Investigation on the burr formation mechanism in micro cutting

It is desirable to minimize burr formation for improving part quality. This paper presents an investigation on the burr formation mechanism in micro cutting by taking into consideration the stress distribution around the cutting edge arc. The influences of the uncut chip thickness and the cutting edge radius on burr formation were investigated. Poisson burr is attributed to the side flow of the stagnation material at the bottom of the cutting edge arc. The stress distribution at the cutting edge arc has great influence on Poisson burr formation. The burr height decreases to the minimum value and then increases with reducing the uncut chip thickness due to the change of the maximum stress distribution. An optimum machining strategy also is suggested in micro milling of snake-shaped groove microstructure.     

Thermomechanical approach for the modeling of oblique machining with a single cutting edge

This article aims to predict performances of oblique machining with a single cutting edge. A thermomechanical approach for the modeling of oblique cutting with a single cutting edge is proposed. A good agreement was found between predicted and experimental data. New rules were established to determine experimentally the average friction coefficient and chip flow angle at the rake face. The computation algorithm permits to predict all thermomechanical parameters such as cutting forces, cutting temperatures, and chip geometry. Besides, all predicted oblique machining parameters are mainly controlled by the Po-criterion, which is defined as the ratio of tool–chip contact length to uncut chip thickness.     

A study of deformation of the machined workpiece and tool under different low cutting velocities with an elastic cutting tool

To understand the effects of cutting velocity, tool elastic deformation generated by high normal stresses during metal cutting processing and artificial tool flank wear on the cutting process, an iterative mathematical model for calculating the tool–workpiece contact problem was developed in this paper under the assumption of elastic cutting tools. In this model, the finite element method is used to simulate cutting of mild steel by the P20 cutting tool with constant artifical tool flank wear under the condition of three different cutting velocities. The results obtained in the simulation were found to match the experimental data reported by related studies. The simulation results also indicate that the thrust and the cutting forces are functions of cutting velocity. Besides, both the normal stress on the tool rake face and the residual stress of machined workpiece generally decrease with increase in cutting velocity. According to the findings in this study, though the residual stress of the machined workpiece decreases as the cutting velocity increases, its value is still higher than that in ordinary conditions due both to the influence of tool flank wear and tool elastic deformation. Also, the phenomenon of curvature at the workpiece end easily occurs.     

微切削加工技术

在探讨切削技术发展动力的基础上给出了机械加工的尺度划分方法。通过综述微制造技术,介绍了微切削加工装备和微切削刀具,提出了利用应变梯度塑性理论进行微切削机理研究的设想,从分子动力学模拟仿真、最小切削厚度、切屑形态、微切削力、切削温度、工件材料的微量加工性、刀具变形、表面粗糙度与切削稳定性、毛刺、积屑瘤、刀具磨损等不同方面分析了微切削机理的研究现状和存在问题。最后介绍了微铣削CAD/CAM技术,并指出了微切削加工技术的发展趋势。     

基于刀具跳动的环形铣刀切削厚度模型的切削力计算

数控铣削过程中,切削变形引起的瞬时切削厚度是影响铣削加工切削力建模的重要参数之一,针对环形铣刀的切削特点,在考虑刀具跳动的情况下,对真实刀刃轨迹运动进行分析。将微细铣削的加工过程用宏观铣削来表示,从而建立了基于宏观铣削过程中刀具跳动下精密加工的瞬时切削厚度。通过仿真模拟和切削力试验来预测切削力,预测结果和试验结果具有一致性,表明该模型可以更好的预测加工过程中的切削力。     

A study of the effect of tool cutting edge radius on ductile cutting of silicon wafers

