超级13Cr马氏体不锈钢在入井流体与产出流体环境中的腐蚀行为研究

通过模拟油田超深超高压高温油气井腐蚀环境,研究超级13Cr马氏体不锈钢管材抗均匀腐蚀、点蚀、应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)及酸化液腐蚀的性能。研究结果表明:随着井深的增加,超级13Cr马氏体不锈钢的均匀腐蚀速率逐渐增大,且气相的均匀腐蚀速率要大于液相的腐蚀速率,但不论在液相还是在气相腐蚀条件下,均匀腐蚀速率均远小于0.1mm/a;由于超级13Cr马氏体不锈钢有较高的Mo,Ni含量,在模拟腐蚀环境中未出现明显点蚀现象,且具有良好的抗SCC性能;循环酸化腐蚀试验后试样管体和接箍部分没有出现点蚀、缝隙腐蚀等局部腐蚀迹象。     

超级13Cr马氏体不锈钢抗SSC性能研究

采用四点弯曲实验方法、电化学测试技术及扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等分析手段研究了超级13Cr马氏体不锈钢在模拟工况和标准工况中的H2S应力腐蚀开裂(SSC)行为.结果表明:超级13Cr 马氏体不锈钢在标准工况条件下具有很高的SSC敏感性,裂纹起源于表面点蚀坑处,H2S腐蚀性气体的存在及Cl-浓度的增加显著降低超级13Cr...     

高温高压下超级13Cr不锈钢抗CO2腐蚀性能

为了推进超级13Cr不锈钢在油气田中的应用,用高温高压釜系统模拟了油气田腐蚀环境,研究了超级13Cr不锈钢在动静态环境中高温高压下的CO2腐蚀行为,利用扫描电镜、能谱仪和X射线衍射仪等对超级130r不锈钢表面腐蚀产物的形貌及成分进行了分析。结果表明：动态腐蚀时超级13Cr不锈钢的腐蚀速率随温度的升高而增大,150℃时最大,此后腐蚀速率随温度的升高而下降;静态腐蚀速率随温度的升高呈上升趋势;动态腐蚀速率高于静态的,动静态平均腐蚀速率均较小,属于轻度或中度腐蚀,在油气田的安全使用范围之内;动静态腐蚀时超级13Cr不锈钢表面均生成均匀、致密的钝化膜层,表现为均匀腐蚀,腐蚀产物成分为不锈钢基本成分,未发现CO2腐蚀产物,超级13Cr不锈钢具有良好的抗高温高压CO2腐蚀性能。     

Cl~-浓度对超级13Cr油管钢应力腐蚀开裂行为的影响

采用慢应变速率拉伸(SSRT)应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)的实验方法,通过应力应变(σ-ε)曲线、扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱分析(EDS)和X射线衍射分析(XRD)等手段分析了超级13Cr油管钢在NaCl溶液中的抗拉强度、延伸率、断裂时间、应力腐蚀开裂敏感性指数(kscc)和断口形貌,研究了Cl-浓度对其应力腐蚀开裂行为的影响。结果显示:当NaCl溶液浓度低于15%时,超级13Cr油管钢应力腐蚀的程度较轻,抗应力腐蚀开裂性能较好;而当NaCl溶液浓度大于25%时,其应力腐蚀的程度严重,抗应力腐蚀开裂性能较差;随溶液Cl-浓度的增大,超级13Cr油管钢的力学性能降低、抗SCC性能降低、应力腐蚀开裂的倾向增大、应力腐蚀开裂敏感性指数kσ和kε均呈现增大的趋势,且kε比kσ增大的趋势更明显;Cl-浓度对超级13Cr油管钢塑性的影响比对其抗拉强度的影响更显著。     

