最小外接球法球度误差评价与实现

针对直角坐标系下球体形状的误差评价,介绍一种利用最小外接球法评价球度误差的计算方法。建立基于直角坐标系下的球度误差三维评测模型,并研究外接球体几何曲面关系,得出了利用弦线截交关系快速评价球度误差的理论。利用弦线截交关系构建最小外接球法球度误差评价的“2+1”、“3+1”、“4+1”评价模式统一体,通过两次截交产生的虚拟中心定位,可以准确确定评价点的位置,达到了快速、精确利用最小外接球法评价球度误差的目的。通过分析表明,基于弦线截交关系的最小外接球球度误差评价方法计算效率高、易于实现且具有较高的评定精度,也为球度误差评价提供一种新的方法和思路。     

一种利用坐标测量机实现圆度误差评价的方法

针对直角坐标系下圆周截面形状误差评价,介绍了一种圆柱体截面圆度误差的测量与评定方法.在研究了圆度误差定义及测量方法的基础上,建立了基于三坐标测量机的最小外接圆圆度误差三维评测模型.利用双截面最小二乘拟合轴线调整坐标系位置,减少了位姿误差对测量结果的影响.对模型进行坐标系统一转换,使得变换后的模型能更适用于计算机数据处理.然后在坐标变换的前提下,提出了一种利用几何关系搜索最小外接圆圆心的方法,开发了相应的数据分析软件.实验和数据证明,此算法优于传统最小外接圆算法,实现了在直角坐标系下三坐标测量机对圆度误差的最小外接圆法评价.     

最小区域球度误差评价的弦线截交方法

最小区域球度误差评价是精密测量技术中的一个非常重要并且复杂问题。针对笛卡儿坐标系下球体形状误差评价,介绍一种利用弦线截交关系求解最小区域球度误差评价方法。通过构建笛卡儿坐标系下球度误差测量模型,提出基于一般二次曲面理论的最小二乘球心计算方法。根据最小区域球度误差模型分类,利用弦线截交关系建立起最小区域球度误差评价的2+3和3+2模型,最后通过截交几何模式产生了虚拟中心,从而准确确定球度误差评价模型的最大弦线与最大截面,达到快速精确构建模型的目的。测试数据和实例应用表明,基于弦线截交关系的最小区域球度误差评价方法具有更高的计算效率,且测量空间不受测量坐标系和零件几何形状误差的影响,并显著提高了整体评价的精度与准确性。     

基于最大内接圆法的圆度误差测量实现方法

介绍了一种在直角坐标系下利用最大内接圆法评价圆度误差的方法,建立了圆度测量模型。针对圆度误差最大内接圆评价,提出了一种最大内接圆心搜索方法,达到了快速、精确评价的目的,实现了在直角坐标系下三坐标测量机对圆度误差的最大内接圆法评价。     

一种最小外接圆法圆度误差评价实现方法

介绍了一种在直角坐标系下利用最小外接圆法评价圆度误差的方法。提出了一种基于对称关系的最小外接圆圆心搜索思想,运用几何思想均匀分布圆心到各点的距离,达到了快速、精确评价的目的,并且实现了在直角坐标系下三坐标测量机对圆度误差的最小外接圆法评价。     

最大内接圆法内孔截面圆度误差评价与实现

针对内孔圆度误差的最大内接圆法评价,提出了一种基于最大弦线截交对称关系的评价模式。利用最大内接圆评价法的几何特征关系,在确定虚拟中心位置的基础上弦线截交模式可以快速搜索到最大内接圆圆心的位置,并且在评价中避免了计算搜索步长和搜索方向。分析表明:利用几何关系的弦线截交评价模式,达到了高效、精确评价内孔截面圆度误差的目的。可实现三坐标测量机及其它测量仪器利用坐标采样数据对内孔圆周截面形状进行最大内接圆法误差评价。     

基于网格模型的圆度在线检测系统开发

提出一种基于三角网格模型的圆度在线检测方法.根据圆柱的空间位置、分布的测点和测点的矢量来进行测量路径的设计.利用最小二乘法,计算圆柱测量截面的圆度误差.最后以CMM检测结果作为理想的标准,对圆度在线检测结果进行评估,结果得出该方法所带来的圆度误差非常小.     

基于几何优化的圆度误差评定算法

针对圆度误差的特点,提出一种基于几何优化的圆度误差评定算法。建立直角坐标采样、可同时实现圆度误差的最小区域法、最小外接圆法和最大内接圆法评定的评定模型。详细阐述利用几何优化算法求解圆度误差的过程和步骤,给出数学计算公式及计算机程序流程图。该算法不要求等间隔测量,不采用最优化及线性化方法,也无需满足小误差和小偏差假设,只需重复调用点与点之间的距离公式;其原理是以初始参考点为基准,布置一定边长的正六边形,依次以各顶点为理想圆心计算所有测点的半径值,通过比较、判断及重复设置六边形来获得相应评定方法(最小区域圆法、最小外接圆法和最大内接圆法)的圆度误差值。试验结果表明,该算法可以有效、正确地评定圆度误差。     

精密圆柱形貌重构及三维显示方法

利用三点法圆柱度误差分离技术得到截面圆度误差、截面最小二乘圆圆心位置、截面半径差,从而得到了圆柱形貌重构所需的圆柱表面被测点的坐标,对精密圆柱形貌进行了重构。在C++Builder环境下,采用OpenGL三维图形编程语言实现了圆柱表面形貌的三维显示,并在渲染过程中应用颜色表示圆柱误差的分布、大小,使得圆柱形貌更逼真、更易于观测和评价。     

