超高浓度培养基条件下酵母细胞生长及酒精生成的准稳态动力学研究

在1．5L搅拌式发酵罐中,使用葡萄糖质量浓度分别为120、200、280g／L的培养基进行酿酒酵母Saccharomyces cerevisiae连续发酵生成酒精的动力学研究。研究发现,当培养基中葡萄糖浓度为200和280g／L时,发酵液中残糖浓度、酒精浓度以及菌体生物量从小幅度波动的准稳态发展到大幅度波动的振荡状态。提出了伴有周期性振荡现象准稳态过程的概念,并针对该过程,建立了兼有底物和产物抑制的酵母细胞生长和产物酒精生成动力学模型。     

丙烯酶催化氧化产生环氧丙烷的研究 I.甲烷氧化菌的筛选及其特性

从甘肃玉门油田土样、油样和水样中分别筛选到具有低碳烃催化氧化活性的菌种。以甲醇为碳源培养的菌体没有丙烯酶催化氧化为环氧丙烷的活力。只有以甲烷作为唯一碳源、能源培养发酵的菌体才有高专一性的酶催化氧化活性,并对筛选到的一株具有较高活性的菌株从形态、营养和生长特征等方面进行了研究,经初步鉴定表明为甲烷氧化菌甲基单胞菌属(Methylomonas sp,)。     

巴氏甲烷八叠球菌BTC菌株的鉴定

本文报告了巴氏甲烷八叠妹菌BTC菌株的鉴定结果。该菌株在生活周期内均呈大小不等的团块聚集,8个不规则的球形细胞聚集在一起是团块构成的基本单位,未见单细胞阶段。在紫外线照射下,菌落荧光为蓝绿色,菌体荧光为蓝白色,活细胞或干制标本均可发出荧光。在以甲醇为生长基质时,其倍增时间为9．85h。可以利用甲醇,乙酸钠、三甲胺及H2／CO：为碳源;不能利用甲酸、乙醇、丙醇和丁醇等。最适生长pH为7．0。DNA的G+c mol％含量为41.5％。该菌株与巴氏甲烷八叠球菌近似或相同,而与马氏甲烷八叠球菌不同。其倍增时间较巴氏甲烷八叠球菌227菌株短,DNA中G+C mol％含量也与巳报道过的各菌株有 所差别,所以定名为巴氏甲烷八叠球曲BTC菌株(Methanosarcina barketi BTC)。     

食用真菌蛋白——美味丝葚霉D-100的研究——Ⅲ.丝状真菌连续发酵的研究

本文研究了以丝状真菌D-100直接利用淀粉连续发酵的工艺条件。通过氮源试验,摇瓶生长曲线和发酵罐生长曲线的对比试验,发酵过程中淀粉糖化酶的定量检测,以及连续发酵过程中四个主要参数在三水平上的正交试验,确定了以0.1—0.2%NH_4NO_3为氮源,0.5%玉米粉为碳源,稀释速率D值为0.15,搅拌转速为200 r/min,pH 5.5的条件为最佳连续发酵条件。连续发酵结果是:以玉米淀粉为底物的菌体产率是37.5%,其菌体蛋白质含量38.5%,发酵罐效率是0.35g菌体干重/L·h,试验还证明该菌淀粉糖化酶的生成受还原糖的反馈控制,故发酵过程培养基中还原糖浓度衡定在一定值。培养基浓度增加时,超过玉米粉浓度1.25%以上其比生长速率不明显增加。     

L-异亮氨酸产生菌XQ-4在连续培养中的动力学特性

以黄色短杆菌（Brevibacterium flavum)ATCC14067诱变选育获得的L-异亮氨酸高产菌XQ－4（AHV^rSuc^gSG^rEth^rα-AB^rIleHx^r）在连续培养中进行动力学特性研究,以葡萄糖为限制性底物时,XQ－4菌株的生长符合Monod方程,其最大比生长速率μmax=0.265h^-1,饱和常数Ka=0.789g/L.XQ-4菌株L-异亮氨酸发酵时菌体最大实际转化率Yx=0.499g/g,产物最大实际转化率Yp=0.379g/g。     