饱和CO2溶液中Cl-浓度对马氏体不锈钢应力腐蚀敏感性的影响

为了明确Cl-浓度的变化对超级13Cr马氏体不锈钢耐蚀性能的影响规律,利用电化学动电位测试技术对比分析了Cl-浓度对超级13Cr腐蚀电位的影响关系;采用慢应变速率拉伸(SSRT)应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)试验方法和应力-应变曲线(σ-ε)、扫描电镜(SEM)等分析手段,研究了饱和CO2环境下在一定慢应变速率条件下Cl-浓度的变化对超级13Cr马氏体不锈钢的抗拉强度、延伸率、应力腐蚀敏感指数(ISSRT)的影响,并结合断口形貌分析了材料的断裂特征.结果 表明:在Cl-浓度≤60 g/L的饱和CO2溶液中,超级13Cr相对于空气中强韧性变化不大,属于韧性断裂模式;随着Cl-浓度的增大,材料的断裂寿命和伸长率均逐渐降低;材料断裂模式由韧性断裂逐渐转变为韧性-脆性混合断裂模式;当Cl-浓度增大到90 g/L时,断口侧面开始出现二次裂纹;当Cl-浓度≥120 g/L时,材料点蚀电位明显降低,点蚀敏感性增大,同时断口侧面出现点蚀现象,进一步促进了应力腐蚀开裂.     

极化电位对超级13Cr钢应力腐蚀开裂行为的影响

采用慢应变速率拉伸(SSRT)应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)的实验方法,通过应力应变(σ-ε)曲线、扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱分析(EDS)和X射线衍射分析(XRD)等手段分析了不同极化电位下超级13Cr钢在NaCl溶液中的力学性能、腐蚀形貌、腐蚀产物和应力腐蚀开裂敏感性指数(Iscc),研究了极化电位对其抗SCC性能的影响。结果显示:随极化电位的升高,超级13Cr钢在5%NaCl溶液中的Iscc增大,其抗SCC性能降低;当极化电位低于-150mV时,超级13Cr钢的应力腐蚀程度较轻,抗SCC性能较好;当极化电位高于-90mV时,其应力腐蚀程度严重,抗SCC性能较差。     

超级13Cr马氏体不锈钢在鲜酸中的腐蚀行为

通过不同温度的高温高压鲜酸(15%HCl+1.5%HF+3%HAc+4.5%缓蚀剂)腐蚀试验及极化曲线测量,研究超级13Cr马氏体不锈钢油管材质在鲜酸溶液中的腐蚀行为及其与酸化缓蚀剂的匹配性。结果表明:鲜酸中加入酸化缓蚀剂,超级13Cr的开路电位正移,自腐蚀电流密度显著降低,酸化缓蚀剂主要改变了超级13Cr的阳极过程;在较低温度条件下,超级13Cr与酸化缓蚀剂的匹配性良好;随着鲜酸试验温度的提高,超级13Cr材质的均匀腐蚀速率增大,其在160℃的均匀腐蚀速率为47.08mm/a,接近50.8mm/a;温度低于120℃,超级13Cr未出现明显点蚀,超过160℃,其点蚀程度显著增大;140~160℃应为酸化缓蚀剂缓蚀效果显著降低的突变区。     

超级13Cr马氏体不锈钢在单质硫环境中的腐蚀行为

采用单质硫悬浮实验法,利用失重法、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线能谱(EDS)、X射线衍射(XRD)和pH计等分析手段,研究了单质硫沉积对国产超级13Cr马氏体不锈钢在模拟高温高压环境中腐蚀行为的影响,分析了腐蚀产物的表面形貌、元素组成及其含量、组分以及单质硫对高浓度NaCl溶液酸化程度的影响。结果表明:国产超级13Cr马氏体不锈钢的耐蚀性能因单质硫的添加而降低,其均匀腐蚀速率随着单质硫含量的增大而增大,并且在90℃取得最大值,但均小于0.0125mm/a;单质硫的添加改变了腐蚀产物膜的组分,硫化物的含量随单质硫含量的增大而增大;单质硫/金属界面处的pH值因单质硫与水发生歧化反应而降低,进而降低了超级13Cr马氏体不锈钢的耐蚀性能,Cl-与单质硫协同作用进一步加剧其腐蚀。     

110钢级φ88.9mm×6.45mm超级13Cr钢油管刺穿失效分析

采用宏观分析、化学成分分析、力学性能测试、金相检验及扫描电镜断口分析等手段,对某油田一根规格为φ88.9mm×6.45mm的110钢级超级13Cr马氏体不锈钢油管的刺穿失效原因进行了分析。结果表明:油管失效的实质是油管发生了氯离子应力腐蚀开裂,裂纹起源于外壁腐蚀坑底部,从外壁向内壁扩展,直到穿透壁厚,形成刺穿通道,高压流体从内向外刺出并在随后的过程中形成了刺穿孔洞。     

