Microstructural and Mechanical Characterization of a Dissimilar Friction Stir-Welded AA5083-AA7B04 Butt Joint

Friction stir welding (FSW) has been used for joining AA5083 and AA7B04 alloy sheets with the aim of studying the microstructure and the mechanical properties of dissimilar FSW joints obtained by varying the initial base metal state of AA7B04 alloy. The results show that the initial base metal state has a significant impact on the material flow during dissimilar FSW. As compared with the joints placing hard alloy (artificially aged AA7B04-AA or naturally aged AA7B04-NA) on the retreating side, it becomes easier transporting AA5083 from advancing side to retreating side when soft alloy (annealed AA7B04-O) is placed on the retreating side. The atomic diffusion does not occur at the interface between AA5083 and AA7B04, indicating that the mixing of the two materials is merely mechanical. Grain refinement is observed in the stir zone. The failure location during tensile tests is different depending on the initial base metal state. The joints (AA5083/AA7B04-AA and AA5083/AA7B04-O) fail in the base metal on the soft material side which corresponds to the minimum values in hardness profiles. Differently, the joints (AA5083/AA5083 and AA5083/AA7B04-O) fail in the stir zone due to the presence of defects including “zigzag line,” kissing bond and discontinuous voids.     

Friction stir welding of AZ31 magnesium alloys processed by equal channel angular pressing

Equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) is an effective thermo-mechanical process to make ultrafine grains.An investigation was carried out on the friction stir welding (FSW) of ECAPed AZ31 magnesium alloys with a thickness of 15 mm.For different process parameters,the optimum FSW conditions of ECAPed AZ31 magnesium alloys were examined.The basic characterization of weld formation and the mechanical properties of the joints were discussed.The results show that the effect of welding parameters on welding quality was evident and welding quality was sensitive to welding speed.Sound joints could be obtained when the welding speed was 37.5 mm/min and the rotation speed of the stir tool was 750 r/min.The maximum tensile strength (270 MPa) of FSW was 91% that of the base materials.The value of microhardness varied between advancing side and retreating side because of the speed field near the pin of the stir tool,which weakened the deformed stress field.The value of microhardness of the welding zone was lower than that of the base materials.The maximum value was located near the heat-affected zone (HAZ).Remarkable ductile character was observed from the fracture morphologies of welded joints.     

Materials flow and phase transformation in friction stir welding of Al 6013/Mg

Material flow and phase transformation were studied at the interface of dissimilar joint between Al 6013 and Mg, produced by stir friction welding (FSW) experiments. Defect-free weld was obtained when aluminum and magnesium were placed in the advancing side and retreating side respectively and the tool was placed 1 mm off the weld centerline into the aluminum side. In order to understand the material flow during FSW, steel shots were implanted as indexes into the welding path. After welding, using X-ray images, secondary positions of the steel shots were evaluated. It was revealed that steel shots implanted in advancing side were penetrated from the advancing side into the retreating side, whereas the shots implanted in the retreating side remained in the retreating side, without penetrating into the advancing side. The welded specimens were also heat treated. The effects of heat treatment on the mechanical properties of the welds and the formation of new intermetallic layers were investigated. Two intermetallic compounds, Al₃Mg₂ and Al₁₂Mg₁₇, were formed sequentially at Al6013/Mg interface.     

Friction stir welding of AZ31 magnesium alloy rolled sheets: Influence of processing parameters

The temperature evolution during friction stir welding (FSW) and the resulting residual stresses of AZ31 Mg alloy were studied to get a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in this process. The relationship between the processing parameters, the heat and plastic deformation produced and the resulting microstructure and mechanical properties was investigated. Increasing the shoulder diameter or the tool rotation speed or decreasing the welding speed produced an increase in the heat generated during the process and then promoted grain growth. The temperature distribution on the advancing side and on the retreating side differed, and stress levels were higher on the retreating side. The grain size heterogeneity produced by FSW was not the prevailing cause of failure.     

