褐煤高温烟气干燥过程中挥发分析出实验研究

对伊敏褐煤和大唐五间房褐煤在高温烟气环境下的干燥过程进行了实验研究.实验中对大粒径煤颗粒采用固定床干燥法,对小粒径煤粉则采用下降管顺流干燥法.根据实验获得的煤颗粒和干燥介质温度曲线研究了初始烟气温度、粒径和初始含水率对褐煤中水分和挥发分析出的影响,结果表明,褐煤高温烟气干燥过程主要分为预热阶段和降速干燥阶段,褐煤在下降管中的干燥过程主要处于预热干燥阶段;在800℃的烟气初温下,增大粒径,提高初始含水率,可以避免挥发分析出;两煤种在下降管干燥过程中均比较稳定,且伊敏褐煤相比五间房褐煤吸收和脱除水分更为容易,但也更易受热分解.研究表明,下降管高温烟气干燥技术适用于伊敏和大唐五间房褐煤这两种煤种的干燥过程.     

单颗粒褐煤高温烟气干燥过程实验研究

针对10mm~25mm粒径的大唐五间房褐煤,通过单颗粒高温烟气干燥实验,得到了600℃~900℃烟气温度下的干燥特性曲线,研究了干燥介质温度和粒径对褐煤高温脱水效果的影响,发现干燥过程主要处于降速干燥阶段;高温条件下,温度对干燥速率的影响并不显著;针对褐煤水分在干燥过程中的迁移特点以及大唐五间房褐煤的孔隙特征,基于努森扩散定律,建立了水分蒸发为蒸汽再扩散出煤粒的缩核干燥动力学模型;得到了不同温度下的有效水分扩散系数,并利用Arrhenius公式求出了10mm~25mm粒径下的干燥活化能.     

单颗粒褐煤高温烟气干燥过程研究

以褐煤颗粒中水分蒸发界面为基础,将褐煤颗粒分为干区和湿区,干区考虑传热传质,湿区只考虑传热,并采用有限体积法,建立了一维球坐标系下单颗粒褐煤干燥脱水过程模型.利用Crank-Nicolson六点差分格式对其离散,模拟得到不同工况(初始烟温、停留时间和颗粒粒径等)下的单颗粒褐煤含湿量及其内部温度分布的动态变化.实验结果与模型模拟结果对比表明二者吻合度较好,所建干燥模型可以较好地反映褐煤干燥的实际过程.研究发现,初始烟温越高、停留时间越长以及颗粒粒径越小,干燥效果越好.当粒径为20mm的褐煤颗粒在初始温度为873K的热气流下停留131s时,其含水量即可从25.3%降到12%以下,此时颗粒表面的温度为537K,略高于挥发分初析温度(520K),此工况可以作为褐煤实际干燥过程中的最佳工况参照.     

褐煤水分和挥发分析出特性研究

为研究我国典型褐煤的水分和挥发分析出特性,以宝日希勒褐煤为原料,采用烘箱和热重等温实验在不同温度和粒径下对褐煤的水分析出特性进行研究,并对褐煤水分析出机理进行探讨,建立了相应的机理方程。采用马弗炉等温热解实验对褐煤的挥发分析出过程进行研究。结果表明,褐煤中水分的析出过程受温度和粒径2种因素影响,温度的升高可以弥补大颗粒传热传质阻力的影响。由于水分赋存形式的不同,褐煤低温脱水过程可分成2个阶段,分别对应不同结合形式水分的析出,有着不同的干燥机理方程,而相对较高温度脱水时则没有明显的界限差别,比较适合的褐煤脱水温度和脱水粒径分别为150~200℃和15 mm以下。挥发分的析出则主要与温度有关,从200℃开始析出,400℃后大量析出,1 000℃以下,温度升高,析出量增多,但随着温度上升,增加趋势变缓。     

褐煤干燥后水分复吸的实验研究

空气湿度是产生复吸的重要条件,湿度越高复吸的程度越高;自然条件下,温度越高复吸速度越快;产物粒度越小复吸速度和复吸程度越大。深度干燥煤的复吸水主要发生在煤堆表面。研究了高温烟气干燥褐煤的水分复吸性能,结果表明,在6％～11％的全水含量范围内,干燥煤复吸后水分升高幅度基本一致。在此全水范围内干燥煤全水高低不会影响复吸结果。     

