Patterns of scientific and technological knowledge flows based on scientific papers and patents

This paper examines how Korean technological development is linked with scientific activities and spreads to industrial fields through knowledge flows. It empirically assesses the linkages between scientific and technological knowledge flows and technological innovation by determining whether the quantity and quality of scientific papers cited by, and the knowledge being absorbed in, Korean patents filed in USPTO varied over time, and between technology fields. We conducted MANOVA and then canonical discriminate analysis. Our findings are: the patterns of both the absorption of scientific knowledge and the diffusion of technological knowledge differ by period and by field, and the speed of knowledge diffusion differs by technology field. This implies that the time required for Korean investment in basic and applied research to impact her industrial innovation differs by technology field.     

The evolution of cluster network structure and firm growth: a study of industrial software clusters

Since the cluster began to receive attention as a critical environmental factor in geographical economics, it has provided a major research methodology across multiple disciplines from industrial organization, strategic management, regional innovation system, and Triple Helix to virtual clusters. Network structure analysis (NSA) offers a common framework to observe clusters that have been studied separately from the viewpoint of industrial organization and strategic management. Industrial structure analysis, is based on the externality of a network and the resource-based view, focused on the inherent network capacity, have been combined with the study of structural changes through cluster NSA, to create a new direction for the growth of industry and individual firms. This study aims to analyze the correlation between the networking of structural change and a firm’s performance by selecting a software industrial cluster as a representative case for the knowledge industry. We examine the network structural positions of each node during the cluster evolution process. This empirical study has significance for establishing a firm’s growth strategy as well as supporting the policy about clusters, through outlining the dynamic evolution process of the networking activities in a knowledge industry cluster.     

Identification of technological knowledge intermediaries

Intermediaries in a technological knowledge network have recently been highlighted as crucial innovation drivers that accelerate technological knowledge flows. Although the patent network analysis has been frequently used to monitor technological knowledge structures, it has examined only sources or recipients of the technological knowledge by mainly estimating technological knowledge inflows or outflows of a network node. This study, therefore, aims to identify technological knowledge intermediaries when a technology-level knowledge network is composed of several industries. First, types of technological knowledge flows are deductively classified into four types by highlighting industry affiliations of source technologies and recipient technologies. Second, a directed technological knowledge network is generated at the technology class level, using patent co-classification analysis. Third, for each class, mediating scores are measured according to the four types. The empirical analysis illustrates the Korea’s technological knowledge network between 2000 and 2008. As a result, the four types of mediating scores are compared between industries, and industry-wise technological knowledge intermediaries are identified. The proposed approach is practical to explore converging processes in technology development where technology classes act as technological knowledge intermediaries among diverse industries.     

Industrial Dynamics: A Review of the Literature 1990–2009

This paper reviews the literature in the field of industrial dynamics (ID) as it has emerged since I first introduced the term in 1985. Nearly 8,000 articles in 12 major journals have been reviewed and classified under five broad themes that constitute the basic questions in ID: (1) the causes of industrial development and economic growth, including the dynamics and evolution of industries and the role of entrepreneurship; (2) the nature of economic activity in the firm and the dynamics of supply, particularly the role of knowledge; (3) how the boundaries and interdependence of firms change over time and contribute to economic transformation; (4) technological change and its institutional framework, especially systems of innovation; (5) the role of public policy in facilitating adjustment of the economy to changing circumstances at both micro- and macro-levels. Under each theme, the main findings and their implications for theory and policy are summarized. The paper concludes with a summary of the contribution of industrial dynamics to a better understanding of industrial transformation and economic growth and reflections on challenges for future research.     

Prediction of emerging technologies based on analysis of the US patent citation network

The network of patents connected by citations is an evolving graph, which provides a representation of the innovation process. A patent citing another implies that the cited patent reflects a piece of previously existing knowledge that the citing patent builds upon. A methodology presented here (1) identifies actual clusters of patents: i.e., technological branches, and (2) gives predictions about the temporal changes of the structure of the clusters. A predictor, called the citation vector, is defined for characterizing technological development to show how a patent cited by other patents belongs to various industrial fields. The clustering technique adopted is able to detect the new emerging recombinations, and predicts emerging new technology clusters. The predictive ability of our new method is illustrated on the example of USPTO subcategory 11, Agriculture, Food, Textiles. A cluster of patents is determined based on citation data up to 1991, which shows significant overlap of the class 442 formed at the beginning of 1997. These new tools of predictive analytics could support policy decision making processes in science and technology, and help formulate recommendations for action.     

