两种丙泊酚靶控输注药代模型在老年患者眼底手术镇静中的对比研究

目的 比较两种丙泊酚靶控输注药代/药效模型Marsh、Schnider在老年患者眼底手术镇静中的应用.方法 65岁以上眼底手术患者42例,随机分为M组、S组,分别使用Marsh、Schnider模型,以靶控输注丙泊酚血浆浓度0.4μg/ml为起点,达到靶控浓度目标值后每分钟增加0.1 μg/ml,直至达到OAA/S评分...     

老年患者靶控输注瑞芬太尼和丙泊酚的临床评价

目的:探讨老年患者靶控输注(target-controlled infusion , TCI)不同血浆浓度瑞芬太尼和丙泊酚的临床安全性和可行性,并评价Marsh参数应用于老年人丙泊酚TCI系统的性能.方法:30例老年患者,随机分为三组,每组10例.A组,丙泊酚复合硬膜外组;B组,丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼(血浆浓度4 μg/L)组;C组,丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼(血浆浓度7 μg/L)组.3组病例丙泊酚TCI的血浆浓度均为3 mg/L.观察患者麻醉及术中的脑电双频指数(bispetral index, BIS)、心率、血压、心率变异性等指标,并抽取桡动脉血,检测丙泊酚的血浆浓度.结果:(1)B, C组(血浆浓度4,7 μg/L)的瑞芬太尼能有效抑制插管反应,但C组(血浆浓度7 μg/L)麻醉诱导时低血压和窦缓的几率增加;(2)3组患者术中均能维持足够的麻醉深度(BIS值＝45～60);(3)瑞芬太尼联合丙泊酚TCI不影响老年患者的苏醒; (4)Marsh参数的丙泊酚TCI系统用于我国老年患者偏离性(MDPE)为11.17%、精确度(MDAPE)为12.16%.结论: 血浆浓度4,7 μg/L的瑞芬太尼联合丙泊酚麻醉均能安全应用于老年患者的临床麻醉,但应用血浆浓度7 μg/L的瑞芬太尼在麻醉诱导时应注意加强监测.采用Marsh参数的丙泊酚TCI系统可安全有效地应用于我国老年患者.     

脑电双频指数在丙泊酚闭环反馈靶控输注复合瑞芬太尼全凭静脉麻醉的应用

目的 探讨脑电双频指数(BIS)作为丙泊酚闭环靶控输注的反馈控制变量复合瑞芬太尼在全凭静脉麻醉的应用。方法 60例ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级择期拟需全身麻醉腹部肿瘤手术的患者。随机分为闭环靶控输注组（闭环组）和靶控输注组（靶控组），每组30例。两组丙泊酚血浆靶控浓度设定为3.0μg/ml，瑞芬太尼血浆靶控浓度设定为4.0ng/ml。术中闭环组丙泊酚浓度根据BIS反馈值50调节。记录两组在麻醉前，插管后3min，切皮，术中探查，切除肿瘤时，缝皮等时间点的MAP，HR，BIS变化及丙泊酚的用量。结果 两组在插管后3min，切皮，术中探查，切除肿瘤, 缝皮等时间点的MAP和HR 下降明显(P<0.05),靶控组MAP和HR变化幅度大于闭环组(P<0.05)，靶控组BIS值波动范围也大于闭环组 (P<0.05)，闭环组丙泊酚用量明显少于靶控组(P<0.01)。结论 丙泊酚闭环靶控输注以BIS为反馈值复合瑞芬太尼用于全凭静脉麻醉，具有麻醉深度易维持，安全有效，节约费用的优点。 【关键词】 脑电双频指数 反馈 丙泊酚 瑞芬太尼 靶控输注     

