区块链在产品溯源和包装防伪上的应用进展

目的 探究区块链技术在产品溯源和包装防伪上的应用现状,以期为区块链防伪溯源体系的研究和建立提供参考。方法 整理国内外文献,系统分析区块链技术的来源和发展,概述区块链技术在实现防伪溯源上的机理;然后总结在食品包装、电子存证和处方药溯源的相关应用研究。结果 相比传统的防伪和溯源手段,区块链技术解决了防伪标签不可靠和溯源信息不完整等问题,其赋能于食品供应链溯源,不仅依靠分布式存储机制保存电子证据,还将处方药溯源和电子病历相结合,实现全生命周期溯源。结论 区块链技术有效解决消费者对食品安全的信任问题,实现可靠且高效的电子存证,为未来医药一体化打下坚实基础。     

基于区块链的二维码包装广告监管和防伪溯源系统

针对广告监管和假冒伪劣商品识别两个问题,设计一个基于区块链的二维码包装广告监管和防伪溯源系统。介绍了3个关键技术:二维码、区块链和Python Django Web框架;对系统体系框架的顶层用户、中间层系统服务和底层区块链网络的需求进行分析,再依据需求分析设计了3个子系统即二维码子系统、广告监管子系统和防伪溯源子系统,最后利用Django框架,使用Python技术与MySQL,采用B/S架构,开发Web应用系统。本应用系统能对商品生产、流通、推广、销售的全过程进行灵活、细粒度的控制访问,提升了商品与服务的品质。     

区块链在食品接触用塑料包装溯源系统的应用

目的 为了解决食品接触用塑料包装在整个流通过程中信息不全面、不及时、易篡改、追溯数据真实性和完整性无法保证等问题,提出一种基于区块链的二维码技术,应用于食品接触用塑料包装溯源管理系统。方法 从目前区块链的应用分析,对区块链技术在食品接触用塑料包装溯源管理相结合的可行性和必要性进行分析。结果 解决了传统食品接触用塑料包装数据容易被篡改、盗用和真实性不足等问题,实现了食品接触材料全过程数据溯源,保证了食品质量安全。结论 可将区块链技术应用于追溯系统的数据存储、信息传递及验证模式。     

上下冲击式速冻机流场和换热特性研究现状

目的 为了提高食品冻结的品质,需要对冲击式速冻机的结构尺寸和内部流场进行优化,改善冲击式速冻机的冻结效率.方法 综述影响该类速冻机换热特性的4个因素,即喷嘴的形状和尺寸,射流阵列的排布,喷嘴到输送带距离和喷嘴间距的改变,速冻机进出口压差等.结果 通过回顾计算流体力学技术和实验研究在这4个方面优化速冻机换热特性的案例,总结了上下冲击式速冻机流场变化的规律.结论 该研究为新型速冻机的优化设计提供了理论支撑.     

Relational Logging Design Pattern

Observability and traceability of developed software are crucial to its success in software engineering. Observability is the ability to comprehend a system’s internal state from the outside. Monitoring is used to determine what causes system problems and why. Logs are among the most critical technology to guarantee observability and traceability. Logs are frequently used to investigate software events. In current log technologies, software events are processed independently of each other. Consequently, current logging technologies do not reveal relationships. However, system events do not occur independently of one another. With this perspective, our research has produced a new log design pattern that displays the relationships between events. In the design we have developed, the hash mechanism of blockchain technology enables the display of the logs’ relationships. The created design pattern was compared to blockchain technology, demonstrating its performance through scenarios. It has been determined that the recommended log design pattern outperforms blockchain technology in terms of time and space for software engineering observability and traceability. In this context, it is anticipated that the log design pattern we provide will strengthen the methods used to monitor software projects and ensure the traceability of relationships.     

Blockchain-driven supply chain finance solution for small and medium enterprises

Blockchain has attracted much attention in recent years with the development of cryptocurrency and digital assets. As the underlying technology of cryptocurrency, blockchain has numerous benefits, such as de-centralization, collective maintenance, tamper-resistance, traceability, and anonymity. The potential of the blockchain technology (BT) is widely recognized in the financial field. Although some scholars have proposed the combination of blockchain and supply chain finance (SCF), the details of this combination is rarely mentioned. This study first analyzes the coupling between SCF and blockchain technology. Second, the conceptual framework of blockchain-driven SCF platform (BcSCFP) is presented. Third, the operation process of three SCF models on the BcSCFP is proposed. Finally, a case study combined with actual events is conducted. This paper has a positive practical significance in the operation and management of banks and loan enterprises.     

