荷载、碳化和氯盐侵蚀对混凝土劣化的影响

浇筑了普通混凝土和双掺粉煤灰、矿粉两种矿物掺合料的混凝土小梁试件39个,采用螺杆对试件施加混凝土极限抗弯承载力30%和60%的持续荷载,在"氯盐溶液浸泡+CO_2环境干燥"、"去离子水浸泡+CO_2环境干燥"和"氯盐溶液浸泡+大气环境干燥"3种不同干湿循环制度下进行干湿循环试验,分析了荷载、碳化和氯盐作用下混凝土的劣化规律。结果表明:双掺粉煤灰和矿粉的混凝土,因发生"二次水化反应"消耗了大量Ca(OH)_2,其抗碳化性能比普通混凝土差;碳化后混凝土孔隙中多被CaCO_3填充,孔隙率降低,因此碳化速率随碳化龄期的增长减缓;干湿循环作用下,随着循环次数的增加,对流区深度会逐渐趋于稳定,在7~9 mm之间,而碳化作用使混凝土表层氯离子堆积明显;干燥过程中,氯盐存在使混凝土表面孔隙出现结晶,亦会抑制碳化反应的速率;碳化作用对混凝土中氯盐的传输起到双重作用:使混凝土孔隙率降低从而降低氯盐的传输速率,又会使部分结合氯离子释放为自由氯离子,从而提高自由氯离子含量;荷载水平由0.3倍极限荷载增加到0.6倍极限荷载,碳化和氯盐传输深度显著提高,随循环次数增加,荷载作用对碳化和氯盐传输影响愈加明显。     

粉煤灰和矿粉对混凝土力学与耐久性能的影响研究

粉煤灰和矿粉加入混凝土中可以有效消耗工业固体废弃物,保护环境.基于此,利用室内试验方法采用粉煤灰和矿粉取代部分水泥,制备了不同粉煤灰以及矿粉掺量的混凝土材料,测试了这些材料的抗压强度、抗氯离子侵蚀性能、抗冻性能以及抗碳化性能.结果表明:双掺粉煤灰和矿粉条件下混凝土的抗压强度和抗冻性能均要优于单掺粉煤灰或矿粉;当粉煤灰或矿粉单掺量为24％时,混凝土的电通量最小,其抗氯离子侵蚀能力最强;双掺粉煤灰和矿粉混凝土的28 d碳化深度比素混凝土小39.4％～53.5％.     

粉煤灰和矿粉对混凝土力学与耐久性能的影响研究

粉煤灰和矿粉加入混凝土中可以有效消耗工业固体废弃物,保护环境.基于此,利用室内试验方法采用粉煤灰和矿粉取代部分水泥,制备了不同粉煤灰以及矿粉掺量的混凝土材料,测试了这些材料的抗压强度、抗氯离子侵蚀性能、抗冻性能以及抗碳化性能.结果表明:双掺粉煤灰和矿粉条件下混凝土的抗压强度和抗冻性能均要优于单掺粉煤灰或矿粉;当粉煤灰或矿粉单掺量为24％时,混凝土的电通量最小,其抗氯离子侵蚀能力最强;双掺粉煤灰和矿粉混凝土的28 d碳化深度比素混凝土小39.4％～53.5％.     

碳化作用对混凝土强度及氯离子渗透性能的影响

试验研究了CO2对粉煤灰混凝土28d抗压强度和氯离子渗透性能的影响。结果表明：碳化作用提高了粉煤灰混凝土28d抗压强度,但随着粉煤灰掺量的增加,混凝土28d抗压强度逐渐减小;在标准养护条件下,粉煤灰对混凝土抗氯离子渗透性有改善作用,而碳化作用使混凝土抗氯离子渗透性能明显降低,且此时粉煤灰的掺人更加增强了对混凝土抗氯离子渗透性能的不利影响。     

冻融循环后钢纤维混凝土氯离子侵蚀性能研究

为探索经受冻融循环后的钢纤维混凝土在氯盐环境作用下的耐久性能,通过对冻融循环不同次数后的钢纤维混凝土试件开展氯离子侵蚀试验,分析了钢纤维掺量、冻融循环次数等因素对氯盐侵蚀环境下钢纤维混凝土耐久性的影响规律并探索了冻融损伤对钢纤维混凝土氯离子侵蚀性能的影响机理.研究结果表明:钢纤维掺量在0～1.5％范围内,钢纤维掺量越大,相同渗透深度处混凝土氯离子扩散系数越小,混凝土抵抗氯离子侵蚀的性能越好;冻融循环次数越大,钢纤维混凝土氯离子扩散系数越大,混凝土抵抗氯离子侵蚀的性能越差.     

