南方红壤区不同植被措施坡面的水土流失特征

植被是南方红壤区水土流失治理的主要措施,为了研究不同的植被措施对坡面产流产沙的影响,以及对坡面侵蚀的抑制效果,在福建省长汀县选择乔灌草、灌草、草本、农作物、乔灌、封山育林、经济林等各植被措施下的标准径流小区,通过观测各种植被措施坡面的产流产沙情况,分析比较各小区的水土流失特征。结果表明植被能较好地调控坡面地表径流和土壤侵蚀。不同植被措施下坡面产流产沙分异规律明显,相对裸地,盖度高的乔灌草、灌草、草本等措施的水土流失量最小,水土保持效果最为明显。在不同的降雨量条件下,不同植被措施的坡面水土流失情况也表现出显著的差异。因此,在未来南方红壤植被恢复与生态环境建设过程中,通过各种植被治理措施的逐步实施,对改善当地的生态环境和水土流失的防治具有重要的意义。     

碎石土坡地不同植被配置下的养分流失途径

为了解不同植被类型及覆盖度对碎石土壤坡地养分流失途径的影响,采用模拟径流小区降雨,研究了6种植被配置模式下地表径流、壤中流及侵蚀泥沙氮、磷养分流失特征。结果表明:植被覆盖坡地氮流失量比裸地减少了0.91~4.60倍,磷流失量减少了6.25~63.9倍,养分控制效果排序为草灌草本灌木裸地。6种植被配置下的地表径流、壤中流及侵蚀泥沙养分流失量存在显著差异,裸地氮、磷的主要损失途径是侵蚀泥沙,灌木是地表径流,草本与草灌结合处理则是地表径流和壤中流;而草本、灌木以及草灌结合土壤磷的主要损失途径是侵蚀泥沙与地表径流共同作用的结果。不同植物覆盖措施对含碎石土裸地氮、磷的流失起到显著的截留作用,主要通过由侵蚀泥沙向非侵蚀泥沙途径转化而实现对氮磷的截留。灌木覆盖度与地表径流的氮磷流失量、径流总量的氮磷流失量之间呈现显著的正相关性,与壤中流的氮磷流失量呈现显著的负相关性。     

天然降雨条件下裸露砒砂岩区人工植被的减流减沙效应

裸露砒砂岩区是黄土高原上侵蚀最为剧烈的地区之一,研究裸露砒砂岩区天然降雨下人工植被的减流减沙效应,对于提升砒砂岩区水土流失治理成效与质量有重要意义。以裸露砒砂岩区鲍家沟小流域的典型人工植被为研究对象,运用系统聚类和线性回归相结合的方法,划分裸露砒砂岩区降雨类型,研究不同降雨类型下坡面产流产沙的特征,分析不同人工植被的减流减沙效应。结果表明:(1)裸露砒砂岩的自然降雨可以分为长历时暴雨、长历时的中到大雨、短历时暴雨以及短历时的小到中雨4种类型。(2)天然降雨的降雨量(P)、最大30 min雨强(I₃₀)和最大10 min雨强(I₁₀)与各植被类型坡面的产流量、产沙量间呈y=ax₁+bx₂+cx₃+d的多元线性关系。(3)各植被类型的减流能力依次为沙棘林>油松林>山杏林>柠条林>草地; 减沙能力依次为沙棘林>山杏林>油松林>柠条林>草地。营造人工植被可以有效防治裸露砒砂岩区坡面的水土流失问题,现有的人工植被类型中以沙棘林的抗蚀能力最强。     

定西黄土丘陵沟壑区不同土地利用类型水土流失研究

以坡耕地作为对照,通过自然降水条件下径流小区连续14年的观测资料,分析了人工乔、灌、草植被和自然草地的水土流失差异,揭示了不同土地利用类型小区的减水减沙效果:不同土地利用类型小区具有不同的产流、产沙量,年产流值具有显著性差异,坡耕地、牧草地和乔木林地间年产流没有显著性差异,自然草地与灌木林地间年产流也没有显著性差异;各类径流小区年产沙量具有显著性差异,牧草地与乔木林地、自然草地与灌木林地间的产沙量无显著性差异,坡耕地、牧草地和乔木林地的产沙量明显大于自然草地和灌木林地;乔木林地比自然草地、灌木林地有更高的土壤侵蚀强度及频率。在定西黄土丘陵沟壑区,控制水土流失的基本措施是保护好现有的自然植被,实行坡耕地退耕还林还草,建设人工植被应实行"灌木为主,草灌优先,草灌乔相结合"。     