嗜热甲烷八叠球菌的分离和生理特性

采用严格的Hungatc厌氧技术,从成都市郊区常温沼气池污泥中分离到嗜热甲烷八叠球菌(Methanosarcina thermophilia)CB菌株。CB菌株能够利用甲醇、甲胺和醋酸生长并产生甲烷,不能利用H2／CO2、甲酸作为碳源和能源。该菌株的最适生长温度为50℃,最适生长pH为7．0,最适合生长的Na+、Mg+、NH+4的浓度分别为20mM、50mM和300mg／L。青霉素和低浓度的乳糖酸红霉素(50g／m1)对CB菌株的生长无抑制,这有利于cB菌株的分离和纯化。酵母膏和污泥上清液都对该菌株的生长有一定的刺激作用,同时在生长过程中,酵母膏、胰化酪蛋白和维生素均可代替污泥上清液,这一点又不同于嗜热甲烷八叠球菌’M1菌株。     

Kitasatospora sp. MY5-36产ε-聚赖氨酸分批补料发酵动力学

以北里孢菌(Kitasatospora sp.)MY 5-36为供试菌株,对ε-聚赖氨酸分批补料发酵动力学模型进行研究。建立了该菌株发酵合成ε-聚赖氨酸的菌体生长、产物合成和总糖消耗的动力学模型,并通过Origin 8.1软件对模型参数进行非线性拟合。结果表明:菌体量和聚赖氨酸的产量分别为16.25和13.15 g/L,产物合成与菌体生长的关系为部分耦联型。经验证,预测值与实验值有良好的拟合性,拟合度分别为0.999、0.995和0.992,说明所构建模型能够较好地反映ε-聚赖氨酸分批补料发酵过程。     

微生物胞外长距离电子传递网络研究进展

[目的] 解析一株从黄河三角洲湿地甲烷氧化富集物中分离获得的甲烷氧化菌伴生菌的生理学及电化学特性,并探究该菌株对甲烷氧化过程的影响。[方法] 使用高通量测序技术解析甲烷氧化富集物的菌群结构,采用稀释涂布法、平板划线法分离甲烷氧化菌的伴生菌,通过16S rRNA基因测序技术进行菌株初步鉴定。利用扫描电子显微镜观察菌株形态,并通过气相色谱（gas chromatography,GC）检测伴生菌利用甲烷情况及对甲烷氧化菌氧化甲烷效率的影响。采用双室微生物燃料电池（microbial fuel cells,MFCs）及差分脉冲伏安法（differential pulse voltammetry,DPV）检测菌株的电化学活性。[结果] 黄河三角洲湿地土壤甲烷氧化富集物主要的好氧甲烷氧化菌为甲基杆菌属Methylobacter,同时还发现一些伴生菌。分离得到一株甲醇利用菌P7,其16S rRNA基因序列与恶臭假单胞菌Pseudomonasputida的相似性达99.79%。扫描电镜结果显示该菌株为杆状,长约1.5-2.5μm,宽度约为0.5μm。GC检测结果显示,该菌株不能利用甲烷,但与甲烷氧化菌共培养时,可以促进甲烷氧化（P<0.05）。双室MFCs检测结果显示该菌株具有电活性,最大电流输出密度为28 mA/m²,DPV检测结果显示该菌株主要的氧化峰和还原峰分别位于-0.17 V和-0.25 V。[结论] 本研究从黄河三角洲湿地甲烷氧化富集物中获得一株具有电活性的甲烷氧化菌的伴生菌恶臭假单胞菌Pseudomonas putida P7,该菌株可以促进甲烷氧化。本研究加深了对甲烷氧化过程中伴生菌的生理学特性及功能的认识。     

