Efficiency of sediment transport by flood and its control in the Lower Yellow River

This paper presents the characteristics of sediment transport by flood in the Lower Yellow River with the reach from Huayuankou to Gaocun, which is regarded as a typical braided pattern. The Artificial Neural Network Model on Water Use for Sediment Transport (WUST) by flood was established based on the measured data from 1980 to 1998. Consequently, simulations of controlling process of sediment transport by flood were made in terms of the control theory under different scenarios. According to the situation of sediment transport by flood in the Lower Yellow River, Open-Loop control system and feedback control system were adopted in system design. In the Open-Loop control system, numerical simulations were made to reveal the relationship between average discharge of flood and the WUST with varying sediment concentrations. The results demonstrate that sediment concentration has significant influence on the controlling process of flood flow to WUST. It is practical and efficient to control WUST if sediment concentration is less than 20 kg/m³. In the feedback control system, controlling processes of sediment concentration and flood discharge for sediment transport were simulated respectively under given conditions, and it was found that sediment transport process could be controlled completely by sediment concentration and discharge at the inlet of the reach from Huayuankou to Gaocun. Using the same method, controlling processes of sediment transport by flood in other reaches in the Lower Yellow River were also simulated. For the case of sediment concentration being 20 kg/m³, the optimized controlling discharge ranges from 2390 to 2900 m³/s in the lower reach of Huayuankou. This study is also of significance to flood control and flushing sediment in the Lower Yellow River with proper operation modes of Xiaolangdi Reservoir.     

黄河下游河道断面宽深比对输沙能力的影响

根据1950~2000年黄河下游河道各站汛期实测径流量、输沙量资料,分析了花园口~高村、艾山~利津河段处于冲淤平衡状态时径流量与输沙量之间的关系,得到了冲淤平衡时,在径流量一定的情况下,河槽断面宽深比越小,输送的泥沙量越大的结论;通过概化河工模型试验,分析了在不同的主槽宽度、深度、流量和进口含沙量情况下,临界含沙量与主槽断面宽深比的关系,表明临界含沙量随流量的增大而增大,随断面宽深比的减小而增大,临界含沙量随断面宽深比减小而增大的速率随断面宽深比的减小而增大;分析了断面宽深比对黄河下游河道泥沙输移公式的影响;最后,与小浪底调水调沙实测成果进行了比较,结果表明其与笔者研究结论基本一致.     

黄河第6次调水调沙对花园口至夹河滩段河道的影响分析

概述了2007年黄河第6次调水调沙的运行情况.从水文泥沙过程、调水调沙前后悬移质粒径变化、河道冲淤量及主槽过流能力等方面,分析研究了2007年汛前调水调沙对花园口至夹河滩段河道的影响.分析结果认为,花园口水文站来水量41.01亿m3,花园口至夹河滩河段冲沙0.041亿t,2水文站所在断面主槽过流能力增加幅度为300~500 m3/s,在流量3 000 m3/s时相应水位下降0.03~0.14 m,河段的行洪能力得到明显改善.     

洪水泥沙运动特性的一维数值模拟计算和分析

采用一维非恒定水流泥水流泥沙数学模型对黄河的“96．8”洪水泥沙输移特性进行了数值计算模拟，通过对洪水运动过程的水沙要素如断面的水位、数量、含沙量变化、洪水传播时间及河床冲淤等特性的分析表明，本一维非恒定泥沙数学模型在分析模拟洪水泥运动规律可靠性，为江河洪水预报提供一种重要的预测手段。     

黄河下游典型滩区“92·8”洪水分区滞洪沉沙数值模拟研究

采用平面二维水沙数学模型,依据“92·8”典型洪水情况,对黄河下游夹河滩至高村河段进行了无生产堤条件下的自然漫滩、现状生产堤条件下漫滩及典型滩区分洪淤滩,3种工况条件下的河道冲淤、洪水演进及滩区淹没的数值模拟.模拟成果分析表明,对黄河下游蓄滞洪区进行滞洪沉沙,有效增大了分洪区的削峰滞洪作用,保证和扩大了滩槽泥沙横向交换...     

Modeling sediment transport in the lower Yellow River and dynamic equilibrium threshold value

A major problem in the lower Yellow River is the insufficient incoming water and excessive sediment supply, which results in serious deposition, continuous rise of the river bed, and austere flood control situation. To understand the sediment transport regularity of the lower Yellow River and determine the relationship between sedimentation, incoming water and sediment, and zone water diversion, a mathematical model of the sediment suitable for the characteristics of the lower Yellow River has been developed. This model is first rated and verified by large quantity of observed data, and it is then used to analyze silting reduction for the lower Yellow River by Xiaolangdi Reservoir’s operation, the relationship between zone water diversion and channel sedimentation, and critical equilibrium of sedimentation in the lower Yellow River. The threshold values of equilibrium of sedimentation in the lower Yellow River are estimated and they suggest that deposition in the lower Yellow River can be effectively reduced by the operation of regulating flow and sediment from Xiaolangdi Reservoir, water-soil conservation, and controlling water diversion along the lower Yellow River.     