脑电双频指数监测在小儿臂丛神经阻滞复合二异丙酚全身麻醉中的应用

目的小儿上肢显微血管外科手术时间长,麻醉深度管理困难。文中观察臂丛神经阻滞复合二异丙酚靶控输注全身麻醉患儿的基本情况,以监测麻醉深度,确定最佳靶浓度与脑电双频指数(bispectral index,BIS)区间。方法将80例手指手术患儿随机分为4组,氯胺酮诱导,臂丛神经阻滞后靶控输注二异丙酚,靶浓度为2.0、2.5、3.0、3.5μg/ml。记录患儿术中体动、血氧饱和度(blood oxygen saturation,SpO2)<95%的次数,术后苏醒时间和恶心呕吐(postoperative nausea andvomiting,PONV)情况及术中相应BIS值。结果 BIS值与二异丙酚的靶控浓度呈良好负相关(P<0.01)。3.0μg/ml组的效应室靶浓度(target effect-site concentration,Ce)达到靶浓度即刻BIS值49±6,效应室浓度稳态后30min BIS值46±5。SpO2<95%例数、术后苏醒时间远低于3.5μg/ml组(P<0.05),术中体动次数较2.0、2.5μg/ml组有显著差异(P<0.05)。术后恶心呕吐4组无明显差异(P>0.05)。结论小儿臂丛神经阻滞复合二异丙酚靶控输注全身麻醉,二异丙酚靶浓度设定为3.0μg/ml,麻醉深度最佳,术后苏醒较快。BIS值维持在40～60之间,有助于麻醉深度的监测。     

丙泊酚靶控输注复合雷米芬太尼麻醉期间右旋美托咪啶对麻醉深度的影响

目的: 研究丙泊酚靶控输注复合雷米芬太尼麻醉期间,右旋美托咪啶(Dex)对脑电双频谱指数(BIS)和听觉诱发电位指数(AAI)的影响.方法:选择拟于全麻下行甲状腺次全切除术的年轻患者30例(ASA Ⅰ～Ⅱ级),诱导方法:以血浆药物浓度为靶目标进行丙泊酚靶控输注,靶浓度(Ct)为4 mg/L,同时静脉泵注雷米芬太尼1 μg/kg,待患者意识消失后静注罗库溴铵0.6 mg/kg,1 min后气管内插管.术中以雷米芬太尼0.2 μg/(kg·min)~(-1) 维持麻醉,定时追加肌松药,调节丙泊酚靶控输注的Ct值,使BIS维持在50±3;维持10 min稳定后将患者随机双盲分为两组:D组(n=15):Dex 0.4 μg/kg,用生理盐水稀释成5 ml静脉泵注(5 min),C组(对照,n=15):生理盐水5 ml,方法同D组.记录20 min内BIS、AAI、MAP、HR.结果:D组静注Dex后BIS由51.4±2.2逐渐下降,20 min时降为42.2±15.7(P<0.05);而AAI给药前15.1±3.3,20 min内没有明显变化;C组对照观察期间BIS、AAI均无明显变化.结论:丙泊酚靶控输注复合雷米芬太尼麻醉稳定后,静注Dex能使BIS进一步下降,而AAI保持不变.     

小儿中阿片类药物对丙泊酚镇静药效学的影响

目的 基于小儿麻醉诱导期脑电双频指数(BIS)及丙泊酚效应室质量浓度的变化,定量分析阿片类药物对丙泊酚镇静药效学的影响. 方法 将45例不用术前药的患儿随机分为3组:C组静脉输注0.9%氯化钠溶液,R组静脉输注瑞芬太尼0.3 μg·kg-1·min-1,S组静脉输注舒芬太尼0.02 μg·kg-1·min-1.30 min后开始丙泊酚靶控输注,起始效应室质量浓度为1μg/mL,逐渐递增至4 μg/mL.于基础时间点、阿片类药输注30 min后、丙泊酚达预设浓度1 min后及意识消失即刻记录BIS、效应室质量浓度、改良警觉-镇静(OAA/S)评分. 结果 3组的BIS与丙泊酚效应室质量浓度及OAA/S评分呈正相关.R组、S组患儿意识消失时的BIS值分别为77±6、76±7,均显著高于C组的66±7(P值均＜0.05).R组、S组的丙泊酚效应室质量浓度分别为(1.2±0.5)、(1.1±0.7)μg/mL,均显著低于C组的(2.4±0.5)μg/mL(P值均＜0.05).R组、S组从开始输注丙泊酚至意识消失的时间分别为(4.8±2.3)、(4.6±2.7)min,均显著短于C组的(8.3±1.6)min(P值均＜0.05).R组、S组50%患儿意识消失的丙泊酚效应室质量浓度(EC50)分别为1.02、0.98μg/mL,均显著低于C组的1.98μg/mL(P值均＜0.05);R组和S组50%患儿意识消失时的BIS(BIS50)分别为85、83,均显著高于C组的75(P值均＜0.05). 结论 复合使用阿片类药物后,患儿丙泊酚意识消失的EC50降低.阿片类药物与丙泊酚相互作用可使意识消失时的BIS值升高,因此BIS值不能很好地反映患儿的镇静状态.     