运用区块链提升军用食品供应链可信溯源水平的思考

目的 进一步提升军用食品供应链可信溯源水平。方法 借助区块链技术交易透明、防篡改可追溯、保护隐私安全等特性,借鉴世界先进经验,构建军用食品供应链可信溯源方案架构。结果 实现溯源信息防篡改、供应链全流程可追溯、各主体共同维护、数据分散保存,并提出相关配套措施。结论 运用区块链技术构建军用食品供应链可信溯源方案架构,显著提升军用食品供应链可信溯源水平。     

A Scalable Double-Chain Storage Module for Blockchain

With the growing maturity of blockchain technology, its peer-to-peer model and fully duplicated data storage pattern enable blockchain to act as a distributed ledger in untrustworthy environments. Blockchain storage has also become a research hotspot in industry, finance, and academia due to its security, and its unique data storage management model is gradually becoming a key technology to play its value in various fields’ applications. However, with the increasing amount of data written into the blockchain, the blockchain system faces many problems in its actual implementation of the application, such as high storage space occupation, low data flexibility and availability, low retrieval efficiency, poor scalability, etc. To improve the above problems, this paper combines off-chain storage technology and de-duplication technology to optimize the blockchain storage model. Firstly, this paper adopts the double-chain model to reduce the data storage of the major chain system, which stores a small amount of primary data and supervises the vice chain through an Application Programming Interface (API). The vice chain stores a large number of copies of data as well as non-transactional data. Our model divides the vice chain storage system into two layers, including a storage layer and a processing layer. In the processing layer, deduplication technology is applied to reduce the redundancy of vice chain data. Our double-chain storage model with high scalability enhances data flexibility, is more suitable as a distributed storage system, and performs well in data retrieval.     

Secure and Efficient Data Storage and Sharing Scheme Based on Double Blockchain

In the digital era, electronic medical record (EMR) has been a major way for hospitals to store patients’ medical data. The traditional centralized medical system and semi-trusted cloud storage are difficult to achieve dynamic balance between privacy protection and data sharing. The storage capacity of blockchain is limited and single blockchain schemes have poor scalability and low throughput. To address these issues, we propose a secure and efficient medical data storage and sharing scheme based on double blockchain. In our scheme, we encrypt the original EMR and store it in the cloud. The storage blockchain stores the index of the complete EMR, and the shared blockchain stores the index of the shared part of the EMR. Users with different attributes can make requests to different blockchains to share different parts according to their own permissions. Through experiments, it was found that cloud storage combined with blockchain not only solved the problem of limited storage capacity of blockchain, but also greatly reduced the risk of leakage of the original EMR. Content Extraction Signature (CES) combined with the double blockchain technology realized the separation of the privacy part and the shared part of the original EMR. The symmetric encryption technology combined with Ciphertext-Policy Attribute-Based Encryption (CP–ABE) not only ensures the safe storage of data in the cloud, but also achieves the consistency and convenience of data update, avoiding redundant backup of data. Safety analysis and performance analysis verified the feasibility and effectiveness of our scheme.     

CLEC: Combination Locality Based Erasure Code for Permissioned Blockchain Storage

Building a new decentralized domain name system based on blockchain technology is helping to solve problems, such as load imbalance and over-dependence on the trust of the central node. However, in the existing blockchain storage system, the storage overhead is very high due to its full-replication data storage mechanism. The total storage consumption for each block is up to O(n) with n nodes. Erasure code applied to blockchains can significantly reduce the storage overhead, but also greatly lower the read performance. In this study, we propose a novel coding scheme for blockchain storage, Combination Locality based Erasure Code for Permissioned blockchain storage (CLEC). CLEC uses erasure code, parity locality, and topology locality in blockchain storage, greatly reducing reading latency and repair time. In CLEC, the storage consumption per block can be reduced to O(1), and the repair penalty can also be lowered to O(1). Experiments in an open-source permissioned blockchain Tendermint show that CLEC has a maximum repair speed of 6 times and a read speed of nearly 1.7 times with storage overhead of only 1.17 times compared to the current work, a great improvement in reading performance and repair performance with slightly increased storage overhead via implementation.     