坡地开垦的径流泥沙响应

Land use and land cover change is a key driver of environmental change. To investigate the runoff and erosion responses to frequent land use change on the steep lands in the Three Gorges area, China, a rainfall simulation experiment was conducted in plots randomly selected at a Sloping Land Conversion Program site with three soil surface conditions: existing vegetation cover, vegetation removal, and freshly hoed. Simulated rainfall was applied at intensities of 60 (low), 90 (medium), and 120 mm h 1 (high) in each plot. The results indicated that vegetation removal and hoeing significantly changed runoff generation. The proportion of subsurface runoff in the total runoff decreased from 30.3% to 6.2% after vegetation removal. In the hoed plots, the subsurface runoff comprised 29.1% of the total runoff under low-intensity rainfall simulation and the proportion rapidly decreased with increasing rainfall intensity. Vegetation removal and tillage also significantly increased soil erosion. The average soil erosion rates from the vegetation removal and hoed plots were 3.0 and 10.2 times larger than that in the existing vegetation cover plots, respectively. These identified that both the runoff generation mechanism and soil erosion changed as a consequence of altering land use on steep lands. Thus, conservation practices with maximum vegetation cover and minimum tillage should be used to reduce surface runoff and soil erosion on steep lands.     

植被对含碎石土壤坡面降雨入渗和径流侵蚀的影响

[目的]研究植被对含碎石土壤坡面入渗和径流侵蚀的影响,为合理配置三峡地区含碎石土壤坡面植被提供科学依据。[方法]在建立的径流小区内铺设含碎石土壤,并配置不同种类、不同覆盖度的植被,进行人工降雨试验。[结果]各类小区径流量排序为:裸坡灌木坡面草本坡面草灌混合坡面,入渗量与径流量排序相反,有植被覆盖坡面的壤中流大于裸坡;入渗率服从对数函数规律,产流强度呈幂函数变化;草地对水沙的调控机制更多的是直接拦沙;累计径流量和累计侵蚀量的关系均满足幂函数形式。[结论]植被措施可有效地减少含碎石土壤坡面的水土流失,不同的植被措施减少的效益不同。     

Surface runoff and soil erosion in a natural regeneration area of the Brazilian Cerrado

The Brazilian Cerrado has been converted to farmland, and there is little evidence that this expansion will decrease, mainly because agriculture is the country’s main economic sector. However, the impacts of intense modification of land use and land cover on surface runoff and soil erosion are still poorly understood in this region. Here, we assessed surface runoff and soil loss in a woodland Cerrado area under a former pasture area, which was abandoned and has undergone a natural regeneration process for 7 years (RC). Its results were compared with that found in an undisturbed area of woodland Cerrado (CE), 40-month-old eucalyptus (3.0 × 1.8 m) (EU), and pasture under rotational grazing (PA). The study was conducted on Red Acrisol located in the Brazilian Cerrado. We performed rainfall simulations on a plot of 0.7 m² and using three constant rainfall intensities of 60, 90, and 120 mm h⁻¹ for 1 h. For each rainfall intensity, we carried out four repetitions using different plots in each treatment, i.e. 12 plots per treatment studied and 48 plots in total. We noted that the soil physical properties were improved in RC and, consequently, water infiltration and soil erosion control; RC presented surface runoff and soil loss different from EU and PA (α = 0.05). The macroporosity and soil bulk density affected surface runoff in RC and PA because the RC was used as pasture and is currently regenerating back to the cerrado vegetation. As the rainfall intensity increased, EU became more similar to PA, which showed the highest surface runoff and soil loss. Our findings indicate that natural regeneration processes (pasture to the cerrado vegetation) tend to improve the soil ecosystem services, improving infiltration and reducing surface runoff and soil erosion.     