脑电双频谱指数反馈调控丙泊酚靶控输注在颅脑手术麻醉的应用研究

目的以脑电双频谱指数(BIS)为反馈控制变量,观察和评价丙泊酚反馈靶控输注在颅脑手术麻醉的应用可行性。方法46例择期行大脑半球肿瘤切除手术患者,随机分为反馈靶控输注组和靶控输注组,每组各23例。反馈组设定反馈值为BIS=50,两组丙泊酚的血浆靶浓度设定为2.0μg/ml。记录两组在诱导前、插管后5min、切头皮、锯颅骨、切脑皮质、切肿瘤1h时、缝头皮等时间点的MAP、HR、HRV、BIS变化和丙泊酚的用量。结果靶控组在插管后5min、脑皮质操作、切肿瘤1h等时间点MAP下降较反馈组明显(P<0.05)。两组患者的HR变化较接近,而HRV在插管后5min及脑实质内操作期间的下降幅度大于反馈组(P<0.05)。反馈组BIS值波动范围明显小于靶控组(P<0.05)。反馈组丙泊酚用量明显少于靶控组(P<0.01)。结论BIS作为反馈控制变量调控丙泊酚靶控输注在颅脑手术麻醉的应用,可以达到较精确地控制麻醉深度,减少术中血流动力学波动,并减少丙泊酚用量。     

瑞芬太尼和丙泊酚联合靶控输注在小儿气管内全麻中的应用效果

目的 比较小儿气管内全麻中靶控输注不同浓度瑞芬太尼联合丙泊酚靶控输注对患儿血流动力学、脑电双频指数及听觉诱发电位的影响.方法 瑞芬太尼血浆靶控输注浓度分别为2、 4 ng/ml(R2、R4).通过调节丙泊酚浓度使患儿维持在合适的麻醉深度,将患儿入室后(T0)、靶控输注后3 min(T1)、气管插管前(T2)、气管插管后(T3)和摘除扁桃体时(T4)的心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)、脑电双频指数(BIS)和听觉诱发电位指数(AEPI)值纳入统计分析.结果 ① R2组患儿T3时点MAP、 HR、BIS和APEI与T0时点比较明显升高(P<0.05).② R4组患儿T3时点各项指标与T2时点比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).③ R2组患儿T4时点MAP、HR与T0时点比较略有下降,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).④ R4组患儿T4时点MAP、 HR、BIS和APEI与T0时点比较,显著下降(P<0.05).⑤ R2组部分患者 HR>100次/min,与R4组相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 靶控输注瑞芬太尼浓度4 ng/ml,同时复合靶控输注丙泊酚(浓度为1%),可以使BIS和AEPI值维持在临床麻醉状态下,同时能够维持术中血流动力学的相对平稳.     

丙泊酚闭环靶控输注在肝硬化门脉高压患者手术中的应用

目的 探讨丙泊酚闭环靶控输注技术在肝硬化患者手术中的应用. 方法 拟行肝硬化脾切除断流术患者40例,年龄28-60岁,ASA Ⅰ-Ⅱ级,按随机数字表法分为两组(n=20):丙泊酚持续输注组和丙泊酚闭环靶控输注组.记录并比较两组术中MAP、HR及BIS值的变化、苏醒时间、定向力恢复时间以及术中麻醉药用量. 结果 闭环靶控输注组手术中MAP与HR均无明显变化(P＞0.05).持续输注组在气管插管后、拔管后MAP、HR均高于闭环靶控输注组(P＜0.05),气管插管后BIS值高于闭环靶控输注组(P＜0.05).闭环靶控输注组苏醒时间及定向力恢复时间均短于持续输注组(P＜0.05),术中丙泊酚用量少于持续输注组(P＜0.05). 结论 在肝硬化患者手术中应用丙泊酚闭环靶控输注技术,可以减少丙泊酚的用量,促进麻醉后恢复时间,使麻醉过程更为平稳.     