Cl~-,CO_2和微量H_2S共存时13Cr不锈钢的腐蚀性能

通过高温高压釜模拟油气田现场环境,采用扫描电镜、能谱和X射线衍射方法对油气田现场水样腐蚀后1Cr13和OCr13两种钢的表面形貌及成分进行了分析,对比研究了Cl~-,CO_2和微量H_2S共存时在气、液两相中的耐蚀性能。结果表明:1Cr13和0Cr13钢在气、液两相中的平均腐蚀速率均较小,但均有不同程度的点蚀发生,且0Cr13钢点蚀比1Cr13钢点蚀严重;1Cr13和0Cr13钢主要靠钝化膜中铬的化合物降低腐蚀速率。并探讨了影响不锈钢耐蚀性能的因素,包括化学成分、夹杂、晶粒度、显微组织和腐蚀介质,并采用金相分析法进行了验证。     

原子力显微镜评价奥氏体不锈钢晶间腐蚀敏感性的研究

由13Cr可焊马氏体不锈钢(WMSGSS)制造的油气管线由于价格便宜,相对于昂贵的耐腐蚀合金来说是一个很有竞争力的选择。但是实验室试验和现场经历表明,13Cr马氏体不锈钢焊接接头热影响区发生了沿晶应力腐蚀开裂(IGSCC)。对于低等级的马氏体不锈钢来说,沿晶应力腐蚀开裂机理被认为是在晶界的碳化物附近存在贫铬区。对于中等级和高等级马氏体不锈钢来说,只在实验室试验发现有应力腐蚀开裂。它们的应力腐蚀开裂机理还没有明确,虽然最可能的应力腐蚀开裂机理也被认为和低等级马氏体不锈钢的应力腐蚀开裂机理类似。原子力显微镜(AFM)已开始广泛用于材料显微组织和环境敏感断裂的研究中。高等级马氏体不锈钢焊接接头对晶间腐蚀/应力腐蚀开裂敏感性很有希望由原子力显微镜检测到。在原子力显微镜技术应用于这项研究之前,用由304不锈钢准备的不同敏化度的试样来确定它的适用性是十分有益的。本文用原子力显微镜研究了不同敏化程度的304不锈钢的晶间腐蚀敏感性并和SEM和EDS结果进行了对比。     

敏化处理对Z3CN20-09M不锈钢高温水应力腐蚀的影响

为了研究敏化处理对Z3CN20-09M不锈钢高温水应力腐蚀行为的影响,使用敏化处理的Z3CN20-09M不锈钢制成U弯试样,并置于250、290及320℃的高温水中进行应力腐蚀开裂实验,采用扫描电镜观察了高温水实验后试样的氧化膜厚度以及应力腐蚀裂纹的萌生及扩展行为.结果表明:敏化处理增加了氧化膜的厚度,降低了耐蚀能力,使SCC敏感性增大;温度较高时,敏化处理的影响较大;铁素体相容易被侵蚀,大多数点蚀坑产生于铁素体中;SCC裂纹优先在点蚀坑底部和奥氏体/铁素体相界位置处形成;相界面对SCC裂纹的影响取决于SCC裂纹相对于相界面的取向,SCC裂纹扩展方向平行于相界面时裂纹易沿着相界扩展,SCC裂纹扩展垂直于相界面方向时相界面对裂纹扩展起阻碍作用.     

Failure of a super duplex stainless steel reaction vessel

Crevice corrosion and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) were recently discovered in a vessel used to strip vinyl chloride monomer from a water-based slurry of PVC granules. The vessel was manufactured from UNS S32750 super duplex stainless steel and the welds were produced using matching welding consumables. Although localised corrosion might have been expected, the occurrence of SCC was inconsistent with the majority of the published literature: in particular, the nominal operating temperature should have been too low for chloride-induced SCC of super-duplex stainless steel. However, damage was found mainly in the vicinity of the circumferential and longitudinal welds, and part of the subsequent failure investigation was therefore focused on the possibility of poor weld quality being the cause of failure. This task was approached primarily by measuring the influence of welding parameters on the value of the critical pitting temperature (CPT), and attempting to correlate the results with observed changes in the weld microstructure. CPT values were determined by a potentiodynamic method, using samples cut from the failed vessel and from a range of reference welds manufactured using known welding parameters.     

