Experimental modeling of segmental shallow tunnels in alluvial affected by normal faults

Faulting is one type of permanent ground displacement and tunnels are at the risk of damage from faulting because of their long lengths. There are few studies that examine the behavior of tunnels intersecting the fault zones although it is of continuing concern for design engineers. Determining the failure mechanism provides critical information for the design of a tunnel, including its segmental lining. The present study conducted a series of centrifuge model tests on segmental tunnels subjected to normal faulting. The results indicated the absence of sudden failure of segmental tunnels under normal faulting and improvement of function in response to an increase in the overburden of the tunnel. The angle of the fault affected tunnel behavior. Despite large displacement faulting, structural damage to the segments was very low because of the adequate geometric functioning of the segments and their joints. The length of the zone affected by faulting in the tunnel decreased as the overburden increased, but the severity of damage increased in response to localization of fault displacement. Sinkhole formation upon the collapse of soil into the tunnel is likely at the ground surface. Special attention must be paid to the effect of sinkholes on at ground structures in the vicinity of the tunnel.     

Three-dimensional finite difference analysis of shallow sprayed concrete tunnels crossing a reverse fault or a normal fault: A parametric study

Urban tunnels crossing faults are always at the risk of severe damages. In this paper, the effects of a reverse and a normal fault movement on a transversely crossing shallow shotcreted tunnel are investigated by 3D finite difference analysis. After verifying the accuracy of the numerical simulation predictions with the centrifuge physical model results, a parametric study is then conducted. That is, the effects of various parameters such as the sprayed concrete thickness, the geo-mechanical properties of soil, the tunnel depth, and the fault plane dip angle are studied on the displacements of the ground surface and the tunnel structure, and on the plastic strains of the soil mass around tunnel. The results of each case of reverse and normal faulting are independently discussed and then compared with each other. It is obtained that deeper tunnels show greater displacements for both types of faulting.     

穿越走滑断层的山岭隧道抗错断铰接设计试验研究

我国西部地区的长大山岭隧道在选线时多要穿越活动断裂带,面临断层运动对结构设计和安全运行的挑战。该文以滇中引水工程香炉山隧洞为工程背景,基于自主设计的用于模拟走滑断层运动的试验装置,研究走滑断层运动下岩体的破裂特性以及采用铰接设计的隧道模型的响应规律和破坏模式。试验结果表明：走滑断层运动下岩体地表位移在断层滑动面处存在明显的不连续;隧道与断层滑动面相交的节段衬砌横截面由圆形变为竖椭圆,且在给定50mm的断层错动量下水平轴直径变形率达到6.57%;隧道与断层滑动面相交节段衬砌在断层运动下产生约5°的水平偏转,且与相邻节段衬砌间有明显错台发生;与连续隧道相比,铰接设计可以显著降低衬砌结构的应变响应。此外,铰接体系隧道的破坏模式以环向裂缝和斜裂缝为主,在破坏程度和范围上均明显减小。     

走滑断层错动下山岭隧道关键断面变形及损伤演化

山岭隧道受选线制约大多要穿越活动断裂带,而活动断裂带的运动会对与之相交的隧道结构的安全产生影响。为此,对穿越走滑断层的隧道在地震中所遭受的破坏展开调研具有现实意义。以滇中引水工程香炉山隧洞为背景,建立隧道-断层三维有限元分析模型,研究走滑断层错动下隧道关键断面的变形特征。基于所建立的有限元模型,采用相对位移法对断层错动量、断层破碎带宽度和穿越角度的影响进行参数分析。研究结果表明：穿越角度为45°时,截面的变形模式为水平椭圆,而穿越角度为135°时,截面的变形模式为直立椭圆;随着断层破碎带宽度的增加,位于断层中间位置处的隧道截面的变形程度减小;走滑断层错动下,隧道截面变形最为严重的区域出现在拱顶和拱底,在进行山岭隧道的设计时需要重点关注。     

Analysis of interaction between tunnels in soft ground by 3D numerical modeling

Tunnels are increasingly being excavated in soft ground conditions when services are required in urban environments, and it is now common to have tunnels crossing at various elevations. As the tunnel excavations are undertaken at different levels, there will be an interaction which can have a significant influence on stress distributions and consequently deformations within the tunnels and surface settlement. As multi-layer tunnelling is a three dimensional phenomenon in nature, 3D numerical solutions must be utilized for perpendicularly crossing tunnels at various levels. This paper reports the investigations into the changes in stress distribution, deformations and surface settlements which may be expected when the twin Tohid Tunnels pass beneath the Line 4 metro tunnel in Tehran.     