脑电双频指数指导下老年高血压患者七氟醚和异丙酚复合麻醉维持效果的比较

目的 比较脑电双频指数(BIS)指导老年高血压患者腹部手术七氟醚和异丙酚复合麻醉维持效果.方法 择期拟行腹部手术老年患者50例,ASAⅡ～Ⅲ级,年龄65 ～ 80岁,既往有高血压病史.随机分为2组(n=25):七氟醚麻醉组(S组)和异丙酚麻醉组(P组).麻醉诱导给予舒芬太尼初始效应室靶浓度0.25 ng/ml,异丙酚初始血浆靶浓度1.5μg/ml并逐渐增加浓度,患者意识消失后静脉注射罗库溴铵0.6mg/kg,气管插管后行机械通气.麻醉维持时S组吸入七氟醚,P组靶控输注异丙酚,两组均靶控输注舒芬太尼,效应室靶浓度为0.15ng/ml,静脉输注罗库溴铵0.15mg/(kg-h)维持BIS在40～60,平均动脉压、心率波动不超过基础值的30％.观察术中HR 、MAP、BIS、两组血管活性药物使用情况.结果 与P组比较,S组手术开始后即刻BIS值高(P＜0.05);S组术中血管活性药物使用总例数明显低于P组,麻黄碱使用次数低于P组(P＜0.05).结论 BIS更适合指导老年高血压患者腹部手术复合七氟醚维持麻醉.     

Relationship between depth of anesthesia and effect-site concentration of propofol during induction with the target-controlled infusion technique in elderly patients

Background There are few studies to assess whether the effect-site concentration of propofol can predict anesthetic depth during the target-controlled infusion （TCI） induction in elderly patients. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between effect-site concentration of propofol and depth of anesthesia during the TCI induction in elderly patients. Methods Ninety patients （60-80 years） with an American Society of Anesthesiologists （ASA） physical status of 1-3, undergoing scheduled abdominal and thoracic surgery under general anesthesia were randomly allocated into one of three groups, Group S1, S2 and S3 （30 patients in each group）. The patients in Group S1 received propofol with a target plasma concentration of 4.0 pg/ml; patients in Group S2 received propofol with an initial target plasma concentrations of 2.0 IJg/ml that was raised to 4.0 pg/ml 3 minutes later; patients in Group S3 received an infused scheme of 3 steps; starting from a target plasma concentration of 2.0 pg/ml that was increased stepwised by 1 pg/ml until a target plasma concentration of 4.0 pg/ml was achieved, the interval between the two steps was 3 minutes. When an Observer＇s Assessment of Alertness/Sedation （OANS） score of 1 was achieved, remifentanil （effect-site concentration （Ce） of 4.0 ng/ml） and rocuronium 0.9 mg/kg were administered. Tracheal intubation was started 2 minutes after rocuronium injection. Changes of propofol Ce, blood pressure （BP）, heart rate （HR）, and bispectral index （BIS） were recorded. Results When an OAA/S score of 1 was achieved, Ce of propofol were （1.7±0.4） pg/ml, （1.9±0.3） pg/ml, （1.9±0.4） pg/ml and the BIS values were 64±5, 65±8, and 62±8 in Groups S1, S2 and S3. Before intubation, Ce of propofol was （2.8±0.2） pg/ml, （2.8±0.3） pg/ml, （2.7±0.3） pg/ml, and the BIS values were 48±7, 51±7, and 47±5 in Groups S1, S2 and S3. By linear regression analysis, a significant correlation between Ce of propofol and BIS values was found （r=-0.580, P 〈0.01）. Systolic blood pressure （SBP） before intubation was significantly lower in Group S1 than in Groups S2 and S3. SBP and HR after intubation in the three groups were significantly increased when compared with pre-intubation values, but they did not exceed baseline values Conclusions During the TCI induction, Ce of propofol with （1.9±0.3） pg/ml may make the elderly patients unconscious. When remifentanil with a Ce of 4.0 ng/ml is added a Ce of propofol with （2.8±0.3） pg/ml is suitable for intubation. The Ce of propofol has a close correlation with the BIS values. Also, a two-step TCI technique seems to be a more suitable method of anesthesia induction in elderly patients compared with the no-stepwise TCI technique and three-step TCI technique.     

