差分吸收激光雷达监测北京灰霾天臭氧时空分布特征

差分吸收激光雷达是测量对流层臭氧时空分布的有力工具,利用差分吸收激光雷达在灰霾条件下开展观测研究,分析了臭氧浓度时空分布特征。结果表明:在夏季副热带高压大气天气条件下,受偏南风气团输送的影响,6月中旬形成一次高浓度的臭氧污染过程。6月14日夜间至6月15日中午离地面1.5~2km高度的臭氧气团浓度(即体积分数)高达1.2×10-7以上,下午臭氧气团出现下沉,从而引起当日下午近地面臭氧浓度的升高。在灰霾天气过程中,细颗粒物与臭氧分布在不同高度上具有不同的关联特征,地面颗粒物充分参与了光化学反应过程,而高空高浓度的颗粒物和臭氧气体则与输送有关。晴朗天气下的臭氧浓度在整个空间尺度上都有不同程度的下降,并且没有出现明显的外部输入气团。     

利用激光雷达探测潍坊市夏季臭氧分布特征

为了研究潍坊市夏季臭氧的分布特征，使用差分吸收激光雷达在潍坊市进行观测，分析了晴天和雨天臭氧分布的差别，并统计了无降水日臭氧的垂直分布和日变化特征。结果表明：降水发生前强烈的对流运动和大风会使对流臭氧层变厚，臭氧浓度变低；降水发生在一天中的不同时段，对臭氧污染的影响差异很大；无降水日对流臭氧层主要分布在1 500 m以下，呈现白天高、夜晚低的日变化特征，高浓度值常出现在12～18时；在垂直结构上呈现分层的特征，其中，300～500 m高度的臭氧浓度随着高度的增加而增大，且在500 m附近达到极大值，该高度和米散射激光雷达探测的边界层高度基本一致；1 500 m高度各个时段的臭氧浓度趋于一致，且自该高度往上臭氧无明显日变化特征，可将该层臭氧浓度作为臭氧预报的大气背景值。     

北京地区大气臭氧与氮氧化物测量分析

高层大气臭氧能够吸收紫外线保护地球生物,但是低空和近地面臭氧却是危害人类健康和动植物生长的污染气体.氮氧化物也是空气中的污染气体,臭氧和氮氧化物可以相互转化,研究二者的变化关系具有重要意义.2011年12月利用EC9810A臭氧分析仪和EC9841氮氧化物分析仪,在北京中国环境科学研究院进行测量,得到了臭氧和氮氧化物的变化特征,分析结果表明臭氧和氮氧化物具有日变化特征,白天臭氧浓度呈现先上升后下降的趋势,夜里比较平稳;氮氧化物与臭氧变化趋势呈负相关,白天浓度先下降后升高,夜间浓度大于白天;臭氧的变化与气象条件有关,在晴天上升较快,峰值大,阴天上升慢,峰值小;臭氧的含量还具有明显的季节特征,春季的浓度要比冬季的浓度高.氮氧化物的变化与人们的生活关系密切,汽车尾气等废气的排放是导致氮氧化物含量升高的重要原因.同时利用中科院安徽光机所研制的AML-3车载激光雷达测量了臭氧在白天垂直高度上的分布,在500～1000m高度上臭氧的平均含量变化与分析仪测量趋势比较一致.     

1998～2001年合肥地区平流层臭氧浓度垂直廓线变化特征

L625紫外差分吸收(UV-DIAL)激光雷达主要用于18～45 km高度范围内平流层臭氧浓度垂直分布的长期监测.位于合肥郊区的这一台激光雷达自1996年8月全面建成并投入正常运行以来,进行了长期的连续观测,积累了大量宝贵资料.通过分析L625紫外差分吸收激光雷达在1998～2001年期间的平流层臭氧观测数据,得出了合肥上空平流层臭氧浓度垂直分布的特征:平均垂直浓度分布的峰值点高度为23.32 km,峰值点的臭氧浓度为4.43×1012cm-3,柱含量6.4×1018cm-2;臭氧浓度有明显的一年周期震荡,表现为季节变化:平流层中上层臭氧浓度夏季高冬季低;平流层下层臭氧浓度夏季低冬季高.平流层臭氧浓度峰值高度的变化特征为夏季高冬季低.     

合肥梅雨季节大气污染物分布特征的激光雷达探测

利用AML-2型车载测污激光雷达测得的合肥梅雨季节大气污染物的监测数据,研究梅雨季节对流层大气气溶胶和臭氧的时空分布特征,对比分析雨水对大气污染物消减的影响。结果表明:梅雨季节气溶胶的消光系数较小,且随着高度增大呈递减的趋势,在0.5km高度处,多天的消光系数为0.1～0.18km~(-1);持续降水对气溶胶浓度具有显著的消减作用,梅雨季节之前和梅雨季节气溶胶消光系数的均值分别为0.37km~(-1)和0.14km~(-1);梅雨季节臭氧的时空变化特征明显,臭氧浓度随高度的增大而逐渐减小,臭氧浓度的日差异较大,2008年6月20日和24日,0.4km高度处臭氧质量浓度相差59.5μg/m~3;与梅雨季节之前相比,梅雨季节的臭氧浓度大幅减小,相同高度处臭氧质量浓度均值的差值可达41.8μg/m~3。     

