电加热相变储能式地板采暖系统试验研究

建立了一种新型电加热相变储能式地板采暖系统(相变系统),分析了其稳定性、舒适性和经济性。通过用DSC法选取相变材料,其熔点和潜热分别为44.24℃和128.52kJ/kg,应用此相变材料于电加热地板采暖系统,并与普通电加热地板采暖系统(普通系统)进行了两个供暖季节的对比实验研究,分析相变材料的稳定性,测量系统和室内外空气的温度变化以及不同系统的耗电量。表明了相变系统蓄换热性能好,白天的电热负荷基本转移到夜间低谷电价时段。相比普通系统,其运行费用低.3.2a可收回投资。新型的相变系统充分利用了相变材料可储存廉价低谷电热能,在峰平时段释放的特点,有效实现了移峰填谷,具有很好的应用前景。     

结合太阳能空气集热器的定形相变蓄能地板采暖系统实验研究

提出了一种与太阳能空气集热器结合的定形相变蓄能地板采暖系统充分利用太阳能.白天,由太阳能空气集热器加热后的热空气通过保温管道输送到相变地板夹层,相变材料(PCM)蓄热;夜间,房间的冷空气进入相变地板夹层,被加热后送入房间,相变材料放热.可行性实验研究表明,此采暖系统安全可靠,能显著提高窒内温度,房间各处受热均匀,热舒适性较好,有一定的应用前景.     

地板下送风式相变蓄热电采暖系统热性能模拟

为研究地板下送风式相变蓄热电采暖系统的热性能,有效利用夜间廉价电并提高室内环境的热舒适性,建立了分析此系统热性能的理论模型,并得到了实验数据的验证。藉此模型分析了一些重要因素对其热性能的影响,探讨了系统的热设计和控制方法。通过控制此系统的送风扇启停可保持室温在舒适区内,模拟计算了其在北京地区和其他一些采暖地区整个冬季的使用效果,结果验证了此系统的可行性。     

中温相变蓄热装置蓄放热性能的数值分析与实验研究

以所研制的相变温度为76℃的相变蓄热装置为研究对象,通过数值模拟和实验研究,对该相变蓄热装置的蓄、放热性能进行了模拟分析与实验验证。研究结果表明:所研究的相变温度为76℃的中温相变蓄热装置具有良好的蓄、放热性能,为在太阳能利用、工业废热利用以及暖通空调蓄热等领域的工程应用提供了可能。     

空间站太阳能吸热器相变蓄热系统瞬态热分析

高温熔盐相变蓄热是空间站太阳能热动力发电系统的关键技术之一，熔盐在日照期储存的热量可以在阴影期通过液／固相变释放并加热循环工质保证连续供电。本文对模拟轨道条件下的单元换热管吸热脂热系统建立了一维瞬态热分析模型，该模型可用来进行空间站太阳能吸热器的概念设计或校校评估。瞬态计算的结果表明单元换热管的蓄/放热性能可以满足发电系统的需求。     

相变热回收式通风装置的设计及蓄放热特性研究

文中提出一种相变热回收式通风装置的结构形式,建立相变蓄能换热单元的计算模型,研究蓄、放热过程的相变传热特性,以及相变温差、通风量对蓄、放热特性的作用规律。结果表明:相变温差及通风量的大小均影响装置的蓄、放热特性,相变温差和通风量越大,装置的蓄、放热速率越大,且蓄、放热时间越短;随着相变温差及通风量的不断增大,对蓄、放热特性的影响逐渐减小。基于计算模型的数学和几何参数,通风量610~910m~3/h、相变温差17~21℃工况下,装置的蓄、放热时间约60min。     

多通道平行流扁管-紧凑式翅片相变蓄热器蓄/放热性能

工业余热浪费严重、利用率较低且实际应用过程中受到时间和空间的限制,需要高效蓄热技术和装置来解决此类问题。提出一种将多通道平行流扁管与紧凑式翅片相结合的新型相变蓄热器,以水为载热流体,月桂酸为相变材料。实验研究了载热流体注入方式、流量、入口温度对蓄热器蓄/放热性能的影响,并分析小温差下蓄热器的传热特性。结果显示,该蓄热器相变材料填充率为82.5%,紧凑式翅片的采用极大强化了相变材料侧换热过程,蓄/放热性能优良。当载热流体入口温度分别为45℃和41℃时,相变材料约在270 min和75 min完成相变,最小蓄/放热温差可达2℃,最小温差时的平均蓄热比功率为25.18 W/kg,平均取热比功率为20.23 W/kg。     

相变蓄热型光伏集热墙体系统的冬季实验研究

以可对比热箱为实验平台,构建相变蓄热型光伏集热(PV-PCM-Trombe)墙体实验系统。通过冬季工况测试,实验分析该系统的光电性能和对建筑热环境的影响等特征。研究结果表明:实验间气温始终高于对比间气温和环境温度,且日平均环境温度越高,实验间与对比间和环境温度的温差也越大,表明本系统可在冬季高效利用太阳能很好实现地建筑被动采暖;相变板在白天吸收太阳能蓄热,可使房间在冬季夜间维持更长时间的舒适温度;实验期间系统的平均光电效率约为13.71%,系统工作时其光电效率与开路电压存在强关联特征。     