Blockchain adoption or contingent sourcing? Advancing food supply chain resilience in the post-pandemic era

In the post-pandemic era, food supply chains and firms therein are facing unprecedented severe challenges, because once infection is detected, numerous products must be recalled or abandoned, and both suppliers and retailers in the supply chain suffer enormous loss. To survive under the pandemic, retailers have adopted different sourcing strategies, such as contingent sourcing, which, in turn, affect the upstream suppliers and hence the resilience of the whole supply chain. With the rapid development of digital technologies, retailers nowadays can utilize blockchain as a reliable and efficient way to reduce product risk and hence advance the resilience of food supply chains by improving product traceability and inspection accuracy, and making sourcing transparent. In this paper, we develop a game-theoretic model to investigate the interrelation between the retailer’s decisions on blockchain adoption and sourcing strategies. We consider that a retailer originally orders from a risky supplier while conducting an imperfect inspection to detect infected products before selling. The retailer may speculatively keep on ordering from the risky supplier or adopt contingent sourcing by ordering from an alternative safe supplier. The retailer also has an option to implement blockchain to improve the inspection accuracy and product traceability. We derive the optimal retail prices under different sourcing strategies with and without blockchain adoption and then analyze the incentives for sourcing strategy and blockchain adoption. Then, we identify the conditions of an all-win situation for food retailer, supplier, supply chain resilience, and consumers with/without government subsidy. Finally, we extend to consider the situation that some consumers have health-safety concerns and preferences for blockchain adoption.     

Data Secure Storage Mechanism of Sensor Networks Based on Blockchain

As the number of sensor network application scenarios continues to grow, the security problems inherent in this approach have become obstacles that hinder its wide application. However, it has attracted increasing attention from industry and academia. The blockchain is based on a distributed network and has the characteristics of nontampering and traceability of block data. It is thus naturally able to solve the security problems of the sensor networks. Accordingly, this paper first analyzes the security risks associated with data storage in the sensor networks, then proposes using blockchain technology to ensure that data storage in the sensor networks is secure. In the traditional blockchain, the data layer uses a Merkle hash tree to store data; however, the Merkle hash tree cannot provide non-member proof, which makes it unable to resist the attacks of malicious nodes in networks. To solve this problem, this paper utilizes a cryptographic accumulator rather than a Merkle hash tree to provide both member proof and nonmember proof. Moreover, the number of elements in the existing accumulator is limited and unable to meet the blockchain’s expansion requirements. This paper therefore proposes a new type of unbounded accumulator and provides its definition and security model. Finally, this paper constructs an unbounded accumulator scheme using bilinear pairs and analyzes its performance.     

Blockchain for trustworthy provenances: A case study in the Australian aquaculture industry

We explore the potential for a blockchain ledger to record supply chain provenances in an inherently trustworthy manner. The use of blockchain in this setting may allow for traceability of products through the supply chain without fear that an item’s provenance is fraudulent or has been tampered with. We compare the desirable properties of a blockchain ledger to those of a traditional database. We also consider challenges to the trustworthiness of a provenance idiosyncratic to the context of supply chains. We present a case study in which we conduct a series of semi-structured interviews with members of the prawn aquaculture industry in Australia. This industry was chosen as it stands to gain from robust provenances due to international competition. We find that blockchain based technology is unlikely to deliver substantial gains to the industry when compared to alternatives. Rather, most gains are likely to arise from the industry becoming digitalized, which would be a precondition for any blockchain technology to be operational.     

Blockchain technology and its relationships to sustainable supply chain management

Globalisation of supply chains makes their management and control more difficult. Blockchain technology, as a distributed digital ledger technology which ensures transparency, traceability, and security, is showing promise for easing some global supply chain management problems. In this paper, blockchain technology and smart contracts are critically examined with potential application to supply chain management. Local and global government, community, and consumer pressures to meet sustainability goals prompt us to further investigate how blockchain can address and aid supply chain sustainability. Part of this critical examination is how blockchains, a potentially disruptive technology that is early in its evolution, can overcome many potential barriers. Four blockchain technology adoption barriers categories are introduced; inter-organisational, intra-organisational, technical, and external barriers. True blockchain-led transformation of business and supply chain is still in progress and in its early stages; we propose future research propositions and directions that can provide insights into overcoming barriers and adoption of blockchain technology for supply chain management.     