办公空间臭氧污染状况数值模拟

室内臭氧污染会引发多种疾病,日益受到人们的关注。以CFD数值模拟为手段,运用RNG k-ε模型对某办公室内的臭氧流动扩散、衰减等现象进行了模拟,得到了不同工况下的臭氧浓度场。结果表明:臭氧在室内表面处的衰减会显著降低室内臭氧浓度;办公室内复印机等臭氧源的散发会导致室内臭氧浓度的增加;新风臭氧含量决定了当新风量增加时室内臭氧浓度的变化趋势。结合模拟结果,提出了室内臭氧污染防治的几点措施。     

大别山区和合肥城郊地面臭氧、气溶胶测量结果分析

安徽岳西县位于皖西南边陲的大别山区,山上自然保护区由原始森林和原始次生林构成,田地种植农作物,没有工业污染,是比较典型的山区自然条件。2009年5月22日-6月10日,我们利用EC9810臭氧分析仪、OPC-06多道光学粒子计数器、碳黑度仪等对山区的大气参数进行了测量,得到了山区的地面臭氧,气溶胶粒子昼夜变化及谱分布的分布特征,与合肥市西郊科学岛的观测结果比较表明：1)郊区的臭氧浓度明显高于山区;2）山区和合肥郊区气溶胶种类是不同;3）郊区气溶胶吸收系数明显比山区大,郊区气溶胶Angstrom指数比山区小。     

光纤孤子的“双陷”型非线性管理

为了研究光纤系统中由色散参量和 “双陷”型非线性参量可能导致的孤子现象,通过分步傅里叶数值算法求解了变系数（1+1）维非线性薛定谔方程。结果发现,光纤孤子在两种“双陷”型非线性光学系统中具有一系列有趣的性质,如单孤子脉冲在可变参量背景下由“双陷”型非线性结构诱发的周期性振荡;双孤子脉冲在常参量背景下由“双陷”型非线性结构诱导的走离效应;三个孤子脉冲在两种“双陷”型非线性光学系统中体现的特殊相互作用、融合效应等。     

中国部分典型地区大气可降水量特性遥感研究

新疆喀什、河北张北、安徽合肥、云南丽江分别位于中国西部、北部、中部、南部地区,属于我国典型气候地区。利用DTF型太阳光度计资料分析了该四个典型区域不同季节大气可降水量日变化和季节变化特征,分别给出各地区观测期间可降水量日均值、月均值和季节变化以及频率分布。结果表明:合肥可降水量最大,丽江最小,喀什高于张北;各地区可降水量夏季最多,冬季最少,喀什和合肥春季低于秋季,张北和丽江春季高于秋季。喀什可降水量值多集中在0.3~2.0 cm之间,张北多集中在0.05~1.5 cm之间,合肥多集中在0.2~3.0 cm之间,丽江多集中在0.04~0.5 cm之间。     

不同方波脉冲模式下介质阻挡放电产生臭氧的研究

为提高介质阻挡放电产生臭氧的浓度和产量,文中研究了不同方波脉冲模式下介质阻挡放电产生臭氧的特性。文中对系统放电特性进行分析,计算系统放电功率,研究其在不同极性、不同频率和不同脉宽下产生臭氧的浓度和产量,并对其产生的结果进行了分析和讨论。研究结果表明,在施加正负极性方波脉冲时,臭氧浓度最高,为8.8 g·Nm^-3;在施加正极性方波脉冲时,臭氧产量最高,为55 g·kWh^-1。随着频率的增加,臭氧浓度和产量均呈现先增加后下降趋势。在放电频率为1 kHz时,臭氧浓度最大;在放电频率为1.5 kHz时,臭氧产量最高。在其它参数一定的情况下,随着脉宽的增加,臭氧浓度缓慢增加,臭氧的产量基本无变化。     

户外型探测臭氧和气溶胶激光雷达系统研制

激光雷达探测臭氧和气溶胶垂直廓线分布近年来在环境监测领域获得广泛应用。介绍了一套可同时用于探测臭氧和气溶胶浓度的激光雷达系统。采用Nd:YAG激光器,通过二倍频器和四倍频器分别产生532 nm和266 nm激光光源,基于受激拉曼散射原理,在两根拉曼管中分别充有氘气和氢气,产生拉曼频移光289 nm,299 nm,通过差分吸收算法原理反演垂直空间臭氧浓度廓线,通过米散射算法原理来反演气溶胶浓度廓线。水平扫描试验结果显示,雷达系统的探测结果与近地面点式臭氧分析仪测量结果有较好的一致性,相对误差小于10%。在安徽合肥科学岛外场观测结果表明:臭氧探测高度,白天可以达到3 km,晚上可以达到5 km,气溶胶探测高度,白天可以达到10 km,晚上可以达到15 km。     

合肥上空大气臭氧垂直分布特征分析

利用中国科学院安徽光学精密机械研究所自行研制的L625紫外差分吸收激光雷达在合肥进行了长期的观测,对L625差分吸收激光雷达在1996～2009年观测的大气臭氧数据进行了分析,并与AURA卫星的观测数据进行了对比,得到了合肥上空大气臭氧月、季平均垂直分布的特征,初步给出合肥上空平流层臭氧的变化趋势.     