7N01铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头力学性能

研究了在不同焊接参数的条件下,7N01铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头的力学性能.结果表明,在特定的旋转频率和前进速度匹配条件下,下压量在0.3～1.0 mm范围波动,7N01铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头的抗拉强度均能够稳定在340 MPa以上,达到母材的80%左右.通过扫描电镜观察断口发现,搅拌摩擦焊接头断口以韧窝型为主,在低倍下部分断口呈现出明显的分层现象,两层间分界部分呈现出阶梯状形貌.接头硬度测试表明,后退侧的平均硬度略高于前进侧,这也与拉伸测试中接头普遍断于前进侧的现象吻合.     

Variations in stir zone and thermomechanically affected zone of dissimilar friction stir weld of AA5083 and AA6082 alloys

Variations in composition, microhardness (in the thermomechanically affected zone) and texture in the tool domain of the dissimilar friction stir weld of AA5083-O and AA6082-T6 alloys were investigated. The contents of the major alloying elements in the weld zones were determined using inductively coupled plasma?atomic emission spectroscopy. It was observed that a slight drop in the content of the alloying elements results from the friction stir welding process with the Mg content being the most affected amongst the major alloying elements in the two alloys. By relating the mass fractions of the major alloying elements in the parent metals of both alloys to those of the stir zone, the relative proportions of the two alloys in the stir zone were estimated with the results showing that at least 60% of the materials in the stir zone are from the retreating side of the weld. It was also revealed that the changes in the hardness profile in the thermomechanically affected zone of the retreating side are predominantly influenced by changes in grain size in that domain. Finally, the investigation further revealed that the texture component in the tool shoulder domain is different from the texture component in the tool pin domain.     

5083铝合金搅拌摩擦焊与MIG焊缝腐蚀性能对比

对5083铝合金FSW（搅拌摩擦焊）和MIG（熔化极氩弧焊）焊缝的微观显微组织和腐蚀性能进行了分析.结果表明,FSW焊缝由细小的等轴再结晶组织构成,而MIG焊缝晶粒粗大,组织不均匀.电化学腐蚀试验表明,主轴旋转频率为300 r/min,焊接速度为160 mm/min,搅拌头倾角为3°的FSW焊缝与MIG焊缝相比,腐蚀电...     

AA5083铝合金的搅拌摩擦焊接工艺参数对搅拌头受力和热输入的影响(英文)

采用系统实验设计方法研究AA5083铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接工艺参数对搅拌头受力和热量输入的影响,得到了用来设计搅拌摩擦焊搅拌头和焊机的经验模型。当采用计算机来控制搅拌摩擦焊接时,这些模型可用来确定AA5083这类铝合金的摩擦焊接工艺参数、编制焊接程序及工艺参数控制。结果表明:影响轴向力和热量输入的重要参数是搅拌头转速、焊接速度和搅拌头轴肩直径,而影响纵向应力的重要参数是焊接速度和探头直径。     

5mm厚铝合金双面搅拌摩擦焊接

对5mm厚的1050-H24铝合金板材进行了双面搅拌摩擦焊接(FSW)，重点研究了接头的拉伸性能和断裂部位及其影响因素。研究结果表明，一次焊接参数、二次焊接参数和焊接方向对双面FSW接头的拉伸性能和断裂部位有不同程度的影响。一次焊接参数的影响较小，而二次焊接参数的影响显著并且存在最佳取值。同向焊接的接头强度较高且断在前进侧(AS)或后退侧(RS)，而异向焊接的接头强度较低且只断在AS。在文中的试验条件下，1500r／min的旋转速度、400mm／min的二次焊速和同向焊接方式是最佳的工艺组合，接头最高强度达到母材强度的78％。     

异种搅拌摩擦焊AA5083-H111和AA6351-T6铝合金的力学和冶金性能(英文)

研究异种搅拌摩擦焊AA5083-H111和AA6351-T6铝合金的微观结构和力学性能。在3种不同的焊接速度(36、63、90 mm/min)下焊接AA5083-H111和AA6351-T6铝合金,分析焊接速度对接头力学和冶金性能的影响。结构表明,与其他焊接速度相比,焊接速度为63 mm/min时接头的力学性能和冶金性能较好。焊缝区由未混合区、机械混合区和混流区组成。所观察到的断裂模式为韧性纤维断裂。     