正断层错动诱发单桩破坏及避让距离研究

历次地震实例表明基岩断层错动诱发建筑桩基破坏,针对桩基础的近断层破坏机理认识不足。采用土工离心机试验,研究正断层错动引起上覆砂土中单桩基础的破坏。试验详细量测单桩及土体变形,监测桩身轴力及弯矩随基岩错动量的变化规律。试验数据表明,当错动量为0.4 m时,单桩与桩周土体协同变形,桩顶出现显著位移。随着错动量增加,上覆土体变形集中于破裂带,使得桩顶位移显著减少。该破裂带在基岩和土体的交界面上偏离基岩错动方向,与水平面呈80°方向发展至地表,并在单桩靠近断层上盘一侧地表出露。上覆砂土变形可分为静止区、剪切区和刚体位移区。当单桩位于剪切区附近,桩身受弯变形使得桩顶向上盘一侧倾斜。针对正断层错动,单桩在下盘一侧和上盘一侧离开基岩断层线的安全避让距离分别为15 m和10 m。     

寒区老旧隧道病害特征及治理方法研究

 以沈丹线运营期老旧隧道为例,结合现场工程实际开展渗漏水病害调查,通过病害情况素描和地质雷达扫描等方法,从隧道腐蚀开裂、衬砌渗漏水及冻害、衬砌围岩空洞及洞口仰坡坍方落石、附属设施损坏等方面,详细分析运营期寒区老旧隧道的病害特征,并从物理因素和化学因素两方面对劣化机制做简要描述。在此基础上,结合国内外相关资料和寒区铁路隧道运营特点,给出老旧隧道的维修体系流程,并针对主要病害类型分别给出相应的治理方法,最后结合分水岭隧道维修工程进行现场应用。为运营期寒区老旧隧道典型病害的治理方案设计和施工提供理论依据,对老旧隧道渗漏水病害综合治理及指导工程实践具有重要的实用价值。     

复杂地质条件下隧道三维变形规律分析

对乌鞘岭隧道岭脊F7断层和志留系地层的三维位移进行现场测试,并与三维数值计算结果进行对比分析;采用均值比较方法分析F7断层和板岩地段的三维变形规律,并与地应力场反演结果进行印证分析。结果表明,F7断层和千枚岩地段软岩隧道三维位移十分明显,具有隧道大变形特性,其纵向位移背离开挖面方向发展并在相距开挖面约2.0倍洞径时趋于稳定状态;F7断层地段隧道三维位移呈不均匀对称地发展变化,而板岩地段三维位移变化的一致性较好;隧道三维变形规律与隧道区域地应力场的分布存在相互印证关系。因此,在复杂地质条件下开展隧道三维位移测试并掌握其三维变形规律,对隧道工程的修建具有较大的指导作用。     

Analytical solution for tunnelling-induced ground movement in clays

Elastic solutions are presented to predict the tunnelling-induced undrained ground movements for shallow and deep circular tunnels in soft ground, by imposing the oval-shaped ground deformation pattern as the boundary condition of the displacement around the tunnel opening. The gap parameter is used to describe the displacement at the opening. The difference between uniform radial and oval-shaped ground deformation patterns on ground deformations is investigated and different definitions for ground loss are discussed. The applicability of the proposed analytical solutions is checked with five case studies. Generally good agreement of the predicted ground deformations can be seen with field observations for tunnels in uniform clay.     

通过活断层区地铁隧道损伤分析

为了深入研究通过活断层区地铁隧道的损伤破坏机理,发现其抗震薄弱部位,采用理论分析、数值模拟和统计回归等方法对逆断层位错作用下隧道衬砌结构的损伤发展变化情况进行了分析,并对减轻隧道震害的影响因素进行了研究。结果表明:建立的地基土 隧道体系整体有限元模型能够很好地模拟逆断层的错动效果;在逆断层位错作用下,衬砌结构的拱顶部位损伤最为严重,结构的损伤程度随着位错量的增加而增大,损伤区域主要集中在活断层附近;在相同逆断层位错作用下,随着覆盖土层厚度的增加,衬砌结构的破坏程度有所减轻;给出的适用于北京地区的衬砌结构抗震薄弱部位估计公式为通过活断层区地铁隧道的抗震设计提供了参考依据;适当增加衬砌厚度可以减轻隧道结构的震害,埋置于较软土质中的隧道结构能够更好地抵抗逆断层位错作用。     

Numerical analysis to better understand the mechanism of the effects of ground supports and reinforcements on the stability of tunnels using the distinct element method

In order to understand the mechanism of the effects of ground supports and reinforcements on tunnel stability, numerical simulations are conducted using the distinct element method. Four cases of simulations are carried out in this paper for tunnels excavated in a sandy ground to investigate the effects of (1) dowels and a lining on a single tunnel, (2) dowels and a lining on two parallel tunnels, (3) forepoling and face bolts on a single tunnel face, and (4) forepoling and face bolts on two tunnels which face each other. It is found that the use of ground supports causes a discontinuous ground to behave as a continuous one. In addition, it is revealed that supports help to form ground arches in the sandy ground. Detailed discussions are given considering the stress paths and the stress distributions.     