亚硝化单胞菌（Nitrosomonas sp．）THD-1分离鉴定及高密度培养

从浙江舟山桃花岛近海海域分离筛选到一株高活性氨氧化细菌,命名为THD-1。菌株THD-1为革兰氏阴性,球状至椭球状,大小约为（0．5～0．8）μm×（0．7～1．3）μm;菌落呈无色透明状,针尖大小,边缘光滑;可在盐度为0～50％0的培养基中生长。16SrDNA序列比对表明,菌株THD—1与Nitrosomonas europaea ATCC25978^T的相似性为96．3％。培养液的pH值对菌体生长和氨氧化活性影响明显,当pH值降至6．0以下时,菌株的生长和氨氧化活性几乎完全被抑制,但这种抑制可通过回调pH值的方法解除;在所试的4种碱液中,碳酸氢铵调节pH值对菌体生长和氨活性改善效果最好。建立了菌株THD-1的分批补料式高密度培养方法,最终OD600可达0．214,最大活菌数可达7．5×10^8cells／mL。     

真养产碱杆菌二级连续培养系统中稀释率对聚β－羟基丁酸合成的影响

在研究真养产碱杆菌WSH3一级连续培养动力学的基础上,采用二级连续培养系统对不同稀释率下聚β－羟基丁酸的生产进行了研究。结果表明：在一级连续培养系统中,当稀释率为0．2lh^-1时,细胞干重最大值达27．1g／L;二级培养系统中,稀释率为0．14h^-1时细胞干重最大值为47．6g／L;在稀释率为0．12h^-1时,PHB的生产强度达到最大值为2．50g／(L.h)．但胞内PHB含量仅为47．6％;在稀释率为O．075h^-1时,产物对基质的转化率达到最大值为0．38g／g'此时PHB的生产强度达2．14g,(L·h)和胞内PHB含量±72．1％;随着细胞比生长速率的增长,细胞中PHB含量和单位菌体合成PHB的量不断下降。     

甲醇抑制时重组毕赤酵母发酵的特性研究

本文对毕赤酵母进行了恒化培养研究。以甲醇为唯一碳源时,在稀释率较低时(D<0.048 h^-1),连续培养系统操作很稳定。但在稀释率高时(D>0.048h^-1),连续培养系统的定态点不止一个,实验不能维持,故采用比生长速率恒定的分批流加培养进行研究。结果表明,毕赤酵母的生长符合Andrew普遍化底物抑制模型。综合考虑水蛭素的生成、底物的消耗,在生产中维持甲醇浓度为限制性浓度(0.5 g/L),且维持比生长速率为0.02 h^-1时,水蛭素Hir65的比生成速率达到最大值0.2 mg/(g·h)且甲醇的比消耗速率为0.04 g/(g·h)。     

Application of an improved continuous parallel shaken bioreactor system for three microbial model systems

A continuous parallel shaken bioreactor system, combining the advantages of shaken bioreactors with the advantages of continuous fermentation, was specifically manufactured from quartz glass and provides a geometric accuracy of <1 mm. Two different model systems (facultative anaerobic bacterium C. glutamicum, and Crabtree-negative yeast P. stipitis), whose growth behaviour and metabolite formation are affected by dilution rate and oxygen availability, were studied. The transition from non-oxygen to limited conditions as function of the dilution rate could precisely be predicted applying the approach described by Maier et al. (Biochem Eng J 17:155–167, 2004). In addition, the Crabtree-positive yeast S. cerevisiae was simultaneously studied in the continuous parallel shaken bioreactor system and in a conventional 1-L bioreactor, for comparison. Essentially the same results were obtained in both types of bioreactors. However, many more reading points were obtained with the parallel shaken bioreactor system in the same time at much lower consumption of culture media.     