印尼高水分褐煤干燥特性研究

以印尼高水分褐煤为试验对象,采用蒸汽管回转干燥技术对其进行静态、动态干燥试验研究。褐煤干燥速率特性试验表明,褐煤粒径和质量基本相同时,干燥蒸汽温度越高,水分蒸发速率越快,褐煤干燥速率越大;褐煤质量相同时,褐煤粒径越小,干燥时间越短,干燥速率越大;褐煤粒径相同时,褐煤质量越小,干燥时间越短,干燥速率越大;褐煤干燥速率曲线常在煤中水分低于空干基水分前出现拐点,即进入干燥降速阶段。通过对褐煤干燥前后的粒径分布、热稳定性分析可知,褐煤干燥过程伴随着细颗粒煤粉的产生,褐煤干燥后细颗粒煤粉增加了14.87%;褐煤干燥前后TS6分别为10.3%和19.2%,均属于低热稳定性煤,且干燥后褐煤的热稳定性好于干燥前;干燥后褐煤的反应开始温度RI和燃尽指数Cb分别降低了7℃和0.1112,相差较小,均极易着火和燃尽。     

富氧燃煤电厂褐煤干燥过程的数值模拟

利用Aspen Plus软件对某600MW富氧燃煤电厂褐煤的干燥过程进行模拟分析,研究干燥介质、烟气温度、流量、烟气中CO2浓度和H2O含量对褐煤干燥特性的影响.结果表明,富氧燃煤电厂的烟气适合于褐煤的干燥,烟气中的CO2可以有效抑制褐煤的氧化自燃,使干燥过程更加安全,并能增强烟气的干燥能力,H2O会抑制煤中水分的蒸发;干燥温度和干燥流量的增加都会加速褐煤达到干燥要求,干燥温度的影响更明显.通过分析得出烟气温度150℃和流量1.4×106 m3/h为600MW富氧燃煤电厂的最佳干燥条件.     

褐煤干燥特性的实验研究

为获得褐煤颗粒干燥器设计的基础数据,对宁夏褐煤进行了工业分析、热重分析,得到了褐煤水分、挥发分的质量分数,确定了宁夏褐煤干燥的温度范围.褐煤的热重分析表明:褐煤干燥温度应不高于250℃.在热重分析确定的温度范围内,采用薄层干燥方式进行了褐煤颗粒的等温干燥实验,获得了褐煤颗粒干燥速率随水分的变化关系,颗粒的干燥主要处于降...     

褐煤煤粉干燥立管提质干燥的流动特性研究

通过实验研究褐煤煤粉在提质干燥过程受哪些因素的影响,利用FLUENT6.3.26对实验得到的数据进行温度、速度和压力场的数值模拟(气固两相流).对实验得到的数据和FLU-ENT6.3.26的数值模拟情况进行分析可知,褐煤煤粉在低气固比(体积比)进行提质干燥时,褐煤煤粉微粒的湿度有很大变化,提质干燥效果理想;在褐煤煤粉提质干燥过程中提高入口烟气温度,煤粉的干燥效果有很大提高;褐煤煤粉在提质干燥过程中烟气速度对褐煤粉颗粒湿度的影响很小.     

褐煤等温干燥过程及动力学研究

为研究褐煤干燥过程,利用煤质水分分析仪和微分热重分析方法,对不同粒级的褐煤在不同干燥温度下进行等温干燥试验,得到了样品含水率与干燥时间、干燥速率与含水率的关系曲线。通过粒级分布系数对褐煤进行含水率折算,并用不同干燥模型对试验数据进行拟合,得到了在介质温度140℃下3个干燥阶段的干燥方程及干燥动力学参数。结果表明,引入粒级分布系数得到的干燥速率特征常数k值,与不同粒级的干燥速率特征常数k的均值相近。根据褐煤的干燥速率和水分的存在形式,将褐煤干燥过程分为3个干燥阶段,分析得出干燥方程模型分别用线性干燥模型、Wang经验模型、Page模型较为合理。根据Arrhenius经验公式建立了ln k与1/T的关系,得到褐煤干燥的界面蒸发活化能Ea=17.088 k J/mol,指前因子A=12.47 min~(-1)。     