蓄热蒸发型空气源热泵蓄热器特性实验研究

以所研制的相变温度为30℃的圆柱形螺旋盘管相变蓄热装置为研究对象,实验分析其在不同室外温度下的蓄、放热特性和除霜特性。研究结果表明:该相变蓄热装置具有良好的蓄放热能力,可满足蓄热蒸发型空气源热泵在低温工况下的供热需求,可有效解决空气源热泵系统的热量供需矛盾,同时缩短除霜时间达50%,提高热泵系统的供热效果。但蓄热器的蓄热速度慢,在有限时间内的蓄热量少,为实现热泵系统在极低温环境下的高效工作,须采取措施强化该蓄热器的换热。     

多级相变太阳能通风吊顶蓄放热特性研究

提出一种基于太阳能热风供暖系统的多级相变通风吊顶新型供暖末端。建立多级相变太阳能通风吊顶传热数值模型,对比研究了单级、两级和三级相变太阳能通风吊顶的蓄放热特性,分析相变材料的长度配比、空气流速对供暖末端蓄放热性能的影响规律。研究结果表明,与采用单一相变材料的通风吊顶相比,多级相变太阳能通风吊顶在蓄放热过程中出口平均温度差异更小。相变蓄热级数为3时,通风吊顶的蓄、放热效率及相变材料利用率改善最大,分别为6.5%、7.9%和25.1%,各级相变材料长度的配比为1∶1∶1时,蓄、放热效率及相变材料利用率最佳,分别为51.0%、88.7%和93.9%。空气流速不宜大于1.6 m/s,在保证供暖效果的前提下可适当减小空气流速。     

Model-based optimal control of a dedicated outdoor air-chilled ceiling system using liquid desiccant and membrane-based total heat recovery

This study presents a model-based control strategy for a novel dedicated outdoor air-chilled ceiling (DOAS-CC) system with the aim of optimizing the overall system performance. The DOAS-CC system incorporates liquid desiccant dehumidification and membrane-based total heat recovery technologies. Simplified but reliable models of major components in the DOAS-CC system are firstly developed to predict the system performance. A cost function is then constructed to minimize total energy consumption while properly maintaining thermal comfort reflected by indoor air temperature and relative humidity. Genetic algorithm is used to search for optimal set-points of the supply air temperature and humidity ratio of the dedicated outdoor air subsystem as well as the supply water temperature. The performance of this strategy is tested and evaluated with different control settings in a simulated multi-zone space served by the DOAS-CC system under various weather conditions. The results show that optimized control variables produced by the optimal strategy can improve the system energy performance and maintain indoor thermal comfort.     

Indoor thermal comfort characteristics under the control of a direct expansion air conditioning unit having a variable-speed compressor and a supply air fan

Indoor thermal environment is important as it affects the health and productivity of building occupants. Direct expansion (DX) air conditioning (A/C) units are commonly used for environmental control in small- to medium-scaled buildings. This paper reports on an experimental study to investigate the indoor thermal comfort characteristics under the control of a DX A/C unit having variable-speed compressor and supply fan at a fixed space cooling load but having three different ratios between its sensible part and latent part. The experimental results suggested that under a fixed indoor total cooling load with three different space sensible heat ratios (SHRs) of 0.92, 0.72 and 0.62, varying both speeds of compressor and supply fan in the DX A/C unit would influence indoor thermal comfort. Furthermore, when a DX A/C unit having variable-speed compressor and supply fan is used for indoor thermal comfort control under abnormal indoor load conditions, its ability of indoor thermal comfort control through varying compressor speed and supply fan speed may be duly restricted.     

地板辐射与下送风复合式供冷系统运行特性实验研究

测量地板辐射与下送风复合式供冷系统运行过程中的室内空气温湿度、围护结构表面温度等室内环境参数,分析室内温湿度、热舒适性、系统换热量的变化规律,并对室内空气环境进行影响因素分析。实验结果表明:室内空气绝对湿度较室内空气温度达到稳定需要的时间更短;MRT(mean radian temperature)、OT(operation temperature)和PMV-PPD值在系统开启后第1.0 h减小速率最大,1.5 h后逐渐趋于稳定,此时,PMV约为0.49,PPD约为10%,在热舒适范围内;地板净辐射换热量、对流换热量和总换热量在系统开启后的1.5 h内递增,然后趋于稳定,此时,地板辐射换热量约为37 W/m~2,占总换热量的47%;室内空气温度和作用温度均随室外综合温度、室内发热量、供回水平均温度和送风温度的增加而增加,当室外综合温度较低或较高,或室内发热量较低,或供回水平均温度较低时,室内空气温度和作用温度变化梯度较小,室内空气温度和作用温度随送风温度增加而增加的速率近似呈线性。     

冬季特朗贝墙内置卷帘对墙体热性能的影响

对大连地区某被动式太阳实验房进行实验研究,通过对玻璃幕墙内壁面温度、夹层内空气温度、特朗贝墙墙体温度等相关参数及室外气象参数等的实测,定量地分析了冬季夜间特朗贝墙采用卷帘保温的效果。并且通过有限空间自然对流换热理论计算分析,提出了更为合理的卷帘安装位置,最后根据围护结构响应因子BER指标,讨论了使用卷帘对提高室内热舒适性的影响。     