Modeling sediment transport in the lower Yellow River and dynamic equilibrium threshold value

1IntroductionTheYellowRiverbasin,knownasthecradleoftheChineseculture,hasalargepopulationandisrichinnaturalresources.ThisregionanditseconomicconditionshavebeenimprovedquicklysinceChina’seconomicreformandopening-up.However,thewaterresourcesandtheirenvironmentalissueshavereceivedlittleattention.Thesedi-mentconcentrationintheYellowRiverissohighthatthedepositionontheriverbedmakestheriverbedelevationhigherthanthegroundoutsidetheriverbanks,whichleadstothefamous“suspendedriver”sceneintheregion.P…     

黄河下游河道输沙規律及小浪底水库对下游河道减淤作用分析

本文根据黄河下游多年实测资料,分析了水流流量、含沙量以及泥沙粒径、河床形态等因素对下游河道输沙能力的影响,探讨了黄河下游河道的输沙规律,并以三门峡水库投入运用后下游实测资料,利用多元回归分析方法,建立并验证了全下游河道输沙率关系式。本文根据黄河下游河道的输沙特性,对小浪底水库的运用方式提出三个方案,分析了不同运用方式对减轻下游河道淤积的作用。结果表明,只要运用得当,减淤效果显著,在水库最初25年运用期内可使下游河道减淤近67亿吨,相当于下游河道17年以上的淤积量,水库拦沙减淤比可达1.1∶1。     

黄河中游水沙变化特征分析

黄河具有水少、沙多、水沙关系不协调的特点,其治理的主要难题在于处理径流量和输沙量的关系.近60年来,黄河中游水沙关系加剧恶化.因此,揭示黄河中游水沙变化特征及其影响因素是水沙研究的首要任务.采用滑动平均法、Manner-Kendall检验法对比分析黄河中游4个主要水文站(龙门、花园口、华县、白家川)在1950—2010年的水沙变化趋势.结果表明:黄河中游水沙量呈显著减少趋势,尤其是20世纪70年代以后;气候变化、降雨、水利工程、水土保持措施等是水沙变化的主要驱动因素,人类活动正成为影响水沙变化的最根本因素.     

小浪底水库运用初期黄河下游河道冲刷模拟计算

采用小浪底水库运用后的1999年11月至2002年10月水沙系列对已建立并运用多年的黄河准二维泥沙数学模型进行验证计算，河床冲淤变化、断面形态调整、洪水演进及洪水位变化、床沙与悬沙交换等各方面的计算结果与实测资料基本吻合。这说明该模型适用于因小浪底水库运用而水沙条件发生重大变化的黄河下游，该模型可在今后小浪底水库运用方式的比选、黄河下游河道治理及下游防洪决策等工作中发挥其模拟和预测的作用。     

黄河下游河道1952～2000年特征大断面变化特性

黄河下游河道滩区防洪形势的严峻性使下游滩区的治理受到广泛关注.针对这种现状,作者搜集整理黄河下游各大断面历年汛期实测资料以及断面资料,用Visual FoxPro程序建立数据库;采用断面法计算汛期特征断面冲淤量;通过分析各断面历年汛期冲淤面积和平均冲淤深度变化,分析了近50 a不同来水来沙条件下河道冲淤演变特点,得到不同来水来沙对河道冲淤影响的几点认识.     

根治黄河的对策

在对现代各种有代表性的治黄方略述评的基础上 ,提出了根治黄河的对策 :将黄河中游水土严重流失的多沙粗沙区整治成错落有致的相对平原 ,以大大减少入黄泥沙 ;将淮河、汉江上游灾害水或多余水调引入黄 ,以冲刷下游河道 ,缓解水资源供需矛盾 ,同时改善生态环境 .     

黄河泥沙对水中细菌吸附作用研究

为了揭示黄河泥沙对水中细菌吸附作用的规律,取黄河花园口段的浑水,以细菌总数为水污染指标,通过等温吸附的方法,初步探讨了泥砂粒径、泥沙浓度、细菌浓度、水的pH值、水的钙硬度对泥沙吸附细菌的影响.结果表明:上述因素均影响黄河泥沙对细菌吸附力,泥沙的理化性质对吸附影响较大;pH值和钙硬度是影响吸附的主要因素.     