酵母表达肌肉生长抑制素前肽发酵工艺的优化

突变型肌肉生长抑制素前肽（MMP）在治疗肌肉萎缩症和培育多肌肉牲畜上有着广泛的应用前景。以重组表达MMP的毕赤酵母工程菌为模式,对该工程菌在30L发酵灌中培养与诱导备件进行优化,建立该表达系统大规模发酵的最佳生产条件,以期荻得最短的发酵时间和最低的生产损耗。毕赤酵母发酵过程通常分为3个阶段：分批培养（基础培养）阶段、分批补料培养阶段、诱导阶段。对发酵过程的第2与第3阶段进行了优化。通过分步提高甘油流加速度：以20mL／L·h^-1的速度流加5h、以30mL／L·h^-1的速度流加5h、以50mL／L·h^-1速度流加14h,并通入纯氧气,维持60％的溶氧度,使甘油流加阶段的时间从常规的48h缩短至24h,即只需24h即可达到常规方法48h才能达到的菌体密度。在诱导表达阶段,通过甘油与甲醇的交替流加,同时对发酵液中甲醇含量的实时监测,保持甲醇的浓度不超过0．5％的高限,使诱导的时间从常规的72h缩短至36h,而且表达量提高了约1倍。优化后,整个发酵周期从120～148h缩短至72～80h,显著提高了MMP蛋白的生产效率。     

Investigation of acid proteinase biosynthesis by the fungus Humicola lutea 120-5 in an airlift bioreactor

Acid proteinase production using filamentous fungus Humicola lutea 120-5 was studied under batch and continuous fermentation conditions in an airlift bioreactor. A comparison with proteinase production by fungal cells, cultivated in stirred tank bioreactor was made. The process performance in both fermentation devices was similar with respect to substrate utilization, biomass, and enzyme concentration. Continuous acid proteinase production was achieved for 14 days at an optimal dilution rate of 0.05/h with maximum specific activity of 90 U/mg DW of mycelia and yield of 38 U/mg glucose. The volumetric productivity (50 U/ml. h) was approximately 3 times higher than this of the batch system. All continuous experiments were carried out without any bacterial contamination, due to the low pH (3.0-3.5) during the process. The "pellet" type growth of the fungus in the airlift reactor prevented the system from plugging with filaments.     

Effect of specific growth rates on productivity in continuous open and partial cell retention animal cell bioreactors.

A clonal derivative of a transfectant of the SP2/0 myeloma cell line producing a chimeric monoclonal antibody was cultivated in both continuous open and continuous partially-closed bioreactors. Using an open system for the determination of kinetic parameters, we showed that the production of this chimeric mAb was growth associated. As such, the volumetric productivity increased linearly with increasing dilution rate up to the maximum dilution rate. Three continuous cultivations employing partial cell retention were conducted. In agreement with mathematical predictions, the product titer and volumetric productivity were independent of the degree of cell retention when the total dilution was held constant. When cells were maintained at a low specific growth rate, the product titer was independent of dilution rate and the volumetric productivity increased with increasing dilution rate, again in agreement with mathematical predictions. Since the partially-closed bioreactor could be operated at dilution rates in excess of the maximum specific cellular growth rate, volumetric productivities were greater than those achievable in the open bioreactor. However, when cells were maintained at a high specific growth rate, cell accumulation was limited and product titers decreased at high dilution rates. Therefore, the volumetric productivity in this latter case did not increase at higher dilution rates.     

Application of a membrane recycle bioreactor for continuous ethanol production

Summary A series of continuous fermentations were carried out with a production strain of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae in a membrane bioreactor. A membrane separation module composed of ultrafiltration tubular membranes retained all biomass in a fermentation zone of the bioreactor and allowed continuous removal of fermentation products into a cell-free permeate. In a system with total (100%) cell recycle the impact of fermentation conditions [dilution rate (0.03–0.3 h^–1); substrate concentration in the feed (50–300 g·1^–1); biomass concentration (depending on the experimental conditions)] was studied on the behaviour of the immobilized cell population and on ethanol formation. Maximum ethanol productivity (15 g·1^–1·h^–1) was attained at an ethanol concentration of 81 g·1^–1. The highest demands of cells for maintenance energy were found at the maximum feed substrate concentration (300 g·1^–1) and at very low concentrations of cells in the broth.     