What advantages of blockchain affect its adoption in the elderly care industry? A study based on the technology–organisation–environment framework

Blockchain technology is considered a logical solution to the problems of security, privacy and trust in the collection, storage and sharing of data related to the elderly in the elderly care industry (ECI); however, its adoption in the ECI remains in its initial stage. To improve the efficiency of adopting this technology in the ECI and to facilitate decision-making by managers, this study combines the diffusion of innovation theory and the technology–organisation–environment framework models to study the factors affecting blockchain adoption intention in the ECI. In addition, the direct predictors of the relative advantages of blockchain technology in the ECI are explored. Through a questionnaire survey of 124 elderly care institutions in China, we collected 181 valid questionnaires and analysed them using a partial least squares regression structural equation model. The results show that relative advantage, corporate social responsibility, top management support and organisational readiness have a positive effect on blockchain adoption intention in the ECI, while the effects of complexity, government support and competitive pressure are insignificant. However, competitive pressure and government support can indirectly promote blockchain adoption intention by influencing top management support. Furthermore, technology trust and information security positively affect the relative advantages of blockchain technology and indirectly affect blockchain adoption intention, while privacy protection is insignificant.     

基于Hyperledger Fabric的商品 外包装设计产权保护模式

针对传统的中心化模式下外包装设计知识产权登记存在的数据易篡改、易泄露等安全问题和侵权问题,提出一种基于Hyperledger Fabric的商品外包装设计产权保护模式。以Hyperledger Fabric区块链为技术支撑,搭建去中心化、可溯源、内容不可篡改的联盟链网络,并融合星际文件系统（IPFS）,提升区块链网络存储效能。同时运用所设计的多特征分层阈值检测的相似度鉴别算法模型,对商品外包装设计图像进行相似度检测。在保证设计作品原创性的前提下,调用智能合约对其进行上链确权,达到知识产权保护的目的。在包装企业、高校、研究机构等多方参与下应用此保护模式构建联盟链,对包装设计知识产权进行高效保护,这能促进包装设计产业健康发展。     

Hyperledger fabric-based consortium blockchain for construction quality information management

Lack of trust has been an ongoing issue for decades in construction quality management, hindering the improvement of quality performance. The development of mutual trust depends on immutable, traceable, and transparent construction quality information records. However, current information technologies cannot meet the requirements. To address the challenge, this study explores a blockchain-based framework for construction quality information management, which extends applications of blockchain in the domain of construction quality management. A consortium blockchain system is designed to support construction quality management in which participants’ information permissions and lifecycle are discussed. Additionally, this study presents in detail the consensus process that aims to address the problem of information fraud. The automated compliance checking based on smart contracts is presented as well, aiming to assure that construction products meet regulation requirements. Finally, an example of the consortium blockchain network is visualized to validate the feasibility of blockchain-based construction quality information management. The research shows that blockchain can facilitate mutual trust in construction quality management by providing distributed, encrypted, and secure information records and supporting automated compliance checking of construction quality.     

Edge Computing-Based Tasks Offloading and Block Caching for Mobile Blockchain

Internet of Things (IoT) technology is rapidly evolving, but there is no trusted platform to protect user privacy, protect information between different IoT domains, and promote edge processing. Therefore, we integrate the blockchain technology into constructing trusted IoT platforms. However, the application of blockchain in IoT is hampered by the challenges posed by heavy computing processes. To solve the problem, we put forward a blockchain framework based on mobile edge computing, in which the blockchain mining tasks can be offloaded to nearby nodes or the edge computing service providers and the encrypted hashes of blocks can be cached in the edge computing service providers. Moreover, we model the process of offloading and caching to ensure that both edge nodes and edge computing service providers obtain the maximum profit based on game theory and auction theory. Finally, the proposed mechanism is compared with the centralized mode, mode A (all the miners offload their tasks to the edge computing service providers), and mode B (all