下封头的压力容器各处的壁面热流密度、氧化物硬壳厚度和压力容器壁厚，并与运用IVRASA程序计算的AP1000稳态熔池传热结果进行对比分析。研究结果表明，在相同初始参数下椭球形下封头内的壁面热流密度较球形下封头内的小，与热流密度的变化趋势相对应，椭球形下封头内压力容器壁的消融量较球形下封头内的小，椭球形下封头内形成的氧化物硬壳厚度较球形下封头内的厚。     

基于ASTEC程序的反应堆严重事故下压力容器下封头传热分析

反应堆压力容器内熔融物滞留是先进反应堆设计严重事故缓解措施中的重要选项之一，在维持反应堆压力容器的完整性，包容堆芯熔融物方面具有重要作用。确保熔融物滞留有效性的关键是保证下封头内壁热负荷不超过下封头外壁面换热能力，而且在整个过程中不发生结构失效，即下封头剩余壁厚能够实现熔融物的承载。应用ASTEC程序，基于大型先进压水堆的设计，针对反应堆压力容器内熔融物滞留系统运行过程中冷却剂热工参数、下封头外壁面临界热流密度和最终下封头厚度进行计算分析，通过研究熔池对下封头的熔蚀和剩余厚度，判断下封头残留厚度对于熔融物的包容，评估系统的有效性。结果表明：在下封头较上部位置的部分区域内，换热较为剧烈，其中热流密度最大值出现在熔融物分两层的交界处，事故过程中下封头内壁将被熔融物金属层熔化，剩余厚度满足包容要求，但是最终剩余厚度十分有限。     

基于耦合CFD-FEM方法的严重事故下RPV蠕变失效风险评估

核电站严重事故发生后，反应堆压力容器（RPV）的剩余固壁在高温差、内压、熔池重量等的作用下可能发生蠕变失效。本文以CPR1000 RPV为研究对象，基于FLUENT软件二次开发求解反应堆压力容器下封头烧蚀温度场，然后基于ANSYS Workbench开展耦合CFD-FEM力学分析，求解严重事故下RPV烧蚀温度场稳定后72 h内的等效应力、等效塑性应变和等效蠕变应变，并评估了RPV的蠕变失效风险。结果表明：当堆坑注水等措施投运后，RPV剩余固壁在72 h内不会发生蠕变失效和塑性变形失效，有效卸压可明显提升RPV结构完整性的安全裕度。     

堆芯熔化严重事故下反应堆压力容器下封头高温蠕变分析

核电厂在发生堆芯熔化严重事故时，采用堆内熔融物滞留（IVR）策略将熔融物包容在反应堆压力容器（RPV）内是一项重要缓解措施。在IVR策略期间，RPV下封头在熔融物的极高温度载荷和力学载荷的共同作用下很有可能因过度蠕变变形而失效。因此，有必要对熔融物滞留条件下RPV下封头进行蠕变变形分析，以保证RPV结构完整性。该文在假定IVR条件下，采用有限元方法对RPV下封头进行热-结构耦合分析，通过计算得到容器壁的温度场和应力场，以及下封头的塑性和蠕变变形，并结合塑性和蠕变断裂判据对下封头进行失效分析。结果表明，考虑蠕变影响后，结构的变形将大大增加；严重事故下采取熔融物滞留策略期间，RPV下封头的主要失效模式为蠕变失效而非塑性失效；内压对蠕变变形量和蠕变失效时间有较大影响。该文为严重事故下RPV下封头的蠕变和失效研究提供了分析方法。      

堆芯熔融物对压力容器壁面烧蚀过程的数值模拟

研究堆芯熔融物对压力容器壁面的动态烧蚀,对于反应堆冷却剂严重丧失事故(Loss of coolant accident,LOCA)后果的预测以及缓解方案的设计具有重要意义。本文以AP600为研究对象,在假设冷却剂全部丧失事故工况下,采用堆芯熔融物两层结构模型,计算熔池对壁面的加热;建立压力容器壁面的非稳态二维传热模型,并考虑安全壳水池对压力容器外侧的冷却,采用移动边界模型模拟烧蚀引起壁面局部厚度变薄;计算了堆芯熔融物坍塌后15 000 s范围内,压力容器下封头壁面温度和厚度的变化。     