The Role of Large Multinationals in the Dutch Technology Infrastructure. A Patent Citation Analysis

This paper investigates the impact of large multinational firms on the Dutch technology infrastructure. More specifically, it asks how the structure of the knowledge flows network matters for diffusion of technological knowledge in the Dutch economy. Patent citation analysis based on European Patent applications is used to quantify this network. The paper finds that there are large differences between firms in terms of the density of their 'ego-network', and the amount of knowledge spillovers to the Dutch economy that they generate.     

中国鲆鱼养殖的产业集聚：水平、原因及政策

本文以我国工业化水平相对较高的鲆鱼养殖业为研究对象,采用区位熵和空间基尼系数法,对2003―2012年沿海地区鲆鱼养殖集聚程度进行了测算,结果表明我国鲆鱼养殖业表现出较明显的产业集聚特征,主要集聚于山东省和辽宁省。其中山东省集聚程度始终最高,但在逐步下降,辽宁省则逐步提升。研究指出:中国的鲆鱼养殖之所以出现产业集聚,尽管也有资源禀赋、需求拉动等因素影响,但技术创新和产业政策在其间发挥了尤其重要的作用;要继续推动鲆鲽类产业集群的发展,必须以产业政策为引导、以技术创新为重点,同时打造产业文化,创造市场需求,引领产业发展。     

Effect of collaboration network structure on knowledge creation and technological performance: the case of biotechnology in Canada

Many of the novel ideas that lead to scientific publications or yield technological advances are the result of collaborations among scientists or inventors. Although various aspects of collaboration networks have been examined, the impact of many network characteristics on knowledge creation and innovation production remains unclear due to the inconsistency of the conclusions from various research studies. One such network structure, called small world, has recently attracted much theoretical attention as it has been suggested that it can enhance the information transmission efficiency among the network actors. However, the existing empirical studies have failed to provide consistent results regarding the effect of small-world network properties on network performance in terms of its scientific and technological productivity. In this paper, using the data on 29 years of journal publications and patents in the field of biotechnology in Canada, the network of scientists’ collaboration activities has been constructed based on their co-authorships in scientific articles. Various structural properties of this network have been measured and the relationships between the network structure and knowledge creation, and quantity and quality of technological performance have been examined. We found that the structure of the co-authorship network of Canadian biotechnology scientists has a significant effect on the knowledge and innovation production, but it produced no impact on the quality of patents generated by these scientists.     

Bayesian Diagnostic Network： A Powerful Model for Representation and Reasoning of Engineering Diagnostic Knowledge

Engineering diagnosis is essential to the operation of industrial equipment. The key to successful diagnosis is correct knowledge representation and reasoning. The Bayesian network is a powerful tool for it. This paper utilizes the Bayesian network to represent and reason diagnostic knowledge, named Bayesian diagnostic network. It provides a three-layer topologic structure based on operating conditions, possible faults and corresponding symptoms. The paper also discusses an approximate stochastic sampling algorithm. Then a practical Bayesian network for gas turbine diagnosis is constructed on a platform developed under a Visual C environment. It shows that theBayesian net work is a powerful model for representation and reasoning of diagnostic knowledge. The three-layer structure and the approximate algorithm are effective also.     

The impact of small world on patent productivity in China

Based on the patent co-authorship data from State Intellectual Property Office of China, this paper examines the evolution of small world network and its impact on patent productivity in China. Compared with the western countries, the small-world phenomenon of the innovation network in China is becoming more obvious. Empirical result shows that the small world network may only have significant impact on patent productivity in those patent productive provinces, e.g., Beijing and Guangdong that filed larger number of patents. Although the collaborations in the network are more endurable in China than ones in western countries, it may be less efficient in transmitting knowledge because of large ratio of administration oriented state owned enterprises (SOEs). With larger ratio of SOEs, the small world network has longer path length and knowledge thus flows less efficiently in Beijing than in Guangdong. The policy implication of the findings lies in that the Chinese government should let the market rather than the administration determine the collaboration of technological innovation, in order to encourage innovation and establish an effective small world network for speeding up flow of knowledge among different type of firms during the innovative process.     

