生物流化床处理垃圾渗滤液的硝化强化实验研究

采用厌氧/好氧/硝化耦合生物流化床反应器处理高浓度难降解垃圾渗滤液,通过摇瓶富集与开放体系扩大培养得到高浓度的硝化菌液,用于硝化生物流化床反应器的挂膜启动、驯化与动态运行实验。结果表明,扩培菌液中亚硝化细菌与硝化细菌的浓度分别达到9 .0×107 和3. 5×107 MPN/mL。硝化生物流化床的强化挂膜启动与驯化约历时30d,实际废水动态运行的结果显示,当进水垃圾渗滤液平均氨氮浓度为284 .4mg/L时,出水氨氮浓度为14. 3mg/L,达到了GB16889 1997一级排放标准,经过硝化生物强化的流化床反应器处理高浓度垃圾渗滤液的硝化速率高达28. 1gNH+4 N/m3·h,与未经生物强化的同类系统相比高出近1倍。     

悬浮填料生物膜反应器处理黑水的启动挂膜

采用自然挂膜法在低碳氮比的黑水中启动悬浮填料生物膜反应器,探讨了进水有机物和氨氮负荷率对挂膜启动的影响,分析了挂膜过程中溶解性化学需氧量(SCOD)、氨氮(NH+4-N)和总氮(TN)的去除转化规律及填料上附着生物量和填料生物相的变化规律。研究结果表明,在DO为1.5~2.5 mg/L、温度为(21±2)℃等条件下可快速(43 d)启动生物硝化挂膜,SCOD、NH+4-N和TN去除率分别可达到84%、62%和46%,单个填料上的生物膜量达到0.49 g/个。进水SCOD、NH+4-N负荷率明显影响硝化细菌在填料上的成膜和生物硝化效率。研究认为,进水SCOD、NH+4-N负荷率分别保持5.34g/(m2·d)、1.44 g/(m2·d)左右,能够促快速挂膜并获得良好的短程硝化和同步硝化反硝化效果。     

磁性多孔微球固定化硫酸盐还原菌的研究

以磁性多孔微球为载体，采用吸附法固载硫酸盐还原菌，用于磁性稳态流化床。通过扫描电镜等方法研究生物膜的组成，计算出反应器中磁性多孔微球的浓度、生物膜量和生物膜浓度等，并进行了磁性稳态流化床净化SO2废气初步实验。结果表明，MSFB反应器中的生物膜浓度为15．60g／L，生物膜厚度为105．60μm，MPM上固定的生物量高达109．80mg／g。磁性稳态流化床净化SO2废气，净化效率可达90％以上；并考察了pH和气液比对SO2吸收率的影响，这对进一步研究微生物法脱除烟气SO2具有重要意义。     

外循环生物流化床挂膜启动研究

自行设计了一台小型外循环生物流化床,并研究了该流化床处理垃圾渗滤液启动过程中,载体填充率、曝气量、水力停留时间(HRT)和进水碳、氮质量比(C/N)对椰壳活性炭载体表面生物膜形成的影响。结果表明,挂膜启动过程中较合适的条件为载体填充率5%(体积分数)、曝气量80L/h、HRT 8h、进水C/N 8~10。     

用于石化废水处理的聚氨酯泡沫球形载体的挂膜方法

采用物理吸附的方式对用于石化废水处理的聚氨酯泡沫球形载体的挂膜方法进行了研究。直接挂膜时，投加石化废水生物处理剂后，载体出现了严重的堵塞现象，孔隙内无机颗粒含量较高，生物多样性差，从而无法保持稳定的石化废水处理效果。通过分析聚氨酯泡沫表层和孔隙内部附着的生物量及孔隙内附着物的粒度分布，采取间接挂膜法，即采用投加颗粒状物质活性炭、电气石及酵母粉的方式，对聚氨酯泡沫球形载体进行预挂膜后，再投加生物处理剂，进行进一步的挂膜。结果表明：间接挂膜法可有效地避免载体的堵塞问题，使得孔隙内部附着生长大量的活性微生物，从而在石化废水进水COD和NH⁺₄-N浓度在280～420 mg/L和5～25 mg/L时，出水COD和NH⁺₄-N浓度分别稳定在70 mg/L和3 mg/L以下。     

固定化微生物强化处理对甲苯胺模拟废水的研究

采用新型固定化载体大孔吸附树脂X-5固定化微生物强化SBR处理对甲苯胺模拟废水,与对照组相比,通过投加大孔吸附树脂X-5固定化微生物可以有效提高反应器的处理效率.在进水TOC浓度为434.8 mg/L,对甲苯胺浓度为326.9 mg/L的条件下,强化组可在100 min左右将TOC和对甲苯胺基本去除完全,去除率在99%以上.对照组则需要300min才能达到相近的去除效果.强化组对氨氮同样具有较好的硝化效果,出水氨氮浓度在10 mg/L以下.     

