Ilizarov外固定架治疗胫骨骨缺损及骨短缩

目的探讨应用Ilizarov外固定架治疗胫骨骨不连及骨缺损的方法及临床疗效。方法对19例胫骨骨不连及骨短缩患者（肢体短缩4~17cm,平均9cm）,根据Iuizarov治疗原则,采用微创截骨、直接拉伸延长或骨段滑移术修复骨缺损和延长肢体,在连续硬膜外麻醉下手术置入外固定架。骨不连者调整外固定架使骨断端对合并加压;骨缺损短缩者则做骨段搬移术或直接拉长。定期复查X片,直至骨愈合满意后拆除外固定架。结果本组术后经1～5年随访。所有骨缺损愈合,肢体长度恢复正常或接近正常,感染无复发。结论Ilizalov外固定架技术是治疗胫骨大段骨缺损的有效方法。软组织感染创面可在骨段滑移中逐渐缩小并闭合,骨感染可在骨段滑移中逐渐被控制并随骨连接而愈合。     

镶嵌式外固定支架治疗胫骨干骨不连与骨缺损

目的 探讨应用镶嵌式外固定支架治疗胫骨干骨不连与骨缺损的临床疗效.方法 自2006年3月至2010年10月收治40例胫骨干骨折术后骨不连及骨缺损患者,男30例,女10例;年龄19～45岁,平均28.4岁;左侧26例,右侧14例.骨不连按Weber-Czech分类:非感染性骨不连30例,感染性骨不连10例;合并骨缺损或肢体短缩18例,骨缺损或肢体短缩2～10 cm,平均6.1 cm.均采用镶嵌式外固定支架固定治疗.骨不连断端未植骨处理.同期行皮瓣修复者4例,行负压封闭引流二期皮瓣或植皮修复者5例.结果 36例患者术后获10～48个月(平均15个月)随访,4例失访.所有患者骨不连均获愈合,愈合时间为6～12个月,平均7.8个月.短缩2～3 cm者3例,短缩2 cm以下者4例.4例患者骨折愈合后骨折端在冠状面或矢状面上有成角,成角5°～10°,平均8°.相邻膝、踝关节功能恢复良好.结论 镶嵌式外固定支架治疗胫骨干骨不连及骨缺损方法简单、有效,可早期功能锻炼,感染患者可获一期愈合.     

半环式外固定架骨延长治疗儿童下肢短缩畸形

目的：介绍应用半环式外固定架渐进性骨牵伸／加压技术治疗儿童下肢短缩的经验。方法：单纯下肢短缩采用股骨远端或胫骨近端横行截骨,半环式外固定架牵伸延长,胫骨骨缺损、骨不连性肢体短缩除截骨延长外,还将假关节端修整丰杨互嵌合的“Ｖ”形并加压。结果：１６例患儿骨延长４～８ｃｍ,平均４．７ｃｍ,均达预期长度。结论：半环式外固定架骨延长治疗儿童下肢短缩畸形疗效满意。合并骨缺损、骨不连的肢体短缩是应用半式或外回定     

肱骨骨不连的原因分析及治疗

目的探讨肱骨骨不连的原因和不同固定、植骨方法治疗肱骨骨不连的临床疗效。方法对51例肱骨骨不连进行回顾性分析。固定方式：钢板内固定30例，交锁髓内钉内固定12例，单臂或组合式外固定架8例，异体骨板加螺钉内固定1例。植骨来源：自体髂骨植骨16例，重组合异种骨植骨(RBX)12例，自体髂骨联合RBX植骨17例，异体骨植骨2例，异体骨联合RBX植骨2例。结果51例患者中，2例失访。49例随访8个月～9年，平均4年7个月。总愈合率89．8％，钢板治疗组愈合率83．3％，外固定架治疗组愈合率100％，交锁髓内针治疗组愈合率100％。12例单独应用RBX植骨治疗肱骨骨不连全部愈合；自体髂骨联合RBX植骨15例愈合，愈合率88．2％；自体髂骨植骨14例愈合，愈合率87．5％。结论髓内针内固定或外固定架固定治疗肱骨骨不连较钢板优越，创伤小，固定确实，功能恢复满意；RBX植骨治疗骨不连，安全、无免疫排斥反应、生物相容性好，对促进骨愈合疗效可靠。     