丙泊酚-瑞芬太尼联合靶控输注喉罩麻醉在小儿短小手术中的应用

目的 探讨不同浓度丙泊酚联合瑞芬太尼靶控输注喉罩麻醉应用于小儿短小手术的临床效果.方法 2009年6月至2010年2月在温州医学院附属第二医院择期行小儿短小手术患儿120例,年龄3～9岁,体重13～26 kg,美国麻醉医师协会体格情况分级Ⅰ级,经医院伦理委员会通过,数字随机法分为3组,每组40例,应用专利小儿丙泊酚系统(连氏系统)效应室靶控输注,目标浓度分别为A组:2 μg/ml;B组:3 μg/ml;C组:4 μg/ml,复合瑞芬太尼血浆靶控输注,起始浓度均为2 ng/ml,行喉罩置入,若置入失败,以每次0.5 ng/ml上调瑞芬太尼浓度至喉罩置人成功,记录不同瑞芬太尼浓度下各组喉罩置入成功的例数,将各组成功例数最多者分别设定为3个亚组(AR组、BR组、CR组),记录各亚组喉罩置入效果的满意率及相应瑞芬太尼浓度,开始手术.记录并观察相应瑞芬太尼浓度下患儿安静平卧时(T0)、瑞芬太尼给药后2 min(T1)、喉罩置入即刻(T2)、切皮时(T3)、切皮后5 min(T4)、切皮后10 min(T5)和术毕时(T6)的心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)脑电双频指数(BIS)值和术中、术后不良反应.结果 A、B、C 3组分别复合瑞芬太尼3.0、2.5、2.0 ng/ml时喉罩置入成功例数最多(31例、AR组;31例、BR组;33例、CR组).BR组喉罩置入效果的满意率最高(P＜0.05);T1～T5时点HR、MAP、BIS值组内比较,BR组差异无统计学意义,AR组和CR组差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);AR组T2时点、CR组T3时点上述指标均大于BR组(P＜0.05或0.01).BR组不良反应少于AR组和CR组(P＜0.05).结论 小儿短小手术应用连氏系统丙泊酚效应室3μg/ml联合瑞芬太尼血浆2.5 ng/ml靶控输注,喉罩置入效果较好,术中血流动力学平稳,应激反应较小,并发症较少,临床效果较好.

Abstract：

Objective To study the effect of a pediatric TGI patent system for propofol plusc remifentanil in pediatric short-duration surgery with laryngeal mask airway (IMA) anesthesia. Methods A total of 120 pediatric patients underwent short-duration elective surgery, aged 3 -9 years old, weighted 13 -26 kg, ASA Ⅰ grade, were randomly divided into 3 groups (n = 40 each). The propofol concentrations of effect compartment were set at 2 μg/ml in Group A, 3 μg/ml in Group B and 4 μg/ml in Group C. The remifentanil initial concentration of plasma compartment was 2 ng/ml and increased stepwise by 0.5 ng/ml until a successful insertion of LMA. The remifentanil concentration was recorded when LMA was successfully inserted and the cases were numerated at the each remifentanil concentration. Heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure ( MAP), BIS ( bispectral index) values and poostoperative adverse events were also recorded at the time points of pre-induction ( T0), 2 min post-remifentanil TCI ( T1 ), LMA insertion ( T2 ), skin incision (T3), 5 min post-skin incision (T4), 10 min post-skin incision, (TS) and beginning surgery (T6). Results The satisfactory ratios of a successful insertion of LMA were highest in remifentanil3.0 ng/ml (AR subgroup), 2.5 ng/ml (BR subgroup) and 2.0 ng/ml (CR subgroup) respectively. The laryngeal mask satisfactory ratio was high in BR subgroup (P＜0.05). There were significantly differences of T1 - T5 values of HR, MAP and BIS in AR and CR subgroups (P＜0.05), but not in BR subgroup. The above-mentioned monitoring indices at T2 in AR subgroup and T3 in CR subgroup were significantly higher than those in BR subgroup. There were more adverse reactions in CR and AR subgroups versus BR subgroup ( P＜0.05). Conclusion The patented system for propofol 3μg/ml effect compartment concentration plus remifentanil 2.5 ng/ml plasma concentration TCI displays stable hemodynamics, less stress, fewer complications and better clinical outcomes in pediatric short-duration surgery with LMA anesthesia.     

