不同工艺提取栀子黄色素的比较研究

比较研究了热提取、超声波提取、微波提取3种不同工艺对栀子黄色素提取效果的影响.热浸提正交试验的最佳工艺条件:70%的乙醇(体积分数,下同)提取1.5 h,提取温度30 ℃,料液比1:25(g:mL,下同),产品的色价为66.45.超声波提取正交试验的最佳工艺条件:80%的乙醇提取20 min,料液比1:20,产品的色价为87.77.微波提取单因素试验的最佳工艺条件:提取功率800 W,用50%乙醇提取30 min,提取温度50 ℃,料液比1:5,色价为64.14.结果表明:热浸提、超声波提取、微波提取3种方法提取栀子黄色素的色价明显不同,超声波提取的效果最好.     

动态浸提提取栀子黄色素工艺研究

以除油栀子粉为原料,乙醇水溶液为浸提溶剂,进行乙醇回流动态浸提提取栀子黄色素,考察各个因素对栀子黄色素的提取率的影响,并与传统浸提提取工艺对比,说明动态浸提提取工艺的先进性。通过单因素试验和正交试验确定最佳工艺条件为:60%乙醇溶液为浸提溶剂、溶液pH值7.0、提取温度60℃、每次提取时间1h、固液比1∶10g/mL、提取次数2次,在此条件下栀子黄色素的提取率达到94.23%,精制后栀子黄色价70、栀子苷含量0.2%(以色价10计进行换算);同时得到栀子苷和绿原酸,提取率分别为90.81%和85.32%。     

超声波辅助提取旱柳树叶中的总黄酮

以旱柳落叶为原料，60％乙醇（质量分数，下同）为提取剂，芦丁为标准对照品，研究探索了柳叶中总黄酮的溶剂提取法和超声波辅助提取法的最佳提取条件，并对两种提取方法的提取效果进行了比较。试验表明，溶剂提取法的最佳提取条件为：0．3g柳叶粉末以60％乙醇为溶剂，料液比1：35（g：mL，下同），65℃提取3次，每次75min，总黄酮得率3．83％；超声波辅助提取的最佳条件为：0．3g柳叶粉末以60％乙醇为溶剂，料液比1：35，超声波功率400w，超声波处理3次，每次30min，总黄酮得率4．26％。超声波辅助提取比单纯的溶剂提取缩短了60％的提取时间，得率却提高了11．23％。     

微波辅助提取桔皮中天然抗氧化剂的研究

以桔皮为原料，乙醇为溶剂，在微波功率900W，提取温度75℃条件下，通过单因素试验探讨了乙醇体积分数、浸提时间、料液比对总黄酮提取率的影响，并通过正交试验对桔皮中黄酮类化合物提取工艺进行了研究。结果表明，用微波法从桔皮中提取总黄酮的最佳工艺条件为：乙醇体积分数75％，浸提时间7min，料液比l：30。用此工艺提取的总黄酮得率为12．04％。通过1,1-二苯基-2-苦基肼（DPPH）法测定不同工艺条件下桔皮提取物的抗氧化性能，表明不同工艺的桔皮提取物均有一定的清除DPPH自由基的能力，其清除率与总黄酮的含量有一定的量效关系。     

正交试验法优化连翘叶中连翘苷提取工艺的研究

通过单因素试验研究乙醇浓度、料液比、提取温度、提取时间4个因素对连翘叶中连翘苷得率的影响。在单因素的基础上,采用正交试验法优化提取工艺。结果表明,连翘叶中连翘苷最佳提取条件为：80％乙醇,料液比1：10,60℃超声波提取8min,在此条件下,连翘苷得率为0．3112％。     

超声波辅助提取竹叶茶多酚工艺研究

以竹叶为原料，采用超声波辅助提取茶多酚，通过单因素实验和正交试验优化提取条件。结果表明，从竹叶中提取茶多酚的最佳条件为：乙醇浓度60％、料液比1：10、温度65℃、提取时间30min、超声波功率320W，此条件下茶多酚得率为1．78％。     

水竹叶总黄酮的提取及纯化工艺研究

以水竹叶为原料，采用水浴和超声波两种提取方法，通过单因素与正交试验确定了水竹叶总黄酮提取的最佳条件，并筛选了不同树脂对总黄酮的吸附和解吸附特性。实验结果表明：水浴提取最佳条件为：温度50℃，提取时间2．0h，乙醇体积分数60％，固液比1：20（g：mL，下同）；总黄酮得率1.65％。影响得率的因素为：固液比〉乙醇体积分数〉提取温度〉提取时间。超声波提取最佳条件为：2．0g水竹叶，超声波作用时间30min，乙醇体积分数60％，固液比1：15；总黄酮得率为1．27％。影响得率的因素为：超声波作用时间〉乙醇体积分数〉固液比。AB-8树脂对总黄酮纯化具有较好效果，体积分数为70％的乙醇是较好的解吸剂。     

微波法从虎杖中提取白藜芦醇工艺

研究了微波法提取虎杖中的白藜芦醇,通过正交实验初步确定微波功率、乙醇浓度、料液比、提取时间4个因素对提取效果的影响并确立最佳的提取工艺条件为：微波功率700W ,乙醇浓度70％,料液比1∶20,微波时间20min。     

长节箬竹叶茶多酚微波辅助提取工艺

以长节箬竹叶为原料,采用单因素试验和正交试验,探讨浸提温度、乙醇浓度、料液比、浸提时间等对竹叶茶多酚浸出率的影响,并以浸出率为评价指标,优化提取工艺.实验结果表明,微波辅助提取长节箬竹叶茶多酚的最佳工艺条件为:浸提温度70℃、乙醇体积分数70%、料液比1:20(g/mL),在200 W微波功率下浸提20min.在此条件下,长节箬竹叶茶多盼的浸出率为6.24%.     

辽南山葡萄籽多酚提取工艺的初步研究

以山葡萄籽为实验材料，通过单因素法提取葡萄籽中的多酚。根据不同浸提剂在540nm处可见光吸收情况的测定，确定70％甲醇溶液为最佳浸提剂。通过单因素试验确定了提取剂浓度、提取时间、提取温度、料液比的适用范围，再利用正交试验法进行工艺优化。确定最佳工艺条件为：体积分数70％的甲醇，料液比1：20（m／v），70℃水浴，浸提20min。山葡萄籽中多酚的含量可达18．981mg／g。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.