重庆南平镇岩溶槽谷区不同土地利用类型地表水土流失

研究岩溶区水土流失特征有助于更好地开展岩溶地区水土保持,防止石漠化。通过在岩溶区不同土地利用类型布设9个径流场,利用2008-01－2010-08野外雨季的监测资料,得到岩溶区地表水土流失特征。结果表明：速效钾在土壤中易被淋失,磷富集度平均值最低,全氮、水解氮、有机质富集度的平均含量居中。从土地利用类型来看,富集度表现明显的是坡耕地（自然坡耕地强于移土培肥坡耕地）,其次是林地,金银花地和草地富集度最低。根据相关系数可知淤泥养分含量与降雨强度呈极显著相关关系,淤泥养分含量与降雨量成正相关,但是相关性差。淤泥养分流失总量是通过泥沙量与淤泥养分含量来共同体现的。土壤侵蚀模数从大到小的顺序依次为自然坡耕地>移土培肥坡耕地>草地>金银花地 >林地。岩溶区并不是每场降雨都要产生径流,主要是大雨尤其是暴雨才生产径流。岩溶区水土流失径流系数平均值在2.31%～14.72%。该研究有助于更好地理解岩溶区水土流失特征,为治理岩溶区水土流失提供科学依据。     

南方花岗岩红壤区不同土地利用类型坡地产流与侵蚀产沙研究

基于自然坡面径流小区,分析了南方花岗岩红壤区5种典型土地利用下坡面地表径流与侵蚀产沙规律.结果表明,不同地类地表径流与侵蚀产沙分异规律明显.裸露荒地、坡耕地、早地和疏林地的地表径流分别是典型林分林地的1 354.9%,1 099.9%,712.3%和285.4%;不同地类土壤侵蚀强度排序为裸露荒地＞坡耕地＞旱地＞疏林地＞典型林分林地,说明植被能较好地调蓄地表径流和减少侵蚀产沙.在不同降雨强度和雨型条件下,不同土地利用的坡面产流与侵蚀产沙也表现出显著的差异.裸露荒地、坡耕地、旱地、疏林地是研究区主要的侵蚀产沙地类.基于径流小区次降雨条件下径流和侵蚀产沙观测资料,建立了不同地类坡面径流与侵蚀产沙的回归方程.     

草被地上和地下部分拦蓄径流和减少泥沙的效益分析

研究草被地上和地下部分拦蓄径流和减少泥沙效益对科学评价草被防止土壤侵蚀的作用有重要科学意义。采用模拟降雨试验，分析了草被地上和地下部分拦蓄径流和减少泥沙的效益。结果表明，草被与森林植被一样，能有效防止土壤侵蚀。当草地地面覆盖达90％时，草被拦蓄径流效益达90％以上，而基本上无侵蚀发生。草被地上部分（茎枝＋枯落物）拦蓄径流效益为23．7％，其中茎枝部分拦蓄径流效益为9．0％和枯落物层拦蓄径流效益为14．7％，减少泥沙效益为44．6％；草被地下部分土壤体拦蓄径流效益为72．7％，拦蓄泥沙效益为55．4％。     

自然降雨条件下红壤坡面有机碳的选择性迁移

依托江西水土保持生态科技园,2015年3月―8月期间,对裸地、草地、果园和湿地松人工林四种类型径流小区自然降雨条件下侵蚀过程中径流泥沙和土壤有机碳的流失特征进行了原位监测。结果表明,监测期间24场降雨下,径流系数和侵蚀模数基本上均随雨型的增大而增加。随着土地利用类型由裸地向果园、草地和林地的转换,减流效益和减沙效益依次增大。径流量和泥沙流失量最主要的影响因素分别是降雨量和径流量。裸地、草地、果园和林地四种类型坡面上,自然降雨下土壤有机碳随泥沙迁移的比例分别为64.67%、47.38%、53.94%和36.03%,碳流失强度分别达到560.3、1.98、122.5和2.66 mg m-2。径流有机碳含量与径流量之间、泥沙含碳量与泥沙量之间均呈负相关关系。裸地、果园、草地和林地四种径流小区泥沙有机碳富集比分别为1.27、1.10、0.80和0.58,即随着土壤侵蚀模数的降低,有机碳富集比也减小。泥沙有机碳富集比均随雨强的增大而减小,有机碳的选择性迁移在低强度降雨条件下表现更为明显。     