利多卡因局部浸润对宫颈锥切手术异丙酚效应室浓度及血流动力学参数影响

目的以脑电双频指数(BIS)为麻醉深度指标,探讨利多卡因局部浸润对宫颈锥切手术异丙酚效应室浓度及血流动力学参数的影响。方法择期行宫颈锥切手术病人50例,ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级,随机分为2组(n=25)。利多卡因局麻组(L组)宫颈周围以10g/L利多卡因加2.5mg/L肾上腺素20mL阻滞浸润,对照组(C组)宫颈周围以生理盐水加2.5mg/L肾上腺素20mL阻滞浸润,两组均在手术开始前6min静注芬太尼0.5μg/kg,手术开始前3min再次静注芬太尼0.5μg/kg,同时靶控输注异丙酚,起始靶浓度为3mg/L,术中依据BIS变化调整异丙酚的靶浓度(每次0.3mg/L),维持BIS50～60,手术结束前5min停止靶控输注。术中根据需要使用血管活性药物。于麻醉诱导前即刻(T0)、手术开始即刻(T1)、手术10min(T2)、手术20min(T3)、手术结束(T4)、呼之睁眼(T5)以及离室(T6)时记录心率(HR)、收缩压(SBP)、平均动脉压(MAP)、呼吸频率(RR)、脉搏氧饱和度(SpO2)、BIS和异丙酚效应室浓度,同时记录手术时间、药物用量、苏醒时间、离室时间及不良反应。结果 L组病人T2～T5时间点异丙酚效应室浓度显著低于C组(t=3.915～10.179,P<0.01),L组异丙酚总量也明显小于C组(t=6.591,P<0.01)。诱导后两组SBP、MAP在术前降至最低(F=9.805～13.910,P<0.01)。术中和术后各时间点,L组HR、SBP及MAP控制较为理想,在各时间点均低于C组(t=3.429～9.501,P<0.01)。L组病人的苏醒时间和离室时间明显短于C组(t=10.915、6.846,P<0.01)。不良反应的发生率L组显著低于C组(χ2=4.35～7.71,P<0.05、0.01)。结论宫颈锥切手术中利多卡因局部浸润可使异丙酚效应室浓度降低,用药量减小,血流动力学参数更平稳,不良反应减少,苏醒及离室时间缩短。     

不同镇静方法在老年人硬膜外麻醉中的可行性及安全性研究

目的:研究老年人硬膜外麻醉中不同镇静方法的安全性及可行性。方法:75例择期于硬膜外麻醉下行改良乳癌根治术的老年患者随机分为3组,氟杜组(A组,n=25),咪达唑伦组(B组,n=25)及丙泊酚组(C组,n=25)。分别于麻醉前、意识消失时、切皮时及消除腋窝淋巴结时测定BIS值,HR、SBP、DBP、RR、PetCO2及皮质醇浓度,及相应时点OAA/S评分。结果:A组BIS值处于睡眠状态,PetCO2、SBP、DBP与术前相比无显著变化(P>0.05),B组BIS值较A组下降明显(P<0.05),但伴有HR、SBP、RR、DBP降低(P<0.05)及PetCO2升高(P<0.05),C组BIS值处于麻醉状态,但HR、SBP、RR、DBP、皮质醇下降较术前及A、B两组明显(P<0.05)。结论:A组镇静方法不能消除术中应激及术后回忆,B组不能消除术中应激但无术后回忆,C组可完全消除术中应激及术后回忆,但伴有较明显的循环呼吸功能抑制。     

丙泊酚靶控输注全凭静脉麻醉在腹腔镜手术中的应用

目的:观察靶控输注丙泊酚全凭静脉麻醉应用于腹腔镜手术诱导及维持中血流动力学的变化、术后苏醒时间及相应的血浆浓度,为临床合理用药提供参考。方法:35例择期行腹腔镜手术患者采用靶控输注丙泊酚全凭静脉麻醉,设定诱导血浆靶浓度为3μg/ml,复合芬太尼2μg/kg,维库溴铵0.1mg/kg,气管插管,术中维持丙泊酚血浆靶浓度为2~4μg/ml,记录诱导前、诱导后2min、插管即刻、插管后1min、插管后5min及气腹完毕时心率(HR)、收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、平均动脉压(MAP)、停药后苏醒时间及苏醒时相应的血浆浓度。结果:插管即刻HR、SBP、DBP及MAP与诱导前比较均有显著差异(P<0.05),气腹完毕时SBP、DBP、MAP也较诱导前有明显升高(P<0.05),平均苏醒时间为(8.9±3.1)min,相应血浆靶浓度为(1.27±0.32)μg/ml。结论:采用靶控输注丙泊酚全凭静脉麻醉诱导时和维持期血流动力学较为稳定,术后苏醒较为迅速,是安全满意的麻醉方法之一。     