Evaluation of Mut+ and MutS Pichia pastoris phenotypes for high level extracellular scFv expression under feedback control of the methanol concentration

Extracellular secretion of over 4 g x L(-1) of the A33 scFv antibody fragment was achieved in Pichia pastoris at the 10 L bioreactor scale using minimal medium and feedback control of the methanol concentration. Since methanol acts as both inducer and carbon source, its close regulation is a crucial factor in achieving optimal fermentation conditions. The antibody fragment production levels of both Mut+ and MutS phenotypes were compared in a bioreactor under closed-loop PID control of the methanol level. As expected, the MutS phenotype has a growth rate lower than that of the Mut+ (0.37 vs 1.05 d(-1)) when growing under methanol. However, protein productivity and cell yield on substrate are almost double that of the Mut+ (18.2 vs 9.3 mg A33 sc per gram of methanol). Induction at wet cell weight of 350 g x L(-1) for the MutS also has a positive effect on the final product concentration. Both Mut+ and MutS phenotypes reach a maximum biomass density around 450 g x L(-1) wet cell weight, independent of methanol concentration, reactor scale, or induction density. This reactor configuration allows for reproducible fermentation schemes with different Pichia pastoris phenotypes with AOX promoters, without prior knowledge of the culture growth parameters.     

比生长速率和氮源对毕赤酵母生产重组鲈鱼生长激素的影响

对毕赤酵母胞内表达重组鲈鱼生长激素(rljGH)的发酵罐上生产进行了研究.建立了指数流加甲醇的策略并考察了不同比生长速率对rljGH生产的影响.结果表明,随着比生长速率的增加,平均比生产速率相应增加,但是胞内持续积累rljGH的时间减少.最大比rljGH产量(0.58 mg/g WCW)在比生长速率为0.029/h时获得.进一步考察了在诱导阶段添加硫酸铵、蛋白胨和酵母抽提物的影响.结果表明,添加硫酸铵和蛋白胨对于rljGH生产没有显著影响;添加2.5 g/L酵母抽提物有助于胞内rljGH的积累,并使胞内积累持续时间由17 h增加到23 h,提高了发酵稳定性.     

毕赤酵母表达重组人白细胞介素11的连续培养研究

对毕赤酵母表达重组人白细胞介素11(rhIL11)工程菌的连续培养进行了工艺研究。连续培养在10L工作体积的发酵罐中进行,整个发酵过程历时约20天,发酵上清中rhIL11表达浓度约400mgml。在稀释率D=005h下,菌浓OD600达到100以上。     

Improved production of recombinant ovine interferon-tau by mut(+) strain of Pichia pastoris using an optimized methanol feed profile

Recombinant ovine interferon-tau (r-oIFN-tau) production by Pichia pastoris was studied using methanol as the sole carbon source during induction. The cells were grown on glycerol up to a certain cell density before induction of the AOX1 promoter by methanol for expression of the recombinant protein. Cell growth on methanol has been modeled using a substrate-feed equation, which served as the basis for an effective computer control of the process. The r-oIFN-tau concentration in the culture began to decline despite continued cell growth after 50 (+/- 6) h of induction, which was associated with an increase in proteolytic activity of the fermentation broth. A specific growth rate of 0.025 h(-1) was found to be optimal for r-oIFN-tau production. No significant improvement in r-oIFN-tau production was observed when the specific growth rate was stepped up before the critical point when r-oIFN-tau concentration started decreasing during fermentation. However, best results were obtained when the specific growth rate was stepped down from 0.025 to 0.02 h(-1) at 38 h of induction, whereby the active production period was prolonged until 70 h of induction and the broth protease activity was correspondingly reduced. The corresponding maximum protein yield was 391.7 mg x L(-1) after 70 h of fermentation. The proteolytic activity could be reduced by performing fermentations at specific growth rates of 0.025 h(-1) or below. The recombinant protein production can be performed at an optimal yield by directly controlling the methanol feed rate by a computer-controlled model. The production profile of r-oIFN-tau was found to be significantly different from other secreted and intracellular recombinant protein processes, which is an indication that recombinant protein production in Pichia pastoris needs to be optimized as individual processes following established principles.