在线超声作用下流化床膜生物反应器的膜污染机制

在流化床膜生物反应器中引用在线超声技术来控制膜污染，考察了在线超声对污泥混合液特性的影响，探讨了在线超声作用下的膜污染机制。结果表明：在线超声流化床膜生物反应器的跨膜压差（TMP）增长速度明显慢于普通流化床膜生物反应器，可延长膜清洗周期约51％。在线超声作用下，污泥平均粒径降低约70μm，污泥胞外聚合物（EPS）含量增加（14±5）mg／g，混合液溶解性微生物产物（SMP）有所降低；同时，在线超声使得污泥浓度和混合液粘度降低，从而改善了混合液的过滤性，有助于膜污染的控制。分析表明，在线超声能够减少膜表面不可逆污染的发生，膜的主要污染机制为泥饼层污染。     

常温下IC反应器启动过程中的颗粒污泥性能研究

在常温下用自配葡萄糖废水启动IC反应器,研究了厌氧颗粒污泥的形成过程和特性。IC反应器进水浓度为3 000 mg COD/L,水温为14.5～26℃,25 d内形成了颗粒污泥。结果表明,随着运行时间和容积负荷的增加,颗粒污泥粒径逐渐增大。反应器启动完成后,反应器中2 mm的颗粒污泥增加到6.6%,0.3 mm的颗粒从57.7%减少到39.4%;VSS浓度从24.7 g/L上升到48.2 g/L;VSS/SS从34.4%增加到72.8%。颗粒污泥的沉降速度与颗粒粒径成正比,0.3～3 mm的颗粒污泥的沉降速度介于34.05～109.75 m/h之间,具有良好的沉降性能。初始接种污泥几乎没有产甲烷活性,与第30 d的初期颗粒污泥相比,成熟的颗粒污泥的产甲烷活性提高了46.7%。     

氧化铁改性砂联合生物预处理对氨氮的吸附特性

对含氨氮(NH_3-N)的微污染原水,采用自制氧化铁改性石英砂(iron oxide coated sand,IOCS)滤料强化过滤与生物预处理技术联合,进行强化处理与吸附效果研究。结果表明,采用强化挂膜法,生物预处理反应器的生物膜成熟期约为7 d,其对氨氮的去除率为60%~70%,但反应器中存在亚硝酸盐氮积累的现象。IOCS与生物预处理技术联合,对NH_3-N的平均去除率为84.67%,出水NH_3-N浓度均低于0.5 mg/L,NO_2~--N含量趋于0;而普通石英砂(RQS)在同等条件下,对氨氮的去除效果不稳定,平均去除率为74.31%,出水NH_3-N平均浓度未达标,对NO_2~--N平均去除率仅有33.29%。在4m/h滤速工况下,与生物预处理技术联合,IOCS和RQS对NH_3-N最高去除率分别为94.3%和82.72%。IOCS与RQS的表面形态结构存在明显差异:前者的表面结构更加复杂多孔,比表面积大,有利于生物牢固附着;后者表面较光滑,比表面积小,挂膜后生物易脱落。     

污泥回流对流化床生物膜—A/O活性污泥耦合工艺的影响研究

设计一套流化床生物膜(MBBR)—A/O活性污泥耦合装置处理城镇污水,考察了污泥回流对耦合工艺处理效率的影响,研究了系统中生物膜相和悬浮相微生物在有机物降解和脱氮反应中的活性差异。实验结果表明,当系统进水COD在200~400mg/L,进水氨氮在8.0~32.0mg/L,污泥回流比为1/8时,水力停留时间为12.4h,系统COD去除率平均值达81.4%,TN去除率平均值达70.6%,系统对较难降解城镇污水的处理具有明显的技术优势。污泥回流降低了生物膜相微生物的活性,而提高了悬浮相微生物活性,但生物膜相微生物活性速率仍高于悬浮相微生物活性。与传统活性污泥工艺相比,MBBR—A/O活性污泥耦合工艺将高活性生物膜引入,使悬浮污泥浓度极大降低,有助于减少污泥回流能耗与处理成本,具有明显应用价值。     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

不同泥源对厌氧氨氧化反应器启动的影响

采用2套上流式生物膜反应器,分别接种少量厌氧氨氧化污泥和大量硝化污泥,考察其对厌氧氨氧化反应器启动的影响。污泥接种入反应器后,测得接种厌氧氨氧化污泥的反应器(R1)内MLSS为0.22 g/L,另一个反应器(R2)MLSS为2.7 g/L。与直接接种厌氧氨氧化污泥相比,R1经过72 d的运行才显现出厌氧氨氧化特性。经过114 d的培养,前者氮去除速率由0.23 kg/(m3.d)提升到5.29 kg/(m3.d),总氮去除率大于89%;R2的氮去除速率由0.01 kg/(m3.d)提升到1.1 kg/(m3.d),总氮去除率大于84.6%。说明普通污泥启动需要一个较长的筛选过程,直接接种少量的厌氧氨氧化污泥比接种普通的污泥能够更快启动厌氧氨氧化反应器。     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