Revitalizing the race between technology and education: Investigating the growth strategy for the knowledge-based economy based on a CGE analysis

This study conducted quantitative policy experiments using a computable general equilibrium model to investigate how long-run economic growth can be achieved through the endogenous interactions between innovation and human capital accumulation. The analysis found that there are limits to driving productivity growth and enhancing growth potential when focusing solely on the expansion of technological innovation. However, our results suggest that promotion of the complementarity between technological innovation and human capital formation may alleviate the inequalities of wages and employment induced by skill-biased technological change, promoting balanced growth among industrial sectors with higher productivity improvement and scale effects. This study suggests that in order to spur long-run growth in knowledge-based economy, policymakers should establish educational infrastructure to support workers to move up the skill ladder and cope with rapid technological change.     

Networks of knowledge: The distributed nature of medical innovation

Innovation in medicine is a complex process that unfolds unevenly in time and space. It is characterised by radical uncertainty and emerges from innovation systems that can hardly be comprehended within geographical, technological or institutional boundaries. These systems are instead highly distributed across countries, competences and organisations. This paper explores the nature, rate and direction of the growth and transformation of medical knowledge in two specific areas of research, interventional cardiology and glaucoma. We analyse two large datasets of bibliometric information extracted from ISI and adopt an empirical network approach to try to uncover the fine structure of the relevant micro-innovation systems and the mechanisms through which these evolve along trajectories of change shaped by the search for solutions to interdependent problems.     

The idiosyncrasy and dynamism of technological innovation across industries: patent citation analysis

In general, the structural and behavioral patterns of technological innovation are idiosyncratic across industrial sectors and dynamic over time. Yet, despite voluminous amounts of previous research, patterns of innovation are hard to standardize or theorize. The objectives of this article are two-fold. One is to investigate distinctive and changing patterns of technological innovation across industries and observe dynamic trends over time. The other is to identify patterns of relationships among industries and examine the roles of respective industries. To this end, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) patent database was used and patent citation analysis applied. The idiosyncratic differences among industrial sectors are highlighted, especially between conventional manufacturing sectors and science-based sectors. We also found changing trends in technological knowledge flows across industries.     

Science-technology-industry correlative indicators for policy targeting on emerging technologies: exploring the core competencies and promising industries of aspirant economies

This paper seeks to contemplate a sequence of steps in connecting the fields of science, technology and industrial products. A method for linking different classifications (WoS–IPC–ISIC concordance) is proposed. The ensuing concordance tables inherit the roots of Grupp’s perspective on science, technology, product and market. The study contextualized the linking process as it can be instrumental for policy planning and technology targeting. The presented method allows us to postulate the potential development of technology in science and industrial products. The proposed method and organized concordance tables are intended as a guiding tool for policy makers to study the prospects of a technology or industry of interest. Two perceived high potential technologies—traditional medicine and ICT—that were sought by two aspirant economies—Hong Kong and Malaysia—are considered as case studies for the proposed method. The selected cases provide us the context of what technological research is being pursued for both fundamental knowledge and new industries. They enable us to understand the context of policy planning and targeting for sectoral and regional innovation systems. While we note the constraints of using joint-publishing and joint-patenting data to study the core competencies of developing economies and their potential for development, we realize that the proposed method enables us to highlight the gaps between science and technology and the core competencies of the selected economies, as well as their prospects in terms of technology and product development. The findings provide useful policy implications for further development of the respective cases.     

区域先导产业选择的质量方法与实证研究——以湖北省制造业为例

先导产业的培育与发展关系到未来5~10年乃至更长时间我国能否保持经济持续增长和实现产业结构转型升级。本研究界定了先导产业的定义、内涵及主要特征,基于产业选择的逻辑和理论,引入产业发展质量维度评估,提出了区域先导产业选择和培育的质量方法。基于此评估方法,以湖北省制造业细分产业为研究对象,从产业基础能力、技术创新水平、产业发展质量、产业增长潜力等维度实证分析和评估湖北未来重点培育先导产业类别。本研究期望通过积极培育未来先导产业,推动传统优势产业转型升级以化解其产能过剩问题。同时,提出了促进湖北省未来先导产业快速发展的政策建议,可为其他区域的先导产业发展提供参考借鉴和实践价值。     

When Does a National Innovation System Start to Exhibit Systemic Behavior?