复杂环境下粉煤灰水泥石的离子浓度分布与维氏硬度劣化规律

地铁工程混凝土结构处于硫酸盐、氯盐及杂散电流共存的复杂环境。本文针对地铁工程环境下混凝土的耐久性问题,研究了硫酸盐、氯盐及电场共同作用下,粉煤灰掺量对水泥石内硫酸根离子浓度分布、氯离子浓度分布和维氏硬度分布的影响,并基于Logistic函数建立维氏硬度预测模型,最后采用XRD分析了水泥石劣化的机理。结果表明:随侵蚀深度的增加,水泥石内硫酸根离子浓度不断降低,氯离子浓度呈现先增后降的趋势;侵入水泥石的氯离子和硫酸根离子的含量都随粉煤灰掺量的增加而先减后增,当粉煤灰掺量为10%(质量分数)时,侵入水泥石的氯离子与硫酸根离子的含量最低;被侵蚀后的水泥石内维氏硬度分布分为劣化区、增强区和完好区三个区域;预测模型可以准确表征水泥石内维氏硬度分布规律;适量粉煤灰的掺入可以减少受侵蚀后试件内的钙矾石(AFt)和石膏含量。     

海洋盐雾环境下混凝土中氯离子传输研究进展

氯离子传输是影响海洋工程钢筋混凝土服役寿命的关键因素。海洋大气中的氯离子可导致钢筋严重锈蚀，使混凝土结构的承载力降低和耐久性退化，严重威胁海洋工程钢筋混凝土结构的服役安全。但盐雾环境下的氯离子在混凝土中的传输机制极为复杂，呈多因素特征，需精确的盐雾试验来研究，并需要针对性更强的模型来描述其传输行为。鉴于此，本文对国内外盐雾环境下混凝土中氯离子传输的研究现状进行了系统综述，总结了海洋盐雾环境下探究混凝土中氯离子侵蚀的试验方法，讨论了影响氯离子传输的因素，归纳了氯离子传输模型，为海洋大气环境下钢筋混凝土结构的工程实践及科学研究提供借鉴和参考。     

承载混凝土酸雨侵蚀中性化试验研究

随着环境的恶化,酸雨侵蚀对工程结构的危害越来越大,酸雨侵蚀引起的混凝土耐久性问题已引起全世界的关注.由于实际工程中的混凝土结构绝大多数都是在承载状态下运行的,因此,本文通过承载混凝土的酸雨侵蚀试验,研究了工程中广泛应用的粉煤灰混凝土的酸雨侵蚀规律与中性化规律,重点分析了混凝土构件所承受的应力水平和粉煤灰掺量对混凝土中性化的影响.结果表明,弯曲拉应力对混凝土的酸雨腐蚀有加速作用,应力水平越高,加速作用越明显;弯曲压应力将减缓酸雨对混凝土的腐蚀;粉煤灰掺量越大,混凝土中性化深度越大,混凝土酸雨腐蚀越严重.     

混凝土碳化与氯离子侵蚀共同作用研究

处于除冰盐环境和海洋大气环境中的混凝土结构将受到碳化和氯离子侵蚀的共同作用。通过盐溶液浸泡与碳化交替方式,研究了碳化作用对混凝土中氯离子扩散的影响。结果表明：碳化作用加快了混凝土中氯离子扩散速度,提高了混凝土中的氯离子含量,相对于混凝土碳化对结合氯离子的释放作用,碳化导致的混凝土微观结构重分布对氯离子扩散的加速作用占主导地位。分析了碳化混凝土中的碳化钙分布和碳化深度,结果表明,用化学试剂法测试混凝土碳化深度时,碳化与未碳化交界处位于混凝土部分碳化区,交界处碳酸钙含量变化范围为5.4%～10.8%。     

矿物掺合料对混凝土氯离子结合能力的影响(英文)

用自然扩散法测定了混凝土中的总氯离子和自由氯离子浓度,计算了普通混凝土、粉煤灰混凝土和矿渣混凝土的氯结合能力,研究了矿物掺合料的掺量、暴露时间、养护龄期对混凝土氯结合能力的影响.结果表明:随着矿物掺合料掺量的增大,粉煤灰混凝土氯离子结合能力的变化趋势是先上升后下降,矿渣混凝土的氯离子结合能力则急剧增强;混凝土的氯离子结合能力与暴露的氯盐溶液种类有关,而与暴露时间无关,并且随着混凝土的标准养护龄期的延长而不断增强.因此,对于实际氯盐环境中的混凝土结构,建议采用最佳掺量25%的粉煤灰混凝土或者高掺量矿渣混凝土,同时加强潮湿养护,有利于提高混凝土结构的服役寿命.     