造纸废水混凝处理中SFT助凝替代性研究

中小造纸厂废水处理常用PAC作混凝剂 ,PAM作助凝剂。由于PAM成本很高 ,影响了处理设备的投运率。用超细滑石粉 (SFT)替代PAM助凝 ,与混凝剂PAC配合 ,其混凝处理效果基本相当 ,但是处理成本降低 0 .10元 /m3 。由于SFT属环境无害材料 ,不会给排泥带来二次污染     

活性炭三维电极法对印染废水的处理研究

对三维电极方法处理印染废水进行了实验研究,初步探讨了活性炭三维电极法处理印染废水的机理,对影响处理效果的各种要素,如反应时间、槽电压和pH值等进行了条件实验,得出了活性炭三维电极法处理印染废水的最佳运行条件为:停留时间120-180 min,槽电压25～30 V,进水pH值6.5～7.5。结果表明,该反应器能有效地降低废水色度,有较高的COD去除效率,并能提高印染废水的可生化性。     

红土吸附砷对其动电电位的影响

研究了遵义红土吸附砷对其动电电位的影响 ,从砷酸根浓度和体系pH对红土动电电位影响的角度作了探讨 ,结果表明 ,砷酸根离子浓度越大 ,Zata电位下降幅度越大 ,Zata电位也越低 ;随着体系pH的升高 ,氧化铁胶体动电电位逐渐下降 ,甚至改变了表面电位的符号。由此得出了红土吸附砷属于专性吸附的结论。     

生物质快速热裂解主要参数对生物油产率的影响

以松木木屑为原料,在自制的小型流化床上,开展了生物质热裂解温度、生物质粒径和进料速率对生物油产率的影响实验研究.结果表明,在热裂解温度分别为450、475、500、525和550℃条件下,当热裂解温度为500℃时,生物油产率最高,平均产率达到53.33%(质量百分比).反应温度越高,炭产量越低,不可冷凝气体产量越高,气体发热值越高;粒径＜1 mm的生物质其粒径对生物油产率影响不大;生物质进料速率增加时,生物油产率增加.本研究为生物能的利用提供了新的途径.     

Evaluation of the presence of drugs of abuse in tap waters

A total of seventy samples of drinking water were tested for non-controlled and illicit drugs. Of these, 43 were from Spanish cities, 15 from seven other European countries, three from Japan and nine from seven different Latin American countries. The most frequently detected compounds were caffeine, nicotine, cotinine, cocaine and its metabolite benzoylecgonine, methadone and its metabolite EDDP. The mean concentrations of non-controlled drugs were: for caffeine 50 and 19 ng L⁻¹, in Spanish and worldwide drinking water respectively and for nicotine 13 and 19 ng L⁻¹. Illicit drugs were sparsely present and usually at ultratrace level (<1 ng L⁻¹). For example, cocaine has mean values of 0.4 (Spain) and 0.3 ng L⁻¹ (worldwide), whereas for benzoylecgonine, these mean values were 0.4 and 1.8 ng L⁻¹, respectively. Higher concentrations of benzoylecgonine were found in Latin American samples (up to 15 ng L⁻¹). No opiates were identified in any sample but the presence of methadone and EDDP was frequently detected. Total mean values for EDDP were 0.4 ng L⁻¹ (Spain) and 0.3 ng L⁻¹ (worldwide). Very few samples tested positive for amphetamines, in line with the reactivity of chlorine with these compounds. No cannabinoids, LSD, ketamine, fentanyl and PCP were detected.     

Visualisation of the complexity of EUSES

The interdependencies of parameters applied in the models of EUSES are visualised in a directed connectivity graph. The parameters (inputs, defaults, state variables, outputs) are represented by boxes (nodes) and their relations by lines (edges). The visualisation, on the one hand, clarifies the complexity of the models in EUSES and, on the other hand, creates an overview and transparency. The parameters’ relations to each other can be recognised faster, and the models can be better understood. The complexity was quantified by the number (variety), kind (substance parameter, physico-chemical parameter, concentration, other parameters), and depth (dimension) of the parameter and the number of relations (connectivity). The variety of EUSES (without the modelsSimple Treat andSimple Box whose interior structure is not documented and without the effect and risk characterisation) amounts to 466, the connectivity to 961, and the maximal dimension is 21.