磨削旋转曲面时方向导数在确定砂轮最大直径中的应用

在磨削某些旋转曲面时，砂轮直径不能超过一个最大值。否则，砂轮将与磨削面发生干涉。而在确定这个最大值时，往往需要求出砂轮的径向截面与旋转曲面所形成的截交线顶点处的曲率半径。通常是用空间解析几何的方法进行求解，其步骤为：1．以旋转曲面的顶点或中心为坐标原点建立空间直角坐标系，写出旋转曲面及砂轮径向截平面的方程式；2．将上述两方程式联立求解，求出截交线的曲线方程式；3．对截交线曲线方程式进行空间坐标变换，得出截交线在砂轮径向截平面内直角坐标系中的方程式；4．对“3”中得出的方程式求导数，写出裁交线上任意点…     

Intersecting chord method for minimum zone evaluation of roundness deviation using Cartesian coordinate data

Minimum zone evaluation of roundness deviation is a very important and complex problem in precision measurement. Along with the continuous development of precision machining technology, it has become an increasingly prominent issue of how to quickly and accurately evaluate the minimum zone roundness deviation from a large number of coordinate data. In this paper, an intersecting chord method is first proposed to realize the minimum zone model of roundness deviation with coordinate data. The new modelling method uses the crossing relationship of chords to construct the intersecting structure and the 2 + 2 evaluation model of the minimum zone roundness deviation, which can not only accurately determine the position of minimum zone centre but also greatly improve the computational efficiency of modelling process. Using the related chords and their extreme points to generate a virtual centre, this may reduce the deviation between the intersecting chords structure and the centre of the minimum zone evaluation. The proposed method makes use of the geometric relationship of chords, so the minimum zone roundness deviation can be obtained without the optimal method or the point-by-point method. The validation test of the proposed method is designed to analyze a coordinate dataset published in other literature. Comparing the proposed method with the published method, it is easy to show that the relative error between two results is less than 0.4%. Finally, an experiment is also given to indicate that the calculation accuracy and the evaluation efficiency of the proposed method achieve a satisfactory conclusion.     

Minimum zone evaluation of sphericity deviation based on the intersecting chord method in Cartesian coordinate system

Along with the developments of manufacturing and machining technology, spherical parts with high-precision are widely applied to many industrial fields. The high-quality spherical parts depend not only on the design and machining techniques but also on the adopted measurement and evaluation approaches. This paper focuses on the minimum zone evaluation model of sphericity deviation in Cartesian coordinate system. A new method, i.e. intersecting chord method, is proposed to solve the problem of constructing 3 + 2 and 2 + 3 models of the minimum zone reference spheres (MZSP). The modelling method employs intersecting chords rather than characteristic points to construct the geometrical structure of evaluation model. Hence, the efficiency of processing data is improved without compromising the accuracy of deviation evaluation. In the modelling process, the two concentric spheres of minimum zone model are simplified as an intersecting chords structure, the virtual centre generated by the intersecting chords can be used to judge whether the searched object is the maximum object or not, which decrease the positioning error of the minimum zone centre and reduce the difficulty of constructing models. To test and verify the performances of intersecting chord method, two experiments are performed to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method, and the results indicate that the proposed method is more trustworthy against accuracy and computation time than other methods required to achieve the same results.     

Roundness error evaluation algorithm based on polar coordinate transform

A new method for roundness error evaluation using polar coordinate system, named as polar coordinate transform algorithm (PCTA), was presented in this paper. The algorithm first allocates a circular region around the least square circle center following certain rules, then calculates the polar radius for all measured points by translating polar coordinate system to each point in the region in turn, and finally obtains minimum circumscribed center point, maximum inscribed center point and minimum zone center point from comparing each polar radius relative to each polar coordinate system. With accurate center point, the algorithm could give more accurate roundness evaluation. In the paper, the process of PCTA was described in detail including the algorithm formula and flowchart. Theoretical calculation and testing results show that PCTA can evaluate roundness error effectually and accurately.     

基于仿增量算法的圆度误差快速准确评定

提出按最小外接圆法和最小区域法评定圆度误差的仿增量算法.将工件轮廓看作一个点集,并在其中建立可以确定圆(环)的子集.若子集确定的圆(环)包容原点集,则可得到相应的圆度误差;否则每次给子集增加一个在包容区域外的点构成新子集,确定包容新子集的圆(环)并去掉其中不在圆(环)边界上的点.证明了该算法是单调收敛的.同时还提出以按最小外接圆法评定圆度误差时在包容边界上的点为最小区域法初值的新思路.该算法概念清楚、模型简单,易于在计算机上实现.几个实际零件圆度误差的评定验证了算法不仅正确,而且结果准确,耗时极少.     

The relationship between the minimum zone circle and the maximum inscribed circle and the minimum circumscribed circle

Following the minimum zone criterion set forth in the current ANSI and ISO standards, evaluation of roundness error is formulated as a non-differentiable unconstrained optimization problem and hard to handle. The maximum inscribed circle and minimum circumscribed circle are all easily solved by iterative comparisons, so the relationship between the minimum zone circle and maximum inscribed circle, minimum circumscribed circle is proposed to solve efficiently the minimum zone problem. Based on the known minimum zone circle, the maximum inscribed circle and minimum circumscribed circle can be easily determined. The relationship is implemented and validated with the data available in the literature.