Experimental and numerical analysis of oil shale drying in fluidized bed

The main objective of this work was to experimentally and numerically investigate the Liu Shu River oil shale drying by the means of flue gas in a fluidized bed dryer. Several experiments were performed under different temperatures conditions. The moisture content of oil shale was measured during the experiments. The two-stage drying model was incorporated in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) package FLUENT via user-defined functions (UDF) and utilized for simulation of heat and mass transfer of oil shale drying in the fluidized bed dryer. The simulation results for solid moisture content agreed well with experimental data. The effects of the temperature and velocity of flue gas, initial bed height, and the particle size on the drying characteristics were predicted and analyzed. It is shown that the gas temperature and velocity are the important parameters in the whole drying process. The particle size has more obvious influence in the falling drying period than the constant drying period. The temperatures of gas and solid phases were monitored. It is shown that the so-called “near gas distributor zone” is the most effective heat transfer zone, which agrees well with the calculated value. The system quickly reached thermal equilibrium, characterizing a nearly isothermal bed. The developed model provides a very good demonstration to describe the oil shale drying in the fluidized bed dryer, and may provide important information for design, optimization of operation conditions.     

Pressurised flash drying of Yallourn lignite

A previously developed 1D model of lignite drying for pulverised lignite feeding into a conventional pulverised fuel boiler during the coal milling process is applied to lignite in an entrained flow configuration at elevated pressure. A combustor fired with diesel and air was used to produce a flue gas at 800 °C and 10 atm to flash dry Yallourn lignite at a nominal feed rate of 725 kg/h along a 50 m duct. A coal feeder arrangement was also developed which provides a simple positive feeding device for feeding against a back pressure. The feeder takes as an input coal which is nominally <50 mm and discharges it as a finely divided product with a mean particle size of approximately 1.0-1.5 mm. The comparison between model predictions and measured temperature profiles for the flue gas and final moisture content of the dried coal product showed excellent agreement. Coal moisture was reduced from 67 wt% to between 30 and 40 wt%, depending upon on the coal feed rate and particle size. The small variation in the final outlet temperature observed between the model and experimental results is due to heat losses from the exposed duct work to the environment.     

Batch combustion of oil shale particles in a fluidized bed reactor

Batch charges of Jordanian oil shales were burnt in a laboratory scale fluidized bed of sand. The effect of shale particle size, initial bed temperature, superficial gas velocity, sand size, and batch weight on the burnout time was investigated. Visual observation of shale burnout time, on-line CO₂ concentrations in flue gas and bed temperature variation were measured simultaneously during the combustion process. The results have shown, in general, that an increase in bed temperature or superficial gas velocity was associated with a decrease in burnout time. On the contrary, an increase in particle mean size led to an increase in burnout time. The burnout time was analyzed based on the shrinking-core model, and the results indicated that chemical kinetics, rather than diffusion, significantly influenced the combustion process.     

Spray Drying Tower Experiments

The article presents a full set of spray drying experiments for selected products performed in a co-current spray drying tower developed at Lodz Technical University. The experiments enabled identification of process and atomization parameters (feed properties, feed rate and feed temperature, drying agent temperature, air flow rate, atomization ratio, etc.) on drying and degradation kinetics, spray structure, particle residence time, and final product properties. Drying agent temperature measurements showed, in all cases, the initial increase of gas temperature in the spray envelope caused by the spray expansion and then a decrease induced by liquid evaporation and heat losses to the environment. PDA analysis confirmed that the initial velocity of particles was a function of a diameter and also the function of the distance from the axis. Practically an identical particle size distribution was observed in each cross-sectional area of the dryer. Negative values of particle velocity in the vicinity of the axis and at the edge of the spray envelope were found which proved that recirculation of particles appeared in the column. Analysis of final product properties showed that for agglomerate-like materials a decrease of bulk density with an increase of air temperature was related to morphological changes that occurred during drying and affected the shape of particles, surface structure, etc. The experiments proved that air/liquid ratio for two-fluid atomization and gas temperature were the most decisive factors controlling drying and degradation process rate and final product properties.     