黄河下游河道滩岸崩退与淤长过程的耦合模拟

黄河下游滩岸变形时常发生,对河床稳定、防洪安全、滩区耕地保护等方面产生诸多不利影响,因此有必要在河道水沙数学模型中考虑滩岸变形计算。以一维水沙输移及床面冲淤计算模型为基础,结合滩岸崩退与淤长计算模块,建立了能同时模拟河床纵向冲淤与滩岸横向变形的耦合模型。采用该模型计算了黄河全下游（755 km长河道）的河床纵向与横向变形过程,选取2018年及2020年作为率定及验证年份对该模型进行测试。计算结果表明：该模型可以很好地模拟黄河下游滩岸崩退及淤长过程,黄河下游游荡段、过渡段、弯曲段河段平滩宽度的计算误差在2018年分别为4 m、5 m、1 m,三河段误差在2020年分别为12 m、14 m、4 m;黄河下游三河段滩岸变形程度差异较大,游荡段滩岸变形幅度远大于过渡段与弯曲段,过渡段与弯曲段变形幅度相差不大;三河段滩岸崩退幅度均大于淤长幅度,体现出下游河床呈现展宽的趋势;黄河下游滩岸崩退与淤长会对河床冲淤产生重要影响,其中游荡段滩岸变形对于河床冲淤影响较大,而过渡段及弯曲段的河床变形主要表现为水沙不平衡输移引起的床面冲淤。     

淮河干流鲁台子至吴家渡河段输沙平衡分析

利用1951-2007年长系列的水文资料,对淮河干流鲁台子至吴家渡河段进行输沙平衡分析.结果显示,1951-2007年本段淮干累计呈淤积状态,但自50年代起1O年平均淤积量逐年代递减,至80年代已由淤转冲.进一步分析了鲁台子站流量、含沙量、汛期和非汛期、行洪区启用状况等因素对泥沙输移的影响,得出了河段冲淤变化与各相关因子的关系.     

黄河调水调沙有关问题的探讨

总结了小浪底水库运用以来黄河调水调沙取得的重要成果;从小浪底水库拦沙运用变化及黄河下游河道冲淤变化两方面分析了当前小浪底水库调水调沙的运用条件;提出了今后黄河调水调沙应当关注的一些问题,如水库汛限水位、调水调沙调控指标、调水调沙运用思路等.     

黄河下游游荡段持续淤积及冲刷时平滩河槽形态调整规律

自1986年以来,由于上游来水来沙量不同程度的减少及小浪底水库的运用,进入黄河下游的水沙条件发生了较大变化.下游河道分别经历了持续淤积和持续冲刷的过程,其平滩河槽形态调整较为显著,尤其在游荡段.利用1986-2012年汛后实测淤积断面资料,统计了各年游荡段汛后28个断面的平滩河槽形态参数(平滩河宽、水深及面积等).然后,采用基于对数转换的几何平均结合断面间距加权平均的方法,计算了基于河段尺度的游荡段平滩河槽形态,并分析了这些参数的变化规律.计算结果表明:河段平滩河槽形态的调整与汛期及非汛期水沙条件都密切相关,且能与前期4年平均的汛期及非汛期的流量及来沙系数建立经验函数关系.该关系式可反映出流量、来沙系数对平滩河槽形态各参数的不同影响,并有较高的相关系数.     

Simulation of dike-break processes in the Yellow River

Although dike-break and dam-break processes have similar unsteady and discontinuous hydrodynamic characteristics, there are significant differences. In general, dam-break simulations focus on the flood discharge, whereas dike-break simulations are required to provide detailed information on the hydraulic and breach evolution processes, such as pit-scour and breach-expansion. In order to overcome the difficulties inherent in applying existing dam-break models to dike-breaks, this paper presents an integrated model that combines the shallow water, sediment transport, riverbed deformation and breach-expansion equations. A Godunov-type finite volume method is used for the flow simulation, based on a fixed quadtree grid system. The hydro-dynamic aspects of the model are validated for an idealized rectangular dam break. A representative reach in the Yellow River is selected at a location where there is a significant risk of a dike-break, and full-scale topographic and hydrologic data are available. Typical di     

动床模型加沙控制系统误差分析及评价

针对进口加沙控制系统的稳定性问题,采用回归分析方法,对模型黄河“小浪底至苏泗庄动床河道模型”进口加沙控制系统的稳定性和误差进行了研究,结果表明:进口加沙虽然存在一定的控制误差,但进口加沙控制系统基本稳定,满足动床模型试验规范的要求.     

游荡型河道挟沙力沿河宽的分布

挟沙力沿河宽分布的变化是造成游荡型河道主流频繁摆动的主要原因之一,掌握其变化规律是研究游荡型河流演变规律的关键.通过对游荡型河道成因及河道演变特性进行分析,结合黄河下游花园口-高村1954~1958年的水沙资料,考虑暴涨暴落的洪水和剧烈变化的地形条件对挟沙力分布的影响,建立了适用于黄河下游游荡型河道的二维挟沙力公式.通过实测资料检验,计算值与实测值符合良好,表明该公式可以较好地反映游荡型河道挟沙力沿河宽分布的特性.