基于CEL方法的Al/Mg搅拌摩擦焊温度场及材料混合流动研究

本文基于耦合欧拉-拉格朗日(CEL)方法建立5A06铝合金与AZ31B镁合金对接搅拌摩擦焊（FSW）的全热力耦合数值模型,并结合试验测试对Al/Mg异种金属FSW过程的温度场及材料混合流动特征进行研究。数值模拟所得特征点的温度循环曲线、焊缝表面形貌以及横截面上异种材料的混合分布状态均与试验结果吻合良好。在此基础上,采用质点追踪法对材料混合流动行为进行了深入分析。结果显示,高温区集中分布在轴肩下方区域,返回侧(Mg侧)温度较低温度梯度较大。焊缝区上表面材料熔合线偏向于前进侧(Al侧)。搅拌针附近材料流动剧烈,前进侧和返回侧的大部分材料都较均匀地沉积于搅拌针后方。前进侧与返回侧材料在水平和竖直方向上的交叉混合流动,最终形成了两种材料“咬合式”的界面特征。     

The effect of material arrangement on mechanical properties in Friction Stir Welded dissimilar A5052/A5J32 aluminum alloys

The joining of dissimilar A5052 and A5J32 alloy sheets with thicknesses of 1.5mm and 1.6mm, respectively, was carried out using the Friction Stir Welding (FSW) technique. The tool rotated at a speed in a range of 1000 rpm to 1500 rpm with a welding speed ranging from 100 mm/min to 400 mm/min. The hardness and tensile properties of the friction stir welded A5052/A5J32 joint were investigated according to the fixing location. In the case where the A5J32 aluminum alloy was fixed on the retreating side, defect-free welds were obtained under all welding conditions. However, in the case where the A5052 aluminum alloy was fixed on the retreating side, some welding defects were observed at the joint under certain welding conditions with a lower heat input. However, the welding defects had no effect on the mechanical properties. A good correlation between the hardness distribution and the welding zones was observed. The experimental results showed that the tensile properties differed depending on the fixing location of the materials and were also affected by the welding conditions.     

Microstructure,mechanical properties and residual stresses as a function of welding speed in aluminium AA5083 friction stir welds

Friction stir welding (FSW), like other friction welding techniques, has the advantage that many of the welding parameters, e.g. tool design, rotation speed and translation speed, can be controlled in a precise manner, thus controlling the energy input into the system. However, the effect of different welding speeds on the weld properties remains an area of uncertainty. In this paper, we report the results of microstructural, mechanical property and residual stress investigations of four aluminium AA5083 friction stir welds produced under varying conditions. It was found that the weld properties were dominated by the thermal input rather than the mechanical deformation by the tool.     

铝合金LD10-LF6搅拌摩擦焊的金属塑性流动

通过对LF6／LD10进行搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)的工艺试验研究，分析了工艺参数对金属流动的影响。结果表明，当压入量和倾角大小适宜，采用带有螺纹的搅拌工具(T001)时，能促进金属塑性流动；在一定范围内提高旋转速度或者焊接速度，不但能促进金属塑性流动，并且能使金属以涡形层状间混方式流动。当采用低速度参数，LF6铝合金处于前进侧时，涡形层状问混结构呈现均匀分布；LF6铝合金处于后退侧，则结果相反，但是提高旋转速度，不论LF6铝合金处于哪一侧，金属都能稳定流动。     

Al/Mg异种合金搅拌摩擦连接材料流动可视化和数值模拟研究

在搅拌摩擦焊接（FSW）过程中,连接区金属材料的流动模式与接头组织的形成密切相关,对接头力学性能有着至关重要的影响。本文采用切片法研究了搅拌摩擦焊接接头的材料流动。通过对接头的三维重建,实现了流动材料的可视化,讨论了接头材料的流动模式和缺陷产生的原因。基于计算流体力学(CFD)和多相流理论,本文建立了FSW过程中铝合金/镁合金材料流动的三维数学模型。通过在数值模型中加入分布的示踪粒子,对不同连接参数下的材料流动模式进行分析和预测。结果表明：接头上部材料流动强烈,材料整体向前进侧迁移,接头中部前进侧镁合金向接头前部迁移,暂时形成的空腔由后退侧迁移来的铝合金填充。当不恰当的工艺参数使材料流动不充分时,未被完全填充的空腔会形成孔洞缺陷。接头整体材料主要以层流为主。在满足材料流动热输入需要时,接头材料的流动模式基本不发生改变,在高转速过热条件下,材料的迁移距离和混合模式会发生改变,两材料围绕搅拌头以层流模式多次越过对接线并充分混合,同时在后退侧产生紊流现象。     