Spray Drying Tower Experiments

Abstract

The article presents a full set of spray drying experiments for selected products performed in a co-current spray drying tower developed at Lodz Technical University. The experiments enabled identification of process and atomization parameters (feed properties, feed rate and feed temperature, drying agent temperature, air flow rate, atomization ratio, etc.) on drying and degradation kinetics, spray structure, particle residence time, and final product properties. Drying agent temperature measurements showed, in all cases, the initial increase of gas temperature in the spray envelope caused by the spray expansion and then a decrease induced by liquid evaporation and heat losses to the environment. PDA analysis confirmed that the initial velocity of particles was a function of a diameter and also the function of the distance from the axis. Practically an identical particle size distribution was observed in each cross-sectional area of the dryer. Negative values of particle velocity in the vicinity of the axis and at the edge of the spray envelope were found which proved that recirculation of particles appeared in the column. Analysis of final product properties showed that for agglomerate-like materials a decrease of bulk density with an increase of air temperature was related to morphological changes that occurred during drying and affected the shape of particles, surface structure, etc. The experiments proved that air/liquid ratio for two-fluid atomization and gas temperature were the most decisive factors controlling drying and degradation process rate and final product properties.     

褐煤深度脱水的实验研究

针对褐煤低温烟气干燥技术脱水幅度难以提高,发热量增加不多等问题,提出了低温干燥与深度脱水的联合工艺。研究了不同干燥温度、干燥时间和煤样粒度对褐煤深度脱水效果的影响,结果表明:褐煤深度脱水适宜的干燥温度为500～800℃,较为适宜的干燥时间为80 s左右,当粒度小于50 mm时,干燥产物发热量随粒度变化不大。最后提出了褐煤深度脱水最佳工艺条件和参数,即当预干燥煤的Mar约为18%,煤样粒度为-50 mm,干燥温度为700℃,干燥时间为80 s时,深度脱水产物的Mar为8%,Vdaf在46%左右,折算Qnet,ar约为21 kJ/g。褐煤深度脱水促进了褐煤发热量的进一步提高,实现了褐煤资源的增值,研究结果为褐煤低温干燥与深度脱水联合工艺技术方案的确定奠定了基础。     

褐煤干燥水分回收利用及其研究进展

褐煤干燥提质过程中的水资源化回收利用工艺技术可以提高煤阶并回收宝贵的水资源,降低干燥提质单元能耗。本文从介绍褐煤中水的存在形态出发,围绕烟气直接干燥、蒸汽流化床干燥、微波干燥、机械热压脱水干燥等工艺综述了近年来干燥水回收利用的研究现状和最新进展,讨论分析了褐煤干燥与水回收利用工艺的选择原则。在回收褐煤中丰富的水资源时,除了单纯考虑回收褐煤中的水资源,还应权衡褐煤干燥工艺、干燥温度和干燥介质、干燥水蒸气的余热利用方式以及干燥工艺上下游间的衔接等因素。基于目前褐煤资源的主要用途,将干燥尾气采用换热技术回收低温余热和干燥冷凝水直接净化处理后的二次回用技术将是以后的重要研究和应用方向。     

褐煤流化床提质性能研究

针对褐煤水分高、发热量低、易风化自燃等特点,以内蒙古褐煤为研究对象,进行了褐煤静态干燥实验和褐煤提质多因素实验。以O2体积分数10.5%的烟气为干燥介质,在分析褐煤流化床提质干燥机理的基础上,对褐煤进行流化床动态提质实验。结果表明:褐煤提质水分控制在5%左右为宜。褐煤粒级小于3 mm时,温度对煤样干燥速度影响最大,其次是煤样粒度,风速对干燥速度影响最小。确定全粒级、0.5~1.25、1.25~2、2~3 mm褐煤临界流化风速分别为38、20、40和50 m3/h。褐煤适宜提质温度和时间分别为200~240℃和5~8 min。最后建立了褐煤提质模型,说明褐煤提质规律与提质介质温度、风速密切相关,该模型对褐煤提质生产具有指导作用。