自体骨联合异体骨开放植骨治疗胫骨远端感染性骨缺损的疗效观察

目的评价采用自体松质骨联合同种异体骨开放植骨治疗胫骨远端大段感染性骨缺损的可行性及临床效果。方法自2010-01—2013-01,采用自体骨联合异体骨（2∶1）开放植骨治疗10例胫骨远端感染性骨缺损,骨缺损长度平均5.6（3-8）cm。先用外固定架固定骨折,调整恢复肢体长度及力线,彻底清创,取自体髂骨松质骨剪成直径约5 mm的微粒与同种异体骨2：1混合植入骨缺损处,使骨质稍高于皮肤并超过骨折远近端各1cm。结果 10例获得平均12（9-18）个月随访。术后平均7（5-9）周移植骨质表面被肉芽组织覆盖,7例（1例双侧）创面于术后8-11周自行瘢痕愈合,3例于术后9周行植皮术闭合创面。9例（1例双侧）骨折完全愈合,骨折愈合时间平均8（6-12）个月;1例因胫骨交锁髓内钉取出术后3个月再次骨折伴骨缺损（约8cm）,且术后骨折端不稳、骨缺损较大导致假关节形成,骨折不愈合。结论自体松质骨联合同种异体骨开放植骨是治疗胫骨远端大段感染性骨缺损的一种简单、有效方法。     

半环槽式外固定架治疗下肢短缩畸形及骨缺损

目的探讨应用半环槽式外固定架治疗下肢短缩畸形及骨缺损的手术方式和经验。方法单纯下肢短缩畸形者,分别采用股骨远端、胫骨近端或胫骨远端干骺端横行截骨,半环槽式外固定架缓慢牵伸逐渐延长;骨缺损、骨不连、假关节形成、肢体短缩者,除行干骺端截骨延长外,还必须将假关节处两骨端予以修整,使之略成“V”形互相对合嵌插,并加压固定。结果20例患者骨延长3～17cm,平均延长7.5cm,合并成角畸形者同时得到纠正,其中7例有骨缺损、骨不连、假关节形成者均得到良好愈合。结论半环槽式外固定架治疗下肢短缩畸形及骨缺损,具有方法简单、手术创伤小、不需要植骨、固定可靠、并发症少、疗效满意等优点,值得推广应用。     

肱骨远端难治性骨不连的修复

目的 探索肱骨远端难治性骨缺损与骨不连的显微外科修复方法。方法 肱骨远端骨缺损与骨不连12例，均有外科手术史及植骨史，病程8个月～3年10个月，平均12．5个月。肢体短缩4～11cm，其中8例假关节形成，4例缺损3～5cm。采用解剖钢板固定为支架，取吻合血管的腓骨移植修复，移植腓骨长5～15cm，平均8．5cm。结果 术后12例均获随访3～18个月，平均8．5个月。移植腓骨3～8个月全部愈合，随愈合时间延长，移植腓骨增粗，髓腔再通。退行变的肘关节面骨质恢复正常，肘关节伸屈、前臂旋转功能获得恢复，肢体短缩获得纠正，持重及精细操作均达到满意效果。结论 钢板内固定加吻合血管腓骨移植用于邻近关节疑难骨缺损、骨不连的修复，可重建关节功能，免除关节假体置换。     

一期骨搬移治疗胫骨开放性骨折伴骨缺损

目的探讨急诊一期行骨短缩-延长骨搬移治疗胫骨开放性骨折伴骨缺损与常规分期手术治疗的优缺点。方法随机选择胫骨开放性骨折伴骨缺损60例,分成A组（一期骨短缩延长治疗组）和B组（常规分期手术治疗组）,A组根据Ilizarov牵张成骨理论,采用可同时短缩延长型外固定架进行断端的加压短缩、干骺端的截骨延长一期修复骨缺损;B组常规一期清创外固定、二期修复骨缺损治疗,比较住院时间、手术次数、平均住院费用、平均骨愈合时间、感染概率、取髂骨植骨率、患者满意率。结果 A组住院时间、手术次数、平均住院费用、平均骨愈合时间、感染概率、取髂骨植骨率均少于B组,患者满意率高于B组。结论急诊一期骨搬移治疗胫骨开放性骨折伴骨缺损,选择合适病例,掌握好适应证,应用价值更高。     