熔融物作用下压力容器下封头热应力分析方法研究

堆芯熔融物滞留(IVR)策略是核电厂针对严重事故的一项重要缓解措施。采用有限元方法对IVR策略期间反应堆压力容器(RPV)下封头在熔融物作用下的力学行为进行研究,通过对熔融物传递给压力容器壁面的热载荷和力学载荷进行研究,计算得到下封头的温度场和应力场分布,幵对热膨胀和内压等对结构力学响应的影响进行了研究,对材料的弹性和弹塑性行为进行了比较。结果表明,热膨胀产生的应力和变形远大于容器自重、熔池压力和冷却水压力产生的结果;内压大于1 MPa时其对结构的力学响应有显著影响;熔融物作用下压力容器下封头将产生不可忽视的塑性变形,采用弹塑性方法进行分析更为合理。     

华龙一号反应堆假想事故下碎片床熔化过程的动态模拟研究

在核反应堆严重事故后期，压力容器下封头内碎片床熔化对内部传热特性、壁面热流密度和壁面消熔都具有重要影响。本研究基于ANSYS Fluent软件，采用相变模型和大涡模拟（LES）湍流模型对华龙一号（HPR1000）反应堆假想事故下碎片床熔化的动态过程进行了研究，预测了熔池形成过程的温度分布、速度场及壁面消熔的变化规律。结果表明，碎片床熔化开始后，升温速率降低，并逐渐趋于稳定；熔池温度逐渐呈现中上部相对均匀、底部具有较大温度梯度的分布规律，并且随着衰变热功率的增加，熔池温度均匀分布区域向底部扩展；壁面热流密度低于相应位置外部冷却的临界热流密度（CHF）；但是壁面仍然出现了消熔现象，消熔最早出现在壁面内侧靠近碎片床上表面的位置，并逐渐向下扩展，消熔区域范围和深度随停堆后碎片床干涸时间的缩短而增加。本文计算结果可为碎片床相变传热和压力容器完整性研究提供参考。     

压力容器-保温层流道变形条件下临界热流密度试验研究

针对压力容器外部冷却（ERVC）应用中的压力容器-保温层流道（RPV-保温层流道）变形问题，利用提高临界热通量影响因素（FIMR）的试验装置，在相同流量范围开展了变形条件下壁面临界热流密度（CHF）的试验研究，分析了流道变形和流量变化对压力容器（RPV）下封头壁面CHF的影响规律，获得了流道变形情况下ERVC的安全裕度。结果表明:随着RPV下封头角度升高，循环流量增加，下封头壁面CHF增大；与原型流道相比，变形流道下封头壁面CHF的变化幅度小于7%，流道变化的影响并不显著；变形流道中，下封头壁面安全裕量最小的位置与原型流道相同，其安全裕量略有提高。      

Coupled Ablation and Heat Transfer Analysis of Lower Head for Reactor Pressure Vessel under Severe Accident Condition

After a reactor core melts accident, the solid wall of the reactor pressure vessel (RPV) will be inevitably eroded by the melting core which contains large density of heat flux. The analysis of the coupled ablation and heat transfer of the lower head for RPV is of great theoretical significance to the effectiveness demonstration of water injection in reactor pit and the confirmation of the residual wall thickness of RPV. In this work, numerical simulations were carried out based on the RPV model of CPR1000 using the CFD software FLUENT 17.2. Based on dynamic mesh model and user-defined function (UDF) redevelopment, a fully coupling calculation model considering the transient ablation and heat conduction of solid wall of RPV, the redistribution of heat flux density in RPV inner wall and the subcooled boiling of RPV outer wall was established. Both two-phase flow pattern in the reactor pit and temperature field of RPV solid wall ablation within 9 000 s were obtained and the minimum residual wall thickness and the occurrence location were determined by analysis. The results show that it is feasible to use dynamic mesh to capture wall ablation. The fully coupling calculation model has certain advantages in analyzing the transient ablation process of RPV under severe accident.     