Effect of tool rotation rate on microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir welded copper

Abstract

Defect free copper welds were achieved by friction stir welding (FSW) carried out at a constant welding speed of 100 mm min^?1. The influence of tool rotation rate on microstructure, mechanical properties and fracture location was investigated. As the tool rotation rate increased, the grains of nugget zone grew significantly, the thermomechanically affected zone became indistinct and the grain size increased, but the effect of tool rotation rate on the grain size of heat affected zone was limited. Both ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and elongation increased first and then decreased with increasing rotation rate and the UTS achieved a highest value of 282 MPa at the rotation rate of 400 rev min^?1 together with the welding speed of 100 mm min^?1, which was on the level of the base metal. The fracture occurred at the cavity defect on the advancing side of the joint when the FSW was performed at a low tool rotation rate, while it occurred on the retreating side when the tool rotation rate was relatively high.     

Effects of welding parameters and tool geometry on properties of 3003-H18 aluminum alloy to mild steel friction stir weld

Defect-free butt joints of 3003 Al alloy to mild steel plates with 3 mm thickness were performed using friction stir welding (FSW). A heat input model reported for similar FSW was simplified and used to investigate the effects of welding speed, rotation speed and tool shoulder diameter on the microstructure and properties of dissimilar welds. The comparison between microstructure, intermetallics and strength of welds shows the good conformity between the results and the calculated heat input factor (HIF) achieved from the model. The joint strength is controlled by Al/Fe interface at HIF of 0.2–0.4, by TMAZ at HIF of 0.4–0.8 and by intermetallics and/or defects at HIF>0.8.     

搅拌针表面形状对焊缝金属轴向迁移的影响

采用不同表面形状的搅拌针对20 mm厚7075铝板进行焊接,分析其对焊缝金属沿轴向迁移的影响.结果表明,使用圆锥形搅拌针焊接时,随着旋转速度增加,焊核区面积、塑化金属沿两边向上迁移高度先增大后减小,疏松区面积则先减小后增大.同一焊缝中焊核区内塑化金属沿前进边向上迁移高度大于返回边.采用375 r/min旋转速度焊接时获得的焊核区面积、塑化金属向上迁移高度最大,疏松区面积最小.而使用三角平面搅拌针焊接时,瞬时空腔的出现增强了沿焊缝水平方向上"抽吸-挤压"效应,同时改善塑化金属沿轴向上的流动性,导致疏松缺陷消失.     

轴肩尺寸对异种铝合金材料搅拌摩擦焊接头显微组织的影响规律

对5083铝/6082铝异种材料搅拌摩擦焊（friction stir welding,FSW）进行研究,重点分析轴肩直径对横截面形貌、显微组织与显微硬度的影响规律.结果表明,FSW接头焊核区由致密细小的等轴晶组成;增加轴肩直径可增加焊核区沿垂直焊缝方向的宽度以及增大焊核区、热影响区与热力影响区的晶粒尺寸.与后退侧的6082铝合金不同,前进侧5083铝合金的热力影响区发生了动态再结晶.显微硬度呈W形分布,最小值出现在热影响区.显微硬度的测试结果与焊核区的横截面形貌结果吻合.     

Lapped friction stir welding between ductile cast irons and stainless steels

This study investigated the influence of preheating temperature and welding speed on the microstructure of dissimilar lapped friction stir welding (FSW) of ductile cast iron FCD450 and 304 stainless steel. The stainless steel was placed on FCD450, and then FSW was carried out at a tool rotational speed of 200, 400, and 600 rpm and welding speed between 1 and 10 mm/s. Preheating was conducted at 573 and 773 K. Martensitic structure was formed in HAZ of FCD450 without the preheating, while the preheating resulted in the formation of a pearlite structure. Even when the preheating was employed, however, stir zone (SZ) of FCD450 had the chill structure at a lower welding speed, because the SZ temperature exceeded the eutectic temperature. Formation of the chill structure in the SZ could be prevented at a higher welding speed. This study showed that FSW would be available as a dissimilar welding method between ductile cast iron and stainless steel.