Ductile mode cutting of silicon wafers can be achieved under certain cutting conditions and tool geometry. An experimental investigation of the critical undeformed chip thickness in relation to the tool cutting edge radius for the brittle-ductile transition of chip formation in cutting of silicon wafers is presented in this paper. Experimental tests for cutting of silicon wafers using diamond tools of different cutting edge radii for a range of undeformed chip thickness are conducted on an ultra-precision lathe. Both ductile and brittle mode of chip formation processes are observed in the cutting tests. The results indicate that ductile cutting of silicon can be achieved at certain values of the undeformed chip thickness, which depends on the tool cutting edge radius. It is found that in cutting of silicon wafers with a certain tool cutting edge radius there is a critical value of undeformed chip thickness beyond which the chip formation changes from ductile mode to brittle mode. The ductile-brittle transition of chip formation varies with the tool cutting edge radius. Within the range of cutting conditions in the present study, it has also been found that the larger the cutting edge radius, the larger the critical undeformed chip thickness for the ductile-brittle transition in the chip formation.     

基于有限元法的二维正交切削刀具应力分析

运用有限元方法对二维正交切削加工刀具内部应力进行模拟分析。基于刚塑性有限元方法建立了切削加工过程仿真模型,通过模拟获得了切削加工过程中刀具应力的分布和变化情况。通过对不同切削工艺参数条件下的切削过程进行模拟,分析了刀具几何参数以及切削用量对切削加工过程中刀具应力的影响,为正确选择刀具及切削参数提供了参考。     

A study on the cutting mechanism of microcutting using molecular Dynamics

Ultraprecision metal cutting (UPMC) technology, which makes possible submicrometre form accuracy and nanometre roughness, is developed to reach the 1 nm nominal (undeformed) thickness of cut. At this thickness level, the finite element method (FEM) cannot be used to solve the problem. Molecular Dynamics can be applied to this small cutting depth.In this paper using molecular dynamics simulation, microcutting with a subnanometre chip thickness, the cutting mechanism for the microcutting condition, i.e. tool edge configuration, cut material and cutting speed, are evaluated.As the result, the simulation of the cutting mechanism at subnanometre depth of cut is evaluated.     

Investigation of the effect of cutting tool edge radius on material separation due to ductile fracture in machining

This paper investigates the interaction between cutting tool edge radius and material separation due to ductile fracture based on Atkins’ model of machining. Atkins’ machining model considers the energy needed for material separation in addition to energies required for shearing at the primary shear zone and friction at the secondary shear zone. However, the effect of cutting tool edge radius, which becomes significant at microcutting conditions, was omitted. In this study, the effect of cutting tool edge radius is included in the model and its influence on material separation is investigated. A modification to the solution methodology of Atkins’ machining model is proposed and it is shown that the shear yield stress and the fracture toughness of the work material can be calculated as a function of uncut chip thickness.     

基于进化神经网络的刀具寿命预测

为预测道具寿命,引入人工神经网络技术,建立了刀具寿命预测神经网络模型,同时对切削参数进行优化选择.在刀具寿命预测中,针对反向传播算法存在收敛速度慢、容易陷入局部极小值及全局搜索能力弱等缺陷,采用遗传算法训练反向传播神经网络,设计了进化神经网络的学习算法.实验和仿真结果表明:基于进化计算的反向传播神经网络可以克服单纯使用反向传播网络易陷入局部极小值等难题,刀具寿命的预测精度较高,从而为刀具需求计划制定、刀具成本核算,以及切削参数制定提供理论依据,节约了制造执行系统中的生产成本.     

An investigation on the micro cutting performance of diamond-like carbon coatings using finite element method

In an effort to prolong the tool life and improve the tooling performance in micro cutting, it is attractive and promising to apply diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings on micro tools. Comprehensive understandings of micro cutting performance under various coating circumstances are essential for choosing optimum coating conditions so as for potentially improving cutting tool designs. In the study, the cutting characteristics of a DLC-coated tool has been extensively evaluated and compared with those of an uncoated tool under constant and various uncut chip thickness (UCT) using 2D plane-strain finite element method (FEM). The thermo-mechanical modelling approach has been validated at different UCT in micro milling. Besides, the influence of coating friction coefficient, coating thickness as well as UCT on the cutting forces and tool temperatures has been determined and analysed through design of experiment. It is found that appropriate UCT in micro cutting is of the greatest importance for achieving desirable coating performance of micro tools.     