国产及进口丙泊酚在无痛人工流产麻醉中的效价比

目的评价国产和进15／丙泊酚（力蒙彬得普利麻）的临床麻醉效果及市场价格差异。方法拟行无痛人工流产患者60例,将其随机分为两组,力蒙欣组（L组）和得普利麻组（D组）,每组30例。入室患者开放上肢静脉,静脉注射舒芬太尼0．1μg/kg后,靶控输注丙泊酚血浆浓度4μg／ml。L组输注1％力蒙欣（批号：0908281西安力邦生物制药有限公司）,D组输注1％得普利麻（批号：GG244AstraZeneca公司意大利）。警觉与镇静评分（OAA／S）评分≤1,脑电双频指数（BIS）〈60时开始手术,术中维持BIS40—60。术中连续监测血压（Bp）、心电图（ECG）、脉搏血氧饱和度（SpO：）和BIS,每60秒对患者进行OAA／S,记录手术时间、丙泊酚用量、丙泊酚靶控输注时间、麻醉起效时间、唤醒时间和唤醒时BIS值、指令反应时间、BIS〉70、术中知晓、遗忘和各种并发症及不良反应。结果与麻醉前比较,注药后1min时和手术开始时两组平均血压（MBp）下降（P〈0．05）,心率（HR）呈下降趋势。BIS明显下降（P〈0．05）并持续至术毕,清醒后回升,但仍低于基础值。BIS和血压变化两组间比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。两组手术时间,丙泊酚用量,麻醉用药时间、麻醉起效时间、唤醒时间和唤醒时BIS值、指令反应时间和BIS〉70比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。两组患者麻醉效果评级及注射病情况比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,D组呼吸抑制（6／2例）和呼吸暂停（6／1例）发生率高于L组,D组出现术后遗忘1例。进口丙泊酚的药价是国产丙泊酚的1．2倍。结论力蒙欣和得普利麻用于短时快通道麻醉（无痛人工流产术）,麻醉效果和安全性差异无统计学意义,力蒙欣的效一价比优于得普利麻。     

对老年患者采用手控或靶控输注丙泊酚的对比观察

目的 观察靶控输注方式对老年患者麻醉剂用量、血流动力学和苏醒等方面的影响.方法 2009年4月至2010年2月于北京大学第三医院行腹腔镜结直肠癌手术的65岁以上患者60例,经过医院伦理委员会的批准,根据随机数字表将患者随机分为手控输注(MCI组,n=30例)和靶控输注(TCI组,n=30例).麻醉诱导,MCI组丙泊酚输注速度为200 ml/h,TCI组初始丙泊酚血浆浓度2.0μg/ml,逐渐增加靶浓度,至患者意识消失.两组瑞芬太尼输注方案相同.气管插管后根据脑电双频指数(BIS)调整丙泊酚输注速度或靶浓度,根据血流动力学参数变化调整瑞芬太尼输注速度.记录患者意识消失时间、插管时间、诱导和维持阶段丙泊酚和瑞芬太尼用量、血压、心率、调整泵速或靶浓度的次数及苏醒时间.结果 两组患者意识消失时间、插管时间、意识消失时丙泊酚用量、维持期丙泊酚用量、插管前及维持期间瑞芬太尼用量的差异无统计学意义,在维持过程中TCI调整靶浓度的次数明显低于MCI组调整输注速度的次数[(5.8±2.1)vs(7.8±3.7)次,P＜0.01].两组患者BIS值、血压、心率的变化、血管活性药的应用、苏醒时间的差异无统计学意义.结论 虽然靶控输注系统操作简单,维持过程中调整次数少,但在老年人采用靶控输注在诱导和维持期丙泊酚用量、维持血流动力学和麻醉深度的稳定性、以及术后苏醒等方面,无明显优势.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the impact of anesthesia via target-controlled infusion (TCI) on drug consumption, intraoperative hemodynamic stability and recovery compared with manual-controlled infusion (MCI) in elderly patients. Methods Under the approval of the hospital ethics committee, 60elderly patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery were randomly allocated by random numbers to either the MCI group (n =30) or the TCI group (n =30). The patients in MCI group received an infusion of propofol at 200 ml/h while those in TCI group propofol at an initial plasma concentration of 2.0μg/ml and titrated upwards by 0.5μg/ml steps until loss of consciousness. Both groups received an infusion of remifentanil.After intubation, the infusion rate or the target concentration of propofol was titrated to maintain BIS (bispectral index) values between 40 and 60. The infusion of remifentanil was adapted to intraoperative hemodynamics. The doses of propofol and remifentanil were recorded, the hemodynamic parameters and the use of vasoactive drugs collected and the recovery times assessed. Results The time of loss of consciousness and the time to intubation, the doses of propofol and remifentanil during induction and maintenance were not significantly different between two groups. The times of pump adjustment were less in TCI group versus MCI group [(5.8±2.1)vs(7.8±3.7) times, P＜0.01]. Blood pressure and heart rates were not statistically different at any time point between two groups. There were no significant differences in BIS or the use of vasoactive drugs between two groups. The recovery times were similar for two groups. Conclusion Although target infusion system is easy to use and requires less time of adjustment, it fails to show added benefit on propofol consumption, hemodynamic stability, anesthesia depth and recovery in elderly patients.     