大功率先进压水堆IVR有效性评价中熔池换热研究

熔融物堆内滞留-压力容器外部冷却（IVR-ERVC）是一种重要的核电厂严重事故缓解措施。当前针对IVR有效性评价的方法主要是基于集总参数模型对下封头熔池换热进行分析。在大功率先进压水堆熔池集总参数法计算中,堆芯重量变大、压力容器尺寸增加会导致熔池自然对流换热中的瑞利数Ra ′增大。通过使用集总参数分析程序,对比研究熔池氧化层各换热模型的适用范围,计算大功率先进压水堆高瑞利数条件下稳态熔池的自然对流换热,模拟两层稳态熔池模型中压力容器外壁面的热流密度分布,对其进行选定严重事故序列下的IVR-ERVC有效性评价,并对堆内构件设计提出建议。     

Risk Assessment of Creep Failure for RPV under Severe Accident Condition Based on Coupled CFD-FEM Method

After a reactor core melt accident, creep failure may occur in the residual solid wall of the reactor pressure vessel (RPV) under the influence of high temperature difference, internal pressure and the weight of the molten pool. In this work, the CPR1000 RPV was used as a research object. The ablation temperature field of the lower head of RPV was solved through the secondary development of the FLUENT software. And then, a CFD-FEM coupling analysis was carried out based on ANSYS Workbench software. The equivalent stress, the equivalent plastic strain and the equivalent creep strain of the RPV within 72 h under severe accident after the wall ablation and temperature field distribution formed stably were calculated. The risk of creep failure of the RPV was evaluated. The results show that when the reactor pit water injection measure puts into operation, the residual solid wall of the RPV will not experience creep failure and plastic deformation failure within 72 h, and besides, the pressure relief can significantly increase the safety margin of the structural integrity of the RPV.     

Numerical investigation of the reactor pressure vessel behaviour under severe accident conditions taking into account the combined processes of the vessel creep and the molten pool natural convection

Analysis of the WWER lower head behaviour and its failure has been performed for several molten pool structures and internal overpressure levels in a reactor pressure vessel (RPV). The different types of the molten pools (homogeneous, conventionally homogeneous, conventionally stratified, stratified) cover the bounding scenarios during a hypothetical severe accident. The parametric investigations of the failure mode and RPV behaviour for various molten pool types, its heights and internal overpressure levels are presented herein. A coupled treatment in this investigation includes: (i) a 2-D thermohydraulic analysis of a molten pool natural convection. Domestic NARAUFEM code has been used in this detailed analysis for prediction of the heat flux from the molten pool to the RPV inner surface; and (ii) a detailed 3-D transient thermal analysis of the RPV lower head. Domestic 3-D ASHTER-VVR finite element code has been used for the numerical simulations of the high temperature creep and failure of the lower head. The effect of an external RPV cooling, temperature-dependent physical properties of the molten pool and vessel steel, the hydrostatic forces and vessel dead-weight were taken into account in this study. The obtained results show that lower head failure occurs as a result of the vessel creep process which is significantly dependent on both an internal overpressure level and the type of molten pool structure. In particular, it was found that there were combinations of ‘overpressure-molten pool structure’ when the vessel failure started at the ‘hot’ layers of the vessel. It was shown in this study that the processes in the molten pools reach a quasistationary state at 2000…3000 s after molten pool formation. Numerical results in this paper illustrate that the large creep deformations of the vessel lower head can lead to an appearance of the gaps between the vessel surface and the molten pool crust. It is obvious that the joint thermal and structural analyses are needed for the accurate tracing of the initial bounds of the vessel and molten pool during simulations.     