Orthogonal cutting of hardened AISI D2 steel with TiAlN-coated inserts—simulations and experiments

This paper presented a finite element simulation model for the analysis of AISI D2 steel turning with TiAlN-coated inserts. In this study, material constitutive model of hardened AISI D2 steel (HRC62) was built based on power law relationship, which was used in the FEM codes to describe the effect of strain, strain rate, and temperature on the material flow stress. A damage model was employed to predict the chip separation. Cutting edge radius and thickness of TiAlN coating were obtained by micro-optical system and SEM, respectively. The average friction coefficients were obtained by ball-on-disk friction test using UMT-2 high-speed tribometer. Numerical simulations of AISI D2 steel turning were performed using AdvantEdge? software. The simulated results of forces and chip morphology showed good agreement with the experimental results, which validated the precision of the process simulation method. The shear stress on the interface between coating and substrate of cutting tool was analyzed. And the maximal shear stress between coating and substrate was found on the cutting edge roundness near the flank face of cutting tool.     

斜圆柱结构的新型微细球端铣刀的设计与制造

针对微细切削刀具的特点与应用需求,设计一种斜圆柱结构的新型微细球端铣刀,将铣刀球端刀刃复杂的空间曲线转化为易加工的平面曲线。根据所设计铣刀的几何结构特征,从制造工艺方面进行刀具结构的调整,分析刀具的刃磨成形原理,并在微细刀具数控刃磨机上完成该刀具的制作。通过与传统螺旋槽球端铣刀和椭圆柱刃型球端铣刀的切削性能对比试验,研究所设计刀具的切削性能。试验结果表明,所设计的微细球端立铣刀在显著降低刀具制备难度的同时,具有较高的切削刃强度,能够满足硬脆性材料的微细切削要求。     

干切削温度场的数学物理建模与预测验证

针对正交干切削加工过程,建立了刀具与切屑接触区域温度场数学物理模型。模型采用绝热半无限介质热源叠加的方法,计算出切屑剪切变形区和"刀具-切屑"摩擦区叠加影响下刀具与切屑在接触区的温度场,分析了最高温度产生位置及其机理。基于该模型,对锋利PCBN刀具硬车削轴承钢过程的温度场进行预测,得到的刀具与切屑接触面温度在多个切削速度条件下误差均小于8%,说明该模型能够实现对锋利切削加工温度场的精确预测。     

基于ABAQUS/Explicit的AZ31b镁合金微铣削三维仿真研究

传统铣削仿真往往基于宏观建模而忽略了切削刃钝圆半径,对于微切削过程中出现的尺度效应以及最小切削厚度等特有现象无法进行准确描述,与实际加工差距较大。本文利用有限元软件ABQUS/Explicit对AZ31b镁合金材料微铣削过程进行三维变切削厚度仿真,采用ALE自适应技术控制网格畸变过大问题,进而获得了反映尺度效应的微铣削模型,并研究了主轴转速、铣削深度、每齿进给量对于铣削力的相关影响。     

Postprocessor development for ultrasonic cutting of honeycomb core curved surface with a straight blade

When ultrasonically cutting honeycomb core curved parts, the tool face of the straight blade must be along the curved surface’s tangent direction at all times to ensure high-quality machining of the curved surface. However, given that the straight blade is a nonstandard tool, the existing computer-aided manufacturing technology cannot directly realize the above action requirement. To solve this problem, this paper proposed an algorithm for extracting a straight blade real-time tool face vector from a 5-axis milling automatically programmed tool location file, which can realize the tool location point and tool axis vector conversion from the flat end mill to the straight blade. At the same time, for the multi-solution problem of the rotation axis, the dependent axis rotation minimization algorithm was introduced, and the spindle rotation algorithm was proposed for the tool edge orientation problem when the straight blade is used to machine the curved part. Finally, on the basis of the MATLAB platform, the dependent axis rotation minimization algorithm and spindle rotation algorithm were integrated and compiled, and the straight blade ultrasonic cutting honeycomb core postprocessor was then developed. The model of the machine tool and the definition of the straight blade were conducted in the VERICUT simulation software, and the simulation machining of the equivalent entity of the honeycomb core can then be realized. The correctness of the numerical control program generated by the postprocessor was verified by machining and accuracy testing of the two designed features. Observation and analysis of the simulation and experiment indicate that the tool pose is the same under each working condition, and the workpieces obtained by machining also meet the corresponding accuracy requirements. Therefore, the postprocessor developed in this paper can be well adapted to the honeycomb core ultrasonic cutting machine tool and realize high-quality and high-efficient machining of honeycomb core composites.     