骨外固定技术治疗复杂骨不连与骨缺损

目的：改进合并广泛软组织瘢痕,感染,骨缺损及肢体短缩骨不连的治疗。方法：总结1982－1999年采用骨外固定技术治疗112例骨不连的体会。所有骨不连均采用半环槽式外固定器行骨断端加压固定,对合并骨缺损及肢体短缩的部分病例,根据局部是否感染,感染静止与否,及肢体短缩的幅度,同期或二期行干骺端截骨延长术,在骨不连加压固定的同时或骨不连愈合后,重建肢体长度。结果：112例骨不连最终均达到骨性愈合。34例感染性骨不连伤口感染得到控制。非感染性骨不连骨愈合时间3－7个月,平均5．2个月;感染性骨不连骨愈合时间5－11个月,平均5．5个月。伴有肢体短缩的骨缺损,骨不连11例同期,8例二期重建了肢体长度,达到了肢体长度均衡。结论：采用骨外固定技术和治疗此类骨不连,由于在远离病灶的部位穿针固定,加上避开瘢痕组织显露骨不连断端,对骨不连断端的血循环及成骨潜力干扰小;不切除硬化骨质,亦不凿通髓腔及骨断端适当的修整,可在增加骨折固定稳定性的同时进一步避免肢体短缩;加压外尤其采用细钢针交叉穿放的弹性固定有利于骨折愈事;同期或二期行干骺端截骨延长有效的重建了肢体长度,达到了肢体长度均衡。     

髓内植骨一次性延长治疗下肢骨不连肢体短缩畸形

为总结下肢骨不连肢体短缩畸形治疗经验,采用自体半侧腓骨髓内植骨,髂骨充填骨缺损区,梯型加压钢板固定术式一次性延长下肢骨不连后肢体短缩畸形16例16个骨。平均随访22个月,结果显示股骨平均延长3.5cm,胫骨1.8cm,平均骨愈合时间14个月,无神经血管损伤及骨不愈合并发症发生。认为:髓内及延长区植骨加金属钢板固定牢靠,患肢功能恢复迅速。     

骨基质明胶复合自体红骨髓及同种异体骨修复骨缺损

目的:评价骨基质明胶复合自体红骨髓及同种异体骨联合移植修复骨缺损的疗效。方法:76例良性骨肿瘤和瘤样病损患者,彻底刮除病灶或作肿瘤骨段切除,并对瘤壁作灭活处理,以同种异体骨作支架,周围填充骨基质明胶和自体红骨髓复合物,术后观察机体反应及骨缺损修复情况。结果:术后机体无明显免疫排斥反应,无1例发生感染,所有病例随访时间为5～16个月,X线显示新骨形成时间为术后1.5～4月,完全骨化的时间为术后5～9月,骨缺损骨性愈合74例,并获得较好的关节功能,肿瘤复发2例。结论:骨基质明胶、自体红骨髓、同种异体骨复合物能有效修复骨缺损,有广泛的临床应用前景。     

Bone substitutes

Summary Biocompatible calcium phosphate ceramics has been used for several years in orthopeadic surgery. We have been using two new synthetic biphasic calcium phosphate ceramics (BCP) since September 1996 for bone defect filling in any orthopaedic or trauma operation where autograft use was not possible or even wanted. The first, Eurocer 400® has 300 to 500 micron wide macropores with a totally interconnected porosity. This salt seed like product can be used in bone defect filling, when solidity is not a major concern. The second, Eurocer 200® has not totally interconnected 200 micron large pores. Its main characteristic is a mechanical resistance up to 30 Mpa. We use it in any case of weight-bearing surgery. Different sizes and presentation forms are available and will be chosen according to the recipient site shape. We report one hundred and fifty cases with a six to thirty month follow-up. In one third of the patients hip revision surgery was addressed. Another third concerned recent trauma or sequelae cases,.whereas the last third involved cold orthopaedic procedures. General principles are the need of a living and non-infected site after thorough debridement if necessary. Osteocompatibility of calcium phosphate ceramic is confirmed by our results. We report no mechanical failure. In all cases X-rays show a progressive integration, with new bone formation. Our substitutes have been histologically studied in nine cases, four to fifteen months after implantation. New bone formation around and in the substitute is impressive. Indeed, their good mechanical properties without loss of biological quality is the most relevant feature of these BCPs, leading to a wider indication field; therefore we have now abandoned the use of any bony auto, allo or xenograft.Paper presented at the 1998 meeting of GECO (Arc 1800, Bourg-Saint-Maurice, France)     