急性高容量血液稀释(AHHD)对靶控输注(TCI)不同溶剂丙泊酚血药浓度的影响

 目的  观察急性高容量血液稀释(acute hypervolemic hemodilution,AHHD)对靶控输注(target controlled infusion,TCI)不同溶剂丙泊酚血药浓度及脑电双频指数(bispectral index,BIS)的影响,以指导血液稀释期间麻醉药丙泊酚的使用。方法  40例ASA I～Ⅱ级择期手术患者随机分为4组:长链丙泊酚稀释组(LH组)与未稀释组(L组),中长链丙泊酚稀释组(MH组)与未稀释组(M组),每组10例。全程使用丙泊酚TCI静脉麻醉,以血浆靶浓度4 μg/mL进行诱导气管插管,插管后即刻降至3 μg/mL持续输注。在3 μg/mL丙泊酚TCI 10 min时,LH和MH组以15 mL/kg输注羟乙基淀粉130/0.4氯化纳注射液实施血液稀释,L和M组输注乳酸林格氏液。于术前(T0)、3 μg/mL丙泊酚输注10 min (T1)、70 min (T2)、90 min (T3)时,采集动脉血,测定血球压积(hematocrit,Hct),用HPLC法测定丙泊酚浓度,同时观察BIS的变化。结果  T2、T3与T0相比较,LH组Hct值分别降低25.6%、28.2%,MH组Hct值分别降低28.9%、28.2%。T2、T3时LH、MH组丙泊酚血药浓度分别为1.80、1.78 μg/mL和1.84、1.76 μg/mL,均明显低于靶控浓度3 μg/mL (P<0.05)。稀释组丙泊酚血药浓度明显低于未稀释组(P<0.05)。LH、MH组在T2、T3时的BIS值分别为49.89、49.55和49.66、49.33,较L、M组的41.89、41.22和40.55、40.67明显升高(P<0.01)。不同溶剂丙泊酚间的血药浓度无明显差异。结论  AHHD后丙泊酚的血药浓度较TCI设定值明显下降,且BIS值有所上升,因此为了维持麻醉深度可能需要增加丙泊酚剂量,且两种不同溶剂丙泊酚间没有差异。     

Evaluation of entropy for monitoring the depth of anesthesia compared with bispectral index: a multicenter clinical trial

Background  As a new electroencephalogram (EEG) signal processing technique for monitoring the depth of anesthesia, entropy consists of two indices: reaction entropy (RE) and state entropy (SE). Our study compared entropy with classical bispectral index (BIS) in reduction of myoelectrical interference and noxious stimuli with EEG signals.

Methods  Two hundred and eighty patients (ASA I–II, 18–60 years old) undergoing scheduled surgeries from seven medical centers were enrolled. Anesthesia induction was managed with propofol via the target-controlled infusion (TCI) system. The results of BIS, RE, SE, mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded before anesthesia induction, at the moment of unconsciousness, before and 2 minutes after administration of muscle relaxant, and before and one and three minutes after the tracheal intubation.

Results  The values of half maximum effective concentrations (EC50), 5% effective concentrations (EC05) and 95% effective concentrations (EC95) of propofol effect-site concentration at the onset of unconsciousness were 1.2 (1.1–1.3 μg/ml), 2.5 (2.4–2.5 μg/ml) and 3.7 (3.7–3.8 μg/ml), while those of the predicted plasma propofol concentration were 2.8 (2.7–2.9 μg/ml), 3.9 (3.8–3.9 μg/ml) and 4.9 (4.8–5.0 μg/ml), respectively. The values of BIS, SE and RE were 62, 59 and 63 when 50% of patients lost consciousness, and 79, 80, 85 and 42, 37, 44, respectively, when 5% and 95% of patients were unconscious. The values of BIS, RE and SE dropped two minutes after the injection of muscle relaxant, but there were no significant differences between RE and SE. MAP and HR increased visibly, which indicated a reaction to tracheal intubation; the values of BIS, RE and SE, however, did not display any significant changes.

Conclusions  This large-sample multicentric study confirmed the values of RE and SE as approximating BIS value, at the onset of unconsciousness during propofol TCI anesthesia. After elimination of myoelectrical activation, all values of RE, SE and BIS decreased significantly and the three indices were less sensitive to noxious stimuli than cardiovascular responses.