基于ANSYS的梯形螺纹车刀强度有限元分析

针对实际生产中车削梯形螺纹时车刀易出现刀尖断裂的问题,利用大型有限元分析软件ANSYS/LS-DYNA的非线性动态分析功能,对刀尖部位作受力分析,较为精确的得到刀尖内部应力应变的大小及其分布情况,为合理选择切削参数、合理设计刀具的几何角度等提供了可靠的理论依据,并有利于生产效率的提高.     

MODELING THE THERMAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL PROCESSES AT THE TOOL-CHIP INTERFACE IN MACHINING

In this paper, the tool-chip interaction is described by two models; a heat transfer model considering the thermal constriction phenomenon, and a friction model with variable friction coefficients. To integrate the two models into a finite element modeling (FEM) package, both the heat transfer and the friction coefficients are related to the normal stress on the rake face of the tool. The effects of the thermal constriction and the friction phenomena on the machining forces, the chip thickness, the temperature of the tool, and the residual stresses are investigated using FEM simulations. The results show that the proposed heat transfer model and friction model can properly describe the tool-chip interaction to improve the simulation accuracy.     

Surface generation modeling of micro milling process with stochastic tool wear

Micro milling is widely used to manufacture miniature parts and features at high quality with low set-up cost. To achieve a higher quality of existing micro products and improve the milling performance, a reliable analytical model of surface generation is the prerequisite as it offers the foundation for surface topography and surface roughness optimization. In the micro milling process, the stochastic tool wear is inevitable, but the deep influence of tool wear hasn't been considered in the micro milling process operation and modeling. Therefore, an improved analytical surface generation model with stochastic tool wear is presented for the micro milling process. A probabilistic approach based on the particle filter algorithm is used to predict the stochastic tool wear progression, linking online measurement data of cutting forces and tool vibrations with the state of tool wear. Meanwhile, the influence of tool run-out is also considered since the uncut chip thickness can be comparable to feed per tooth compared with that in conventional milling. Based on the process kinematics, tool run-out and stochastic tool wear, the cutting edge trajectory for micro milling can be determined by a theoretical and empirical coupled method. At last, the analytical surface generation model is employed to predict the surface topography and surface roughness, along with the concept of the minimum chip thickness and elastic recovery. The micro milling experiment results validate the effectiveness of the presented analytical surface generation model under different machining conditions. The model can be a significant supplement for predicting machined surface prior to the costly micro milling operations, and provide a basis for machining parameters optimization.     

超声振动和切削液联合作用下的刀刃非物理锐化

超声辅助切削和切削液的联合使用能减小切削力和降低表面粗糙度,试图说明其机理,目的是为开发精密和超精加工技术打下基础。超声辅助切削和切削液的联合使用,从性质上改变了刀刃施加给工件表面的作用力,包括摩擦力和压力：在无切削液情况下,刀刃切入时,前刀面和后刀面施加给被切削面的摩擦力方向是指向刀刃;在有切削液情况下,刀刃切入时,前刀面和后刀面施加给被切削面的摩擦力方向是背向刀刃。背向刀刃的摩擦力,相对于指向刀刃的摩擦力而言,会导致剪切角增大,等效于更锋利的刀刃所产生的剪切角;切削液的存在使得刀刃施加给工件的力更加集中,等效于圆角半径更小的刀刃所能达到的效果;切削液在刀尖部位的压力分布不利于工件表面产生微裂纹。也就是说,超声辅助切削和切削液的联合使用起到了更锋利即更小圆角半径刀刃所起的效果,称之为非物理锐化。