Blind estimation and equalization of MIMO channels via multidelaywhitening

Blind channel estimation and blind minimum mean square error (MMSE) equalization of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communications channels arising in multiuser systems is considered, using primarily the second-order statistics of the data. The basis of the approach is the design of multiple zero-forcing equalizers that whiten the noise-free data at multiple delays. In the past such an approach has been considered using just one zero-forcing equalizer at zero-delay. Infinite impulse response (IIR) channels are allowed. Moreover, the multichannel transfer function need not be column-reduced. The proposed approach also works when the “subchannel” transfer functions have common zeros so long as the common zeros are minimum-phase zeros. The channel length or model orders need not be known. Using second-order statistics, the sources are recovered up to a unitary mixing matrix, and are further “unmixed” using higher order statistics of the data. Two illustrative simulation examples are provided where the proposed method is compared with its predecessors and an existing method to show its efficacy     

The relationship between the backscattering coefficient and thebiomass of narrow and broad leaf crops

The influence of the shape and dimensions of plant constituents on the backscattering of agricultural vegetation is investigated. Multifrequency multitemporal polarimetric data, collected at C- and L-bands by means of airborne and satellite synthetic aperture radar (SAR), showed that the relations between the backscattering of crops and the vegetation biomass depend on plant type, and that there are different trends for “narrow” and “broad” leaf crops. In the latter crops, backscattering increases with an increase in the biomass, especially at L-band. This behavior is typical of media in which scattering is dominant, whereas on “narrow leaf” plants, the trend is flat or decreasing, denoting a major contribution of absorption. Theoretical simulations obtained with a discrete element radiative transfer model have confirmed that a different backscattering of crops with the same biomass may be due to plant geometry     

Sampled-data modeling of the average-input current-mode-controlledbuck converter

Average-input current-mode control (AICMC) is a new control scheme for shaping the input current of a buck converter in a high-power-factor rectifier. AICMC is presented along with a continuous-time model that includes sampled-data effects. AICMC is found to be analogous to current mode control (CMC), so existing CMC models are reviewed with regard to the controversies over low-frequency modulator gain and the experimental measurement of loop gain. Two useful modeling approaches which include modulator gain and sampling effects in a continuous model are identified and reviewed. The “Ridley approach” is used to produce a continuous model which exhibits good experimental confirmation on a 100 W 24.5 kHz buck converter. Possible hazards in the implementation of the “digital” method of loop gain measurement are identified, along with the reason the “analog” method does not actually measure the desired quantity     

Social networks and the implementation of environmental technology

A study of 83 firms in the North American electronics industry that have implemented environmentally “clean” process technology found that social networks have a significant positive impact on implementation success. This paper presents evidence that some types of social networks influence implementation success more than others. More specifically, interfirm networks composed of both suppliers and competitors were significantly correlated with the routinization and incorporation of alternative technical solutions to reducing ozone depleting chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). This only held in situations where the complexity of the implementation was relatively high. Intrafirm and local social networks were not significant. The utilization of a network of publicly accessible sources of information and expertise had a negative impact. Brief case studies from field research are provided to help explain these results     

空间沾染对黑体定标系统的影响分析

本文从典型的黑体定标系统出发,分析了空间系统由于直接暴露于轨道真空和热环境中,空间沾染物对黑体定标系统的光学表面的污染,导致空间黑体定标系统的性能发生改变的成因;建立了一套空间黑体定标系统沾染损伤分析模型,并初步计算了沾染对黑体定标系统的影响参数。通过对空间沾染源进行分类,讨论了内、外沾染源对空间黑体定标系统的影响诸要素,提出了保护空间黑体定标系统的一些建议。     

An alternative to the biomagnetic forward problem in arealistically shaped head model, the “weightedvertices”

The “weighted vertices” (WV), an alternative in solving the biomagnetic forward problem (BFP) for a realistically shaped head (RSH) model are presented. This proposed approach differs from the others in the way some terms in the governing integral equations are defined. The effects that WV has on important issues such as the “auto solid angle” and “stability of equations” are discussed. Two variants of the WV approach, i.e., the “linear weight” and the “quadratic weight”, have been developed, and comparison of results produced by these two approaches shows that the implementation of quadratic elements to evaluate the integral produces significant improvements. This study is done with a focus on magnetic rather than electric phenomena, so a homogeneous conductor has been used in the numerical example. However, the thoughts behind this proposed method can be easily extended for cases where inhomogeneous conductors are involved. Significant improvement in the accuracy of the forward problem has been observed by use of the WV approach