红黏土侵蚀劣地集水区30年植被恢复中的水沙特征

为探究红黏土侵蚀劣地植被恢s复的水土保持效益,在自然降雨条件下,对红黏土区裸地对照及植被恢复的2个自然集水区进行长期降雨径流泥沙监测,得到30年的产流产沙数据.结果表明:1)植被恢复第6年裸地对照和恢复林地的产流差距显著,8年后恢复林地基本不再产沙.年内产流产沙集中在雨季4-6月,植被的减流和减沙效益分别超过40％和90％.在次降雨尺度上,植被能够显著降低径流泥沙曲线斜率,在降雨量相同的条件下减小地表产流产沙量.2)降雨过程产流产沙与降雨强度I60变化趋势一致,呈多峰型,总体上恢复区延缓产流1h以上,产流峰值减小67％ ～ 83％,中雨条件下植被延缓径流和降低产流峰值的效益最好.3)恢复林地径流中全N、全P、全K流失量分别减少54.62％、57.53％、56.46％,次降雨过程中全N和全K流失质量浓度高于全P浓度,且随径流过程波动较大.植被恢复后的红黏土集水区产流产沙及养分流失显著减少,水土流失得到有效控制.     

不同治理措施在红壤坡耕地的水土保持效益

在云南省抚仙湖流域澄江尖山河小流域坡耕地建立了野外标准径流小区,并布设了1.2m宽等高反坡阶和2.0m宽草带两种坡耕地水土保持措施,观测次降雨的地表径流量和土壤流失量,并与原状坡耕地进行对比,分析两种措施的水土保持效益。结果表明:(1)两种措施之间的地表径流量和土壤流失量差异性均显著。修筑等高反坡阶的地表径流深为113.64mm,比原状坡耕地减少了61.9%,土壤流失量为714.7t/km2,比原状坡耕地减少了77.4%;布设草带的地表径流深为82.76mm,比原状坡耕地减少了72.2%,土壤流失量为370.1t/km2,比原状坡耕地减少了88.3%。(2)两种措施之间的减流和减沙效益差异性均显著,等高反坡阶的减流和减沙效益指数平均分别达0.57和0.97,草带的减流和减沙效益指数平均分别达0.79和0.76。(3)两种措施均大幅削减了地表径流和泥沙的氮、磷养分输出总量,发挥了较好的保肥作用。与原状坡耕地相比,等高反坡阶对总氮削减率为81.9%,对总磷削减率为44.3%;草带对总氮削减率为74.7%,对总磷削减率为83.7%。     

典型黑土区陡坡植草水土流失防治效果研究

[目的]研究陡坡生物防治与影响因素的变化关系,为侵蚀沟治理、水土保持植被措施配置等决策提供科学依据。[方法]设置2个坡度,7种草本植被配置模式,于2018年6—9月开展了自然小区水土流失监测。[结果] 1∶1.5和1∶1.2坡比边坡草本建植当年分别较裸地平均减流27%和26%,减沙52%和21%,坡度由34°增加到40°,地表径流虽未增加,但土壤侵蚀量明显增加;影响产流产沙的降雨因子主要有雨量,I_(30),E,EI_(30),坡度变陡,相关性增强;建植草无芒雀麦和紫花苜蓿混播减流减沙效果最好,紫花苜蓿、无芒雀麦、早熟禾3种草种混播减流效果优于单播;1∶1.2坡比边坡随着植被盖度的增加减沙效果逐渐增强,且在植被盖度大于50%时减沙效果接近1∶1.5坡比边坡。[结论]在无芒雀麦和紫花苜蓿混播草本配置下,1∶1.2坡比削坡在侵蚀沟治理时可采用,能减少20%的削坡占地面积。     

草地开垦人为加速侵蚀的人工降雨试验研究

通过野外人工降雨试验分析了人为破坏草被对土壤加速侵蚀的影响。研究结果表明天然草地基本上不发生径流和土壤流失。天然草被破坏开垦后径流量增加1273～3050m³/km²,产沙量增加500～1700t/km²。撂荒地（4年）的径流量明显高于天然草地,但土壤侵蚀量很小,撂荒地开垦后径流和流失量明显高于天然草地开垦后的径流量和侵蚀量,其中产沙量为新开垦天然草地的6.2倍。草地的地上部分吸水量占降雨量的15.5%,天然草地上地形、降雨因子对土壤侵蚀的影响甚微。草地开垦后,土壤侵蚀量随雨强和坡度的增加而增大。     