三维MORN试验能量分配比和安全裕量研究

MORN试验对三维氧化物层的熔池传热进行了试验研究,试验工质为水和硝酸盐。结果表明,不同下冷却边界会影响熔池温度和能量分配比。水冷条件下,熔池壁面热流密度分布差异很大,最大值为最小值的6.5～7.9倍。当熔池上下冷却边界相同时,向上/向下的能量分配比近似为100%。能量分配比不仅取决于上下冷却边界的种类,可能还取决于上下冷却边界是否进行了充分冷却,即能量分配比并不一定总为100%。将MORN-Nitrate的壁面热流密度分布经验关系式运用到AP1000压力容器下封头壁面热流密度计算中,结果表明,AP1000在出现堆芯融毁事故时,下封头不会失效,IVR有效。     

基于SCDAP/RELAP5耦合堆腔注水的非能动压水堆熔融池冷却分析

采取堆腔注水策略冷却熔融池对缓解严重事故后果、降低安全壳的失效概率具有十分重要的作用。本文采用SCDAP/RELAP5程序,首先以韩国APR1400相关实验结果对堆腔外部注水自然对流冷却能力进行比对分析,然后建立了耦合堆腔注水措施的融熔池冷却的核电厂模型,以非能动压水堆为研究对象,针对冷段大破口失水事故(LBLOCA)始发严重事故序列,分析堆芯熔融进展过程中实施堆腔注水策略后融熔池的冷却特性及堆腔外部注水的自然循环能力。分析结果表明,LBLOCA下,当堆芯出口温度达到923K时,实施堆腔注水后能有效冷却下封头内的熔融池,从而保持压力容器的完整性。     

氧化和工质中添加剂对SA508钢CHF影响的实验研究

在核电事故中当堆芯熔融物落入反应堆压力容器（RPV）下封头时,如果实际热流密度超过RPV的临界热流密度（CHF）,RPV将会被熔穿,造成事故的进一步扩大。为研究RPV在氧化条件下和有添加剂的工质中的CHF特性,采用池沸腾实验方法,以去离子水为工质,研究了RPV常用材料SA508钢经高温预氧化、7次池沸腾传热实验氧化后的CHF特性以及工质中添加剂对其CHF的影响。结果表明：在625 ℃下预氧化8 h后,SA508钢表面产生的较薄氧化层能增加传热面积、表面粗糙度和亲水性,从而提高CHF;随着池沸腾实验次数的增加,SA508钢表面的氧化腐蚀和颗粒沉积程度增加,CHF先增加后降低;0.4%硼酸（BA）、0.5%磷酸三钠（TSP）溶液和两者的混合溶液均有利于CHF的提升,但强化机理有所不同：BA会加速SA508钢表面的腐蚀并改善亲水性;TSP可降低表面张力使表面获得超亲水性;BA和TSP的混合溶液会形成一层沉积物使表面获得超亲水性。     

Development and verification of molten corium–concrete interaction code

During a severe accident of Pressurized Water Reactor(PWR), the core materials was heated, melt located on the lower head of Reactor Pressure Vessel(RPV). With the temperature rise, the corium will melt through the lower head and discharge into the reactor cavity. Those corium will interact with the concrete and damage the integrity of the containment, so some coolability method should used to quench the corium. In order to investigate the progress of MCCI, a MCCI analysis code, that is MOCO, was developed. The MOCO includes the heat transfer behavior in axial and radial directions from the molten corium to the basemat and sidewall concrete, crust generation and growth, and coolability mechanisms reveal the concrete erosion and gas release, which are important for the interaction process. Cavity ablation depth, melt temperature, and gas release are the key parameters in the interaction research. The physical-chemistry reaction is also involved in MOCO code. In the present paper, the related MCCI experiment data were used to verify the models of the MOCO and the calculation results of MOCO were also compared with other MCCI analysis codes.