与钢筋脱钝化临界孔溶液pH值相关联的混凝土碳化理论模型

通过分析混凝土可碳化物质来源,认为抗碳化能力的关键是在孔溶液中电离形成的OH-总量.讨论了混凝土碳化过程孔溶液碱度变化与孔溶液氢氧根离子形成过程的关系.在Papadakis碳化模型的基础上提出了与钢筋脱钝化临界孔溶液pH值相关联的可用于大掺量工业废渣混凝土及含氯盐混凝土改进的碳化理论模型.应用模型对3个水胶比(以质量计,下同)的普通混凝土和掺25%矿渣和25%粉煤灰混凝土的碳化值进行了理论计算,计算结果与加速碳化试验的结果比较分析表明:改进的碳化理论模型对于大掺量工业废渣混凝土具有相对好的准确性,同时分析表明该模型对于含氯盐混凝土也具有良好的适应性,从而为大气环境下掺工业废渣混凝土和含氯盐混凝土的耐久性设计和使用寿命预测提供了新的方法和途径.     

Interaction between sulfate and chloride solution attack of concretes with and without fly ash

In this paper, the two sets of concretes under attack of erosion solution of sulfate and chloride salt were investigated. The one set is the plain concrete without fly ash addition. The other set is the concrete with 20% and 30% of fly ash addition, respectively. The corrosion solution includes three types: 3.5%NaCl, 5% Na₂SO₄, and a composite solution of 3.5%NaCl and 5% Na₂SO₄. In addition, two corrosion regimes were employed in this study: naturally immersion (stored in corrosion solution for long duration), drying-immersion cycles. The damage process of the two sets of concretes was systematically investigated under the above three types of corrosion solutions and two corrosion regimes. The interaction between sulfate and chloride salt was also quantitatively determined. The experimental results shown that a presence of sulfate in the composite solution increased the resistance to chloride ingress into concretes at early exposure period, but the opposition was observed at latter exposure period. For the damage of concretes, a presence of chloride in the composite solution reduces the damage of concrete caused by sulfate. Addition of fly ash may significantly improve the resistance to chloride ingress into concretes and the resistance to sulfate erosion when a suitable amount of fly ash addition and low water-to-binder (W/B) was employed. Studies of the different corrosion regimes indicate that concretes stored in corrosion solution for about 850 d, the changes in relatively dynamic modulus of elastically (RDME) could be described by three stages: linearly increasing period, steady period, and declining period. Whereas for drying-immersion cycles, an accelerated trend could be found. The changes in RDME included an accelerated decreased stage, linearly increased stage, and then a slowly decreased stage, finally accelerating failure stage. In order to elucidate the above experimental results in a microscopic scale, the mechanism was also investigated by the modern microanalysis techniques.     

Effects of some mineral additions to Portland cement on reinforcement corrosion

In the present the paper, various tests are described using white and ordinary Portland cement blended with fly ash and a slag to assess their effect on reinforcement corrosion. Natural and accelerated chloride diffusion, carbonation and corrosion tests were performed. The results indicate that the most resistant cement against chloride attack is the slag cement which on the other hand, performed as the less resistant to carbonation in the conditions of the test. The most resistant to carbonation is the ordinary Portland cement having the higher portlandite content. As there is the demand to link microstructure and observed performance of the different cementitious materials, an attempt is made. The work emphasizes the effect of mineral additions on the corrosion process in order to collect systematic information about the controlling parameters in the different periods of the service life of reinforced concrete structures.     