桂西北喀斯特峰丛不同土地利用方式坡面产流产沙特征

由于缺乏长期定位观测资料,西南喀斯特山区坡地水土流失规律一直不明确,严重影响了该区石漠化综合治理和水土流失防治工作的成效和进程。该文基于13个大型径流小区(宽20m、投影面积>1000m2)5a(2006-2010年)的定位观测资料,分析了桂西北喀斯特峰丛洼地不同利用方式坡面降雨产流规律和地表侵蚀产沙特征。结果表明:观测期内年降雨量为1300～2000mm,无论平水年还是丰水年,不同利用方式坡面次降雨径流系数<5%,地表产流很少,降雨几乎全部入渗。不同利用方式地表侵蚀产沙模数虽有较大差异,但土壤侵蚀以微度(<30t/(km2a))为主,部分甚至只有0～5t/(km2a)。植被类型、土地利用方式对坡面降雨产流的影响较小,但人为干扰会增加地表侵蚀产沙量。该文为喀斯特坡地植被恢复重建和水土流失防治提供参考。     

Soil erosion and hydrological response to land abandonment in a central inland area of Portugal

This paper analyses the effects of land abandonment on runoff and sediment yield in a central inland area of Portugal. Rainfall simulation experiments were performed in areas of traditional land use (land cultivated with cereals) with various types of soil plant cover associated with the period of abandonment (4–5 years, 15–20 years and 30–40 years) in two different seasons, namely under very dry conditions and after a long wet period. Statistical analysis showed a notable difference between the cultivated soils and those abandoned for a long period of time, which included appreciable vegetation recovery, higher organic matter content and negligible overland flow and soil loss. Cereal cultivation, in particular ploughing, is a very negative land management practice, due to the high runoff and soil loss. Within 4–5 years a crust develops over abandoned soils with sparse herbaceous plant cover, particularly after a dry season, which enhances runoff and sediment yield. In scrubland and oak plots, although marked water repellency was registered at the end of a dry, warm season, its influence seems to be irrelevant in terms of overland flow and erosion yield. The major factor in controlling overland flow and reducing soil erosion rates appears to be the role played by vegetation in protecting the soil surface and supplying organic carbon to the top layer. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

金沙江干热河谷封禁管护坡面的产流产沙特征

运用坡面径流泥沙小区定位观测方法,2003年雨季对金沙江元谋干热河谷水土流失封禁管护措施的坡面产流产沙特征进行了对比研究。结果显示,封禁管护措施有较好的调节径流和减少土壤流失的作用,其产流量比干扰荒草地减少39.04%,产沙量减少50.26%;产流量与产沙量均与降雨量和最大10 min时段降雨强度呈显著幂函数关系,复相关系数分别在0.882和0.888以上;产沙量与产流量之间的线性关系显著,相关系数在0.929以上。     

黄土坡面不同土地利用方式对土壤有机碳流失的影响

坡面土地利用方式与产流、产沙及土壤有机碳的流失具有密切关系。对延安燕沟流域的坡耕地、草地、刈割草地、灌木地、刈割灌木以及刺槐林地径流小区的径流、泥沙及有机碳流失量进行了分析。结果表明：在不同土地利用方式下,产流、产沙量与植被覆盖度呈负相关关系;随径流流失的可溶性有机碳量表现为：坡耕地〉刈割草地〉草地〉刈割灌木地〉灌木地〉刺槐林地小区,随泥沙流失的有机碳量表现为：坡耕地〉草地〉灌木〉刺槐林地。随泥沙流失的土壤有机碳占总流失量的主要部分,而随径流流失的有机碳只占很少的比例。因此,增加黄土坡面植被覆盖度是控制产流、产沙量和有机碳流失的重要途径。     

百喜草覆盖和敷盖对中国南方红壤坡地径流和产沙的影响

Rainfall,runoff (surface runoff,interflow and groundwater runoff) and soil loss from 5 m × 15 m plots were recorded for 5 years (2001-2005) in an experiment with three treatments (cover,mulch and bare ground) on sloping red soil in southern China.Surface runoff and erosion from the Bahia grass (Paspalum notatum Flugge) cover plot (A) and mulch plot (B) during the 5 years were low,despite the occurrence of potentially erosive rains.In contrast,the bare plot (C) had both the highest surface runoff coefficient and the highest sediment yield.There were significant differences in interflow and surface runoff and no significant difference in groundwater runoff among plots.The runoff coefficients and duration of interflow and groundwater runoff were in the order plot B > plot A > plot C.Effects of Bahia grass cover were excellent,indicating that the use of Bahia grass cover can be a simple and feasible practice for soil and water conservation on sloping red soil in the region.