盾构法隧道地表变形影响因素多尺度数值模拟

采用三维非线性有限元数值方法,对上海典型地层中盾构推进过程进行了精细模拟,研究了多几何尺度下盾构外径、隧道埋深及土层力学性质等非施工因素对地表变形的影响。计算结果表明,盾构机外径的尺度效应和隧道埋深对地表变形影响显著;不同尺度下修正剑桥模型中与土性有关的对数硬化模量λ及泊松比μ与地表变形正相关,而临界状态有效应力比M与变形之间的关系不是单调增加或减小的关系。研究成果为软土地区盾构隧道多几何尺度的模型试验和设计施工参数的选取提供了依据。     

Liner stresses in deep tunnels below the water table

The primary support of a tunnel must be designed to sustain the loads that are transferred from the surrounding ground during excavation. The loads are originated from the ground itself and from the groundwater, if any. For deep circular tunnels, assuming that both ground and support remain within their elastic regime, the load on the primary support does not change with drainage conditions; it is the same whether there is flow towards the tunnel (drained tunnel) or the pore pressure behind the support is hydrostatic (no-drainage tunnel). Stresses and deformations in the ground, however, are quite different, with larger stresses and deformations occurring for the drainage case. In tunnels where there is an impermeable layer between the primary and secondary supports, as the secondary support is placed there is a load transfer from the primary to the secondary support. The primary support unloads and moves outwards, while the secondary support takes load and moves inwards. In tunnels where there is a drainage layer between the primary and secondary supports, the pressure behind the support depends on the discharge capacity of the drainage system relative to the water inflow from the ground. Within the range of cases investigated, the relative permeability factor, r₀K_g/t_fK_f, can be used to evaluate the magnitude of the pore pressure buildup behind the secondary support. Numerical experiments combined with analytical solutions provide a rational approach for a preliminary design of the primary and secondary supports in deep tunnels below the water table, and contribute to identify the load-transfer mechanisms between ground, water, and support.     

基于数值模拟的北京地区地下道路立交隧道围岩变形分析

城市地下道路立交隧道施工过程中围岩变形分析是工程建设中的核心问题。依托北京城市地下道路工程,采用城区地质条件分层概化方法、三维数值模拟方法分析了临时仰拱台阶法（台阶法）、中隔壁法（CD法）、交叉中隔壁法（CRD法）和双侧壁导坑法（双侧壁法）施工影响下的立交隧道地表沉降、洞周变形和塑性区分布特征,明确了立交区域上下层隧道施工的影响规律。研究发现,立交区域同时受到了上下层隧道施工的影响,在地表形成椭球形的沉降盆,在洞周出现了较大的差异沉降|在地表地层和洞周拱脚、拱肩截面的“X”形区域出现了较为集中的破坏区|CRD法和双侧壁法在控制立交隧道地层变形和破坏方面具有明显优势。研究成果可为北京城市地下道路立交隧道设计、施工决策制定提供参考。     

下伏采空区桥隧工程变形及受力响应特征分析

 高速公路桥隧下伏采空区潜在危害性评价及其处治技术的研究,是目前高速公路建设中急待解决且具有挑战性的技术难题。以青岛—银川高速公路下伏采空区矾水沟大桥—师婆沟隧道工程为背景,基于MIDAS/GTS有限元程序构建FLAC3D三维计算模型,分别对分期采矿形成地下采空区、对双层采空区进行注浆处治、然后进行双线桥隧工程施工过程中地表变形响应、隧道初衬结构、桥梁和墩台的变形及受力特征等进行数值模拟分析,揭示不同工况条件下的地表变形程度,确定地表沉陷盆地特征及沉陷盆地中心位置,对隧道初衬结构和桥梁墩台的变形和受力关键部位进行预测。基于双曲线预测模型和灰色预测模型,结合大量现场实测数据,采用误差绝对值加权和最小的准则,借助MATLAB软件计算加权平均数,建立穿越采空区公路隧道地表沉陷预测模型和分析方法。工程实践表明,该工程应用效果良好。研究成果对采空区进行注浆补强处治和加固桥隧工程关键部位设计和施工,具有重要的理论指导意义和工程实用价值。     