Energy saving by integrated control of natural ventilation and HVAC systems using model guide for comparison

Integrated control by controlling both natural ventilation and HVAC systems based on human thermal comfort requirement can result in significant energy savings. The concept of this paper differs from conventional methods of energy saving in HVAC systems by integrating the control of both these HVAC systems and the available natural ventilation that is based on the temperature difference between the indoor and the outdoor air. This difference affects the rate of change of indoor air enthalpy or indoor air potential energy storage. However, this is not efficient enough as there are other factors affecting the rate of change of indoor air enthalpy that should be considered to achieve maximum energy saving. One way of improvement can be through the use of model guide for comparison (MGFC) that uses physical-empirical hybrid modelling to predict the rate of change of indoor air potential energy storage considering building fabric and its fixture. Three methods (normal, conventional and proposed) are tested on an identical residential building model using predicted mean vote (PMV) sensor as a criterion test for thermal comfort standard. The results indicate that the proposed method achieved significant energy savings compared with the other methods while still achieving thermal comfort.     

Optimal control strategy for a multi-zone air conditioning system using a genetic algorithm

This paper examines optimal control strategies of variable air volume air conditioning system. The control strategies included a base control strategy of fixed temperature set point and two advanced strategies for insuring comfort and indoor air quality (IAQ). The first advanced control adjusts the fresh air supply rate and the supply air temperature to maintain the temperature set point in each zone while assuring indoor air quality. The second strategy controls the fresh air rate and the supply air temperature to maintain an acceptable thermal comfort and IAQ in each zone. The optimization problem for each control strategy is formulated based on the cost of energy consumption and constrained by system and thermal space transient models. The optimization problem is solved using genetic algorithm. The optimization scheme/model is applied to a case study for a building floor in Beirut weather. The thermal space and system component models were validated for the base strategy using Visual DOE 4.0 software [Architectural Energy Cooperation, San Francisco, USA; 2005 〈www.archenergy.com〉]. Energy savings up to 30.4% were achieved during the summer season of four months with the optimized advanced strategies when compared with the conventional base strategy while comfort and IAQ were satisfied.     

变风量空调系统中的实时优化节能控制

在对变风量空调系统局部控制的分析基础上,利用其变风量末端风门的开度作为各区域相对负荷的指示信号,提出送风静压的实时优化控制方案;同时,针对新的ＡＳＨＲＡＥ通风标准,还提出了基于室内人数检测和焓控制的新风实时优化控制方案。试验结果证明,同常规的控制方案相比,在保证室内热舒适性和空气质量的前提下,这两个方案分别有较好的节能作用。综合采用两种优化方案,系统不仅能够达到节能的目的,而且在较小负荷情况下能够提高室内空气的品质。     

Natural cooling of stand-alone houses using solar chimney and evaporative cooling cavity

In this study a low-energy-consumption technique to enhance passive cooling and natural ventilation in a solar house, using a system consisting of a Solar Chimney (SC) and an Evaporative Cooling Cavity (ECC) has been proposed. The capability of the system to meet the required thermal needs of individuals and the effects of main geometric parameters on the system performance has been studied. The dependence of the system performance on outdoor air temperature has been studied to determine the operative conditions for appropriate effectiveness, regarding thermal comfort criteria. To determine the heat and mass transfer characteristics of the system, a mathematical model based on conservation equations of mass and energy has been developed and solved by an iterative method. The findings show that the system is capable of providing good indoor air condition at daytime in a living room, even with poor solar intensity of 200 W/m². The results show that when the relative humidity is lower than 50%, the system can make good indoor air condition even at 40 °C, and a higher performance is achieved using ECC with cocurrent configuration. It is found that the proposed system may be applied successfully in hot arid climates to fulfill the indoor thermal comfort expectations.     

An experimental investigation of dehumidifying and reheating performances of a dual‐evaporator heat pump system in electrified vehicles

Climate control system in electrified vehicle is quite different from traditional internal combustion engine vehicle, as it cannot use the wasted coolant heat from engine to keep warm of the cabin. For the dehumidifying and reheating air in the electrified vehicle cabin, the use of a dual‐evaporator heat pump system could improve the total energy utilization efficiency of the climate control system. In this study, an experimental dual‐evaporator heat pump system was set up to investigate dehumidifying and reheating efficiency of a cabin in electrified vehicle. Two dehumidifying modes were chosen in this experiment. One was single‐evaporator mode with indoor evaporator only, and the other was dual‐evaporator mode with both indoor and outdoor evaporators. The dual‐evaporator dehumidifying mode shows higher heat capacity, coefficient of performance, and outlet air temperature, while it has quite lower moisture extraction rate and specific moisture extraction rate compared to the single‐evaporator dehumidifying mode. Therefore, a hybrid dehumidifying and reheating method was suggested as a possible option for realization of energy conservation without sacrifice of thermal comfort for passengers.