Corrosion effects on pullout behavior of hooked steel fibers in self-compacting concrete

Fiber reinforced concrete structures are subjected to chloride and carbonation penetration that could initiate corrosion of steel fibers, with eventual pernicious consequences in terms of structural and durability performance. Cracks in concrete are known to hasten initiation of steel corrosion in reinforced concrete structures. The investigation of the impact of cracks on the corrosion initiation and the associated interfacial damage between concrete and steel fibers is important for understanding the mechanical behavior of steel fiber reinforced concrete.In the present work, with the aim of studying the corrosion action on the mechanical behavior of cracked Steel Fiber Reinforced Self-Compacting Concrete (SFRSCC), an experimental program was performed to characterize the corrosion of hooked-end steel fibers and to assess the fiber pullout behavior in cracked concrete, previously subject to the action of corrosion by exposure to aggressive chloride environment.     

环境因素影响粉煤灰混凝土固化氯离子能力的试验研究

采用自然扩散法研究了氯盐溶液浓度、侵蚀时间和干湿循环影响粉煤灰混凝土固化氧离子能力的规律.结果表明:粉煤灰混凝土固化氯离子的能力随着氯盐溶液浓度的增大而逐渐增强,两者呈二阶多项式函数关系;随着氯盐溶液侵蚀时间的延长逐渐降低,两者呈幂函数关系;干湿循环提高了粉煤灰混凝土固化氯离子的能力.     

Durability of concrete incorporating large volumes of low-quality fly ash

The carbonation, corrosion of steel reinforcement in concrete and corrosion resistance of concrete, incorporating large volumes of low-quality fly ash (LVLQFA), were studied. The effect of concentration of carbon dioxide used in the experiment on estimating the carbonation resistance of LVLQFA concrete were also investigated. Test results show that the LVLQFA concrete with an activator has good carbonation and corrosion resistances of steel reinforcement. The corrosion resistance of LVLQFA concrete is better than that of the control concrete. The concentration of carbon dioxide used in the experiment has considerable effect on estimating the carbonation resistance of LVLQFA concrete.     

粉煤灰及沙漠砂对混凝土抗碳化性能的影响

通过进行单掺粉煤灰、单掺沙漠砂、双掺粉煤灰和沙漠砂混凝土3d、7d、14d、28d和56d抗碳化性能试验,分析了粉煤灰掺量和沙漠砂替代率对混凝土抗碳化性能的影响,建立了混凝土28 d碳化深度与粉煤灰掺量及沙漠砂替代率之间回归关系模型.试验结果表明:对于单掺粉煤灰混凝土,随着粉煤灰掺量增加,混凝土碳化深度逐渐增大,且碳化早期比后期增长较快;对于单掺沙漠砂混凝土,随着沙漠砂替代率增加,混凝土碳化深度呈先减小后增大趋势,沙漠砂替代率20%时混凝土碳化深度最小;对于双掺粉煤灰和沙漠砂混凝土,粉煤灰掺量10%,沙漠砂替代率20%时混凝土碳化深度最小.     

掺合料对混凝土早期碳化深度影响的试验研究

通过自然暴露环境条件下掺合料混凝土的早期碳化试验,分析了粉煤灰掺量、矿渣掺量、煤矸石掺量对单掺混凝土碳化深度的影响规律,探讨了双掺掺合料对混凝土碳化深度发展规律的交互作用,并基于试验数据建立了掺合料碳化速度影响系数的表达式。结果表明：单掺粉煤灰掺量小于15%时混凝土的碳化深度略有减小但掺量超过15%后碳化深度随粉煤灰掺量的增加而增加,单掺矿渣混凝土的碳化深度随矿渣掺量的增加而增加,单掺小于20%的煤矸石使混凝土早期抗碳化性能提高但掺入超过30%的煤矸石后混凝土碳化深度明显增加;随着粉煤灰掺量的增加,双掺粉煤灰和矿渣、双掺粉煤灰和煤矸石的混凝土碳化深度增加,在粉煤灰混凝土中掺入25%矿渣或20%煤矸石后混凝土的碳化深度变化较小;在煤矸石混凝土中掺入25%~40%的矿渣时混凝土的碳化深度无明显变化但再掺入超过40%的矿渣时碳化深度明显增大,在矿渣混凝土中掺入20%煤矸石后混凝土的碳化深度增长约40%。     

粉煤灰—矿渣复合掺合料对海工砼耐久性的影响

混凝土构筑物在海水中受冰冻、风浪和水质等因素的作用 ,容易损伤而导致使用寿命缩短。本文对掺有粉煤灰和矿渣的混凝土的强度、抗渗性、人工海水中的氯离子扩散及钢筋锈蚀性能等进行了研究。结果表明 ,掺有粉煤灰和矿渣的混凝土比普通混凝土具有更优越的抗海水侵蚀性能