地表堆载下盾构隧道纵向非线性变形简化解析解

既有盾构隧道在地表堆载下将会导致纵向不均匀沉降,威胁地铁列车的安全。目前地表堆载下盾构隧道的沉降预测方法没考虑到土体变形非线性的特点。基于所提的非线性地基模型,推导得到在地表堆载影响下盾构隧道纵向非线性变形简化解析解。地表堆载引起的隧道附加荷载通过Boussinesq解估算,通过连续梁模拟隧道的变形,推导得到在地表附加荷载下盾构隧道沉降的微分方程,引入有限差分法与Newton迭代法相互结合数值求解方法。通过三维有限元结果验证了其正确性,可以为在地表堆载下盾构隧道的沉降变形预测提供理论支持。     

Ground and Pile-Group Responses Due to Tunnelling

In urban areas, where many of the high-rise buildings are supported by pile foundations, the number of soft- ground tunnels has increased rapidly during recent years. To minimize the risk of damage as a result of tunnel construction the engineer who designs a tunnel needs to be able to make reliable predictions of the ground deformations induced by tunnelling and their effects on any adjacent pile foundations. In this paper, a closed form solution, developed by the authors, is used to assess the displacement field around the tunnel. The displacements estimated are then imposed on single piles and pile groups in simplified boundary element analyses to compute pile and pile group responses. The analytical method presented in this paper was verified with a case history and with numerical results obtained using FLAC^3D computer software. Comparisons are made to evaluate the group action for various pile group configurations. The influence of various pile lengths and pile locations from the tunnel is also presented.     

New analytical method for predicting stresses around rectangular tunnels under arbitrary stress boundary conditions

Rectangular tunnels are often encountered in geotechnical engineering. To clarify the mechanical mechanism of the stresses around tunnels, this study presents new analytical approximant solutions for evaluating stresses around tunnels under arbitrary stress boundary conditions. The solutions consist of two parts: one is the solution for a half-plane before excavation, and the other is the solution for a half-plane with tunnels. The second part can be further decomposed into solutions of a half-plane without tunnels subjected to virtual tractions along the ground surface and solutions of an infinite plane with tunnels loaded by virtual tractions along tunnel boundaries. An efficient iterative procedure is proposed for determining the two sets of unknown virtual tractions, which are transformed into equivalent concentrated forces to simplify the computational process. The solutions agree very well with the results obtained by the finite element method. A parametric study is finally performed to investigate the influences of the tunnel buried depth, the tunnel shape, and surcharge loads on the stresses along the ground and around tunnels. The new proposed solutions potentially provide a potential alternative approach for preliminary designs of future rectangular tunnels.     

Three-dimensional numerical simulation of a mechanized twin tunnels in soft ground

The increase in transportation in large cities makes it necessary to construct of twin tunnels at shallow depths. Thus, the prediction of the influence of a new tunnel construction on an already existing one plays a key role in the optimal design and construction of close parallel shield tunnels in order to avoid any damage to the existing tunnel during and after excavation of the new tunnel.Most of the reported cases in the literature on parallel mechanized excavation of twin tunnels have focused on the effects of the ground condition, tunnel size, tunnel depth, surface loads, and relative position between the two tunnels on tunnel behaviour. The numerical investigation performed in this study, using the FLAC^3D finite difference element programme, has made it possible to include the influence of the construction process between the two tunnels. The structural forces induced in both tunnels and the development of the displacement field in the surrounding ground have been highlighted.The results of the numerical analysis have indicated a great impact of a new tunnel construction on an existing tunnel. The influence of the lagged distance between the two tunnels faces has also been highlighted. Generally, the simultaneous excavation of twin tunnels causes smaller structural forces and lining displacements than those induced in the case of twin tunnels excavated at a large lagged distance. However, the simultaneous excavation of twin tunnels could result in a higher settlement above the two tunnels.     

城市超浅埋小净距隧道爆破振动响应特性研究

为分析浅埋小净距隧道爆破引起地表及临近先行隧道振动的影响,开展爆破振动现场监测实验,得到了各典型爆破段引起地表及已开挖隧道迎爆侧的振动传播规律。结果表明：地表及邻近隧道对应爆破掌子面前后25m范围内,前方质点速度大于后方,但后方各点的振速衰减比前方快;地表各测点振动速度垂直方向分量最大,切线方向与径向方向相近,已开挖隧道迎爆侧边墙各测点径向方向分量最大,为垂向和轴向的1.5～4.0倍;掏槽和扩槽爆破时受岩石夹制作用大,引起地表和已开挖隧道振动速度相对较大,辅助和周边装药段爆破振动较小;并依据国家《爆破安全规程》,对隧道易破坏位置进行了分析。研究成果可为同类隧道爆破开挖与振动控制提供参考。