Despite the diversity of national profiles, the relationship between R&D structure and industrial structure, amongst others, is considered a crucial determinant of a country's national innovation system (NIS). This paper aims at investigating the systematic relationship between the two structures with respect to the portfolio of resource allocation. By proposing some operational definitions of R&D structure and industrial structure, a comparative analysis is conducted for the national profiles of OECD member economies. The correlation analysis reveals that, in an overall sense, there exists significant correlation between the two structures and the degree of correlation has increased over time, indicating that the linkage between innovation policy and industrial policy has become closer. Most interestingly, it is found that there may exist a threshold value of national R&D investment to GDP, around 2 percent, that makes the correlation between R&D structure and industrial structure significant. This threshold is the time point when R&D starts to exercise systematic effects on industrial structure and thus NIS starts to behave like a system.     

The National Nanotechnology Initiative: Federal support for science and technology,or hidden industrial policy?

The case of the National Nanotechnology Initiative highlights elements of industrial policy carried out by the U.S. government not only by setting rules and providing infrastructure, but also by strategically selecting technology of the next generation and arranging large-scale public investment. The federal government justified the Initiative by calling for the scientific need for industrial competitiveness, an explicit integration of science and technology policy and industrial policy. Moreover, we find evidence that this program, now funding almost $1.8 billion and extending to thirteen federal agencies, was initiated and drafted by a small handful number of policy makers in Washington. At the same time, despite its intention to strengthen the industrial competitiveness, the bulk of the federal government fund continues to channel into universities and government labs and little into the private sector. Whether this goal will be achieved without more direct government focus on commercialization remains uncertain.     

Patent collaboration networks in Sweden and Spain during the Second Industrial Revolution

ABSTRACT

This article aims to analyse and compare the patent collaboration networks of Spain and Sweden during the Second Industrial Revolution, a key period for technological and industrial development in several economies and the distinct development paths taken by these two countries. The data used are from two new historical patent datasets for Spain and Sweden for the period 1878–1914. To study the structure of collaboration networks in both countries, we applied social network analysis methods and focused on two specific key network properties: connectivity and openness to external nodes. The results demonstrate that collaboration networks were better connected and more open to foreign influence in Sweden than in Spain. This research opens new paths for further multidisciplinary studies both on the evolution of industrial economies and on innovation networks dynamics.     

Network positioning and risk perception in servitization: evidence from the UK road transport industry

For manufacturing firms, the integration of advanced services into their customer offerings has become a crucial decision. Such commercial decisions require weighting the risks and rewards of implementing a business model based on advanced services. While academic experts acknowledge uncertainty of returns on investment despite potential advantages, research generally fails to address the challenge of calculating the actual risks involved in ‘servitization’. This paper seeks better understanding of managers’ risk perception and of servitization implications for strategic partnerships and network positioning, while considering the impact of factors such as entry barriers, technological knowledge and position in the supply chain (SC). Qualitative evidence is drawn from an industrial case study involving firms in the UK’s road transport industry: 14 in-depth interviews with senior executives from seven companies (manufacturers, operators, technology providers). During interviews, a payment card exercise measured risk perception and willingness to take strategic ‘make-or-buy’ decisions. Results suggest that implementing advanced services is perceived as a high-risk strategy, especially when firms lack in-house technological knowledge. However, collaborative strategic partnerships within supply chain networks can mitigate this risk and prove crucial to building entry barriers against external competitors. Based on these findings, implications for network positioning are developed.     

A profile of Mexico’s technological agglomerations: The case of the aerospace and nanotechnology industry in Querétaro and Monterrey

This article analyzes the dynamics of emergence of technological clusters in Mexico. In recent years, Mexico has had several initiatives towards the agglomeration of technological capabilities, however, very few cases are successful. The question we are interested in is about how does the technological crowds get configurated. Two Mexican case studies were analyzed in order to identify key endogenous and exogenous factors in the installation and development of technology clusters in the aerospace and nanotechnology. The review of the process of installing both clusters shows the importance of industrial and economic trajectories, the local policy, and the mobilization of local and global actors in the configuration of technological agglomerations. Geographical distances between the technological platforms is important as well, but it requires global players to make the articulation between the local capacities with global trends in emerging technologies.