Marine Atmospheric SCC of Unsensitized Stainless Steel Rock Climbing Protection

A failure investigation into the root cause of fixed austenitic stainless steel climbing anchor hardware in tropical marine climates has been presented. The incident 316L climbing anchor was fixed in a seaside limestone cliff in southern Thailand and underwent transgranular chloride stress corrosion cracking (TGSCC) after 10 years of service. Since stainless steel does not normally undergo stress corrosion cracking (SCC) at ambient temperatures, the conditions known to promote ambient temperature TGSCC of austenitic stainless steel are reviewed. A mechanism that may give rise to TGSCC in limestone climbing anchors in warm marine environments is postulated.     

Effect of oxide scale on corrosion behavior of HP-13Cr stainless steel during well completion process

The well completion process in oil and gas industry,aiming to build effective exploitation,is divided into acidizing and formation water production process.Oxide scale(OS)formed on the inner wall of the HP-13Cr stainless steel tubes during the hot extrusion process changes the surface roughness.The effects of OS on the corrosion of HP-13Cr stainless steel during well completion process were studied by corrosion measurement,spectra analysis,microscopic observation and numerical simulation.The results indicate that the OS make no change of phase distribution and element composition of corrosion scale,while the increasing OS roughness is the dominant factor for accelerating corrosion rate during the well completion process.In acidizing process,the greater surface roughness OS of HP-13Cr stainless steel increases the corrosion rate obviously due to a larger interfacial area in contact with the aggressive environment.During subsequent formation water production process,the turbulence eddy,formed at locations characterized with greater surface roughness OS,can deteriorate the corrosion scale and accelerate the mass transfer of the corrosive species,resulting in more serious corrosion.     

合金氧化膜的AES分析技术及其应用研究

根据俄歇电子能谱（AES）的深度分布图，得到不同区域的膜厚和在此区域中的元素富集因子与材料性能之间的关系。并以304不锈钢在高温水中生成的氧化膜为例，探讨膜厚和元素铬的富集因子与材料抗应力腐蚀性能之间的关系。     

Stress Corrosion Cracking and Blue Brittleness of Rotor Steels in High Temperature Aqueous Solutions

The tensile behaviors of two bolt steels 20Cr12NiMoWV and 25Cr2MoV, and rotor steel 30Cr2Ni4MoV used in a nuclear power plant were studied at different temperatures up to 280 degreesC in air and aqueous solution. The results showed that blue brittleness occurred near 230 degreesC and 180 degreesC for steels 30Cr2Ni4MoV and 25Cr2MoV, respectively. No blue brittleness was found for the steel containing higher Cr content. Susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking.(SCC) for the steels in aqueous solution at the test temperatures was very low except at the blue brittleness temperature. At the blue brittleness temperatures, however, the susceptibility to SCC was very high.     

超级13Cr和P110油管钢在NaCl溶液中电偶腐蚀行为的研究

采用电化学方法研究了超级13Cr-P110钢偶对在NaCl溶液中的电偶腐蚀行为,测试了开路电位、电偶电流和电偶电位,采用SEM、EDS和XRD分别对腐蚀形貌和产物进行了表征。结果表明,超级13Cr和P110钢在NaCl溶液中存在明显的电位差,两者偶接时超级13Cr作为阴极被保护,而P110钢作为阳极被加速腐蚀,该电偶对产生的电偶电流密度会形成严重的电偶腐蚀,随着Sc/Sa的增大,电偶电流明显增大,阳极的腐蚀程度加重,腐蚀产物为氧化物,腐蚀破坏的形式由腐蚀产物疏松转变为腐蚀膜层开裂形成的片层状脱落。     

Influence of sigma phase on corrosion behavior of 316L stainless steel in high temperature and high pressure water

In order to elucidate the impact of σ phase on the oxidation film formation and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) resistance of 316L stainless steel, corrosion, SCC and three-point bending tests were conducted and the microstructures of the σ phase in 316L safe-end pipes were characterized via optical microscopy, environmental scanning electron microscopy and scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy. The results indicated that the σ phase was detrimental to the SCC resistance of 316L in high temperature and high pressure environments and the existence of inherently hard and brittle σ phase could change the cracking mode.