椎间盘镜下异体松质骨复合自体红骨髓植骨治疗骨不连及骨缺损

目的探讨椎间盘镜下异体松质骨复合自体红骨髓植骨治疗四肢长骨干骨不连及骨缺损的临床疗效。方法2003年9月～2006年9月,选择25例创伤后骨不连、骨缺损患者,其中胫骨9例,股骨13例,肱骨3例。骨不连、骨缺损引起须植骨长度1～6 cm,平均2.7 cm,均在椎间盘镜下行瘢痕清除,然后在骨缺损部位植入异体松质骨,再于髂骨取自体红骨髓15～20 ml注入植骨处。结果25例随访12～36个月,平均25个月,切口均一期愈合,无一例发生神经血管损伤症状。除2例术后内固定失败外,余23例骨不连、骨缺损均获骨性愈合,植骨生长良好,骨愈合时间4～9个月,平均5.1月,无感染及再出现骨不连。结论椎间盘镜下异体松质骨复合自体红骨髓植骨治疗骨不连和骨缺损,无须自体髂骨取骨,局部创伤小,血运破坏小,并发症少,骨愈合率高,是一种微创有效的治疗方法。     

Bone Quality and Bone Strength in BXH Recombinant Inbred Mice

The relationship between bone quality and strength was studied in 11 BXH recombinant inbred (RI) strains of mice. The bone quality parameters studied were bone mineralization, microhardness, architecture, and connectivity. Previous studies have demonstrated considerable variability in bone density, biomechanical properties, and microstructure among inbred strains of mice. In particular, C3H/HeJ (C3H) mice exhibit thicker femoral and vertebral cortices and fewer trabeculae in the vertebral body compared with C57BL/6J (B6) mice, despite having similar vertebral bone strength. A set of RI mouse strains has been generated from B6 and C3H (denoted BXH) in an attempt to isolate genetic regulation of numerous traits, including bone. The objective of this study was to investigate relationships among bone quality and bone strength in femurs and vertebrae among BXH RI mice. The study involved 11 BXH RI strains of female mice (n = 5−7) as well as the B6 and C3H progenitor strains. Parameters contributing to bone quality were evaluated, including BMD, bone mineralization, microhardness, architecture, and connectivity. There was a strong correlation between femoral and vertebral BMD in all strains (P < 0.001) except in BXH-9 and -10 (P < 0.001). Within the vertebrae, cortical bone was more mineralized than trabecular bone, and a strong correlation existed between the two (P < 0.001). However, cortical microhardness did not differ from trabecular microhardness. Cortical bone was more mineralized in the femur than in the vertebrae and significantly harder, by 30%. There was a wide range in trabecular connectivity, architecture, and femur geometry among BXH RI strains. BMD explained 43% of vertebral bone strength but only 11% of femoral bone strength. Trabecular connectivity explained an additional 8% of vertebral strength, while mineralization and femur geometry explained 7% and 50% of femoral strength, respectively. Different bone quality parameters had varying influences on bone mechanical properties, depending on bone site. BMD may play a larger role in explaining bone strength in the vertebrae than in the femur. Moreover, cortical bone in the femur is harder than in vertebrae. The control of cortical bone material properties may be site-dependent.     

Changes in Bone Mass,Bone Structure,Bone Biomechanical Properties,and Bone Metabolism after Spinal Cord Injury: A 6-Month Longitudinal Study in Growing Rats

Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in a great decline in bone mineral density (BMD) and deterioration of bone microarchitecture. The objective of this study was to investigate the time course of the changes in BMD, microarchitecture, biomechanical properties, and bone turnover in male growing rats following SCI. Sixty male growing Sprague-Dawley rats, 6 weeks of age, were randomly divided into SCI (lower thoracic cord transection) and sham-operated groups, and bone tissues and blood samples were examined at 3 weeks, 6 weeks, and 6 months after surgery. SCI rats had low bone weight (wet, dry, and ash weight) and BMD of the femora, tibiae, and third lumbar vertebrae at all time points compared to sham rats, while in forelimbs, there was a decrease of dry and ash weight compared to sham rats only at 3 weeks but not BMD. Bone microarchitecture and trabecular connectivity were deteriorated in SCI rats and remained so after. Bone formation rate and serum osteocalcin level in SCI rats were significantly increased 3 weeks after SCI surgery. However, eroded surface/bone surface and serum N-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen level remained elevated from 3 weeks to 6 months. In addition, SCI rats showed poor biomechanical properties in the proximal tibiae and femora but not in the humeri. In conclusion, SCI causes profound BMD loss, disturbances in bone microarchitecture, decreased mechanical strength in the lower extremity and lumbar spine, and high bone turnover. These findings will allow better understanding of osteoporosis following SCI.     

Bone Transport for Reconstruction in Benign Bone Tumors

Background

The aim of this study was to assess the results of using the Ilizarov apparatus to transport bones in the treatment of benign bone tumors.

Methods

Seven patients (six males and one female) with benign bone tumors were treated by bone transport with an Ilizarov apparatus at our institution. Their mean age at surgery was 14.4 years (range, 4.8 to 36.9 years). The histological diagnoses were osteofibrous dysplasia (4), giant-cell tumor (1), intraosseous cavernous hemangioma (1), and aneurysmal bone cyst (1). Three radiological indices were used for evaluating the results: an external fixation index, a distraction index, and a maturation index. The bone and functional results were evaluated according to the Association for the Study and Application of the Method of Ilizarov classification.

Results

Five patients had bone union at the reconstructed site, one patient had a local recurrence, and the other had a nonunion at the docking site. The mean length of distraction was 7.3 cm (range, 5.1 to 12.1 cm). The mean external fixation index was 26.0 day/cm (range, 19.8 to 32.5 day/cm), the distraction index was 9.6 day/cm (range, 6.8 to 12.0 day/cm), and the maturation index was 14.9 day/cm (range, 8.0 to 22.5 day/cm). Ultimately, the bone and the functional results were rated excellent in six cases and good in one case.

Conclusions

Bone transport using the Ilizarov apparatus is a good treatment option in patients with bone defects after the resection of an active or aggressive benign bone tumor.     

外固定骨延长术在下肢骨肿瘤外科治疗中的应用

目的 探讨下肢骨肿瘤保肢手术的新方法以提高患者的生活质量。方法 （１）８例患者中，４例高分化骨肉瘤，手术前后给均予正规化疗；２例骨巨细胞瘤和２例骨母细胞瘤未化疗。（２）所有病例均按Ｅｎｎｅｋｉｎｇ诊断分级标准分级。首先完整切除肿瘤，然后同期应用半环式外固定架在骨缺损处行加压融合，在胫骨的干骺端截骨处行骨闸缓慢牵伸延长术，重建下肢功能。结果 行正规化疗的４例高分化骨肉瘤患者术后存活２９￣４８个月，保     

引导性骨再生模型（GBR）成骨特点及骨髓的作用

目的∶研究引导性骨再生模型（ＧＢＲ）的成骨特点及骨髓的作用。材料与方法∶本实验应用了２４只新西兰兔，兔右侧桡骨为ＧＢＲ侧，左侧为去骨髓侧。ＧＢＲ侧手术过程：于兔右侧桡骨做１０ｍｍ骨缺损，以硅胶管套于缺损两侧；去骨髓侧以骨水泥封堵缺损两端髓腔。动物于３日、１、２、３、４、６、１０、１２周处死，标本做非脱钙骨切片，分析大体观察、Ｘ线及非脱钙骨组织切片结果。结果：（１）骨髓在ＧＢＲ模型膜管内成骨过程中起决定作用；（２）ＧＢＲ模型骨修复方式：于膜管内骨缺损两端分别形成两成骨尖端，两成骨尖端相对生长至愈合；（３）膜管内成骨过程早期为成骨细胞直接成骨过程，后期成骨尖端缺乏成熟皮质骨结构。结论：ＧＢＲ模型基础为隔膜干扰技术，其骨缺损修复为一特殊成骨过程，骨髓对其起决定作用。     

骨形成蛋白与骨疾患关系的研究进展

目的：了解骨形成蛋白（ＢＭＰ）与机体骨疾患者发生发展的关系。方法：综述了近五年来ＢＭ与骨疾患关系的研究进展。结果：Ｂ屿骨发育异常、遗传性骨疾病、某些骨 异位骨化等有着直接或间接的关系。结论：搞清ＢＭＰ与机体骨疾患的关系。有助于进一步了解疾病的发病机制、病程进展和预后,为选择合适的治疗方法提供指导。     

骨段输送治疗下肢大段骨缺损

目的　总结骨段输送技术治疗大段骨缺损、骨感染及皮肤缺损的体会。方法　应用骨段输送治疗严重创伤或骨肿瘤术后大段骨缺损 9例 ,其中 6例伴有骨感染和皮肤缺损。结果　 9例骨缺损全部治愈 ,恢复了肢体持重功能。 1例儿童 2年后胫骨出现过生长。结论　骨段输送技术是治疗下肢大段骨缺损简单而有效的新方法。软组织创面可在骨段输送中逐渐缩小并闭合 ,骨骼感染可在骨段输送中逐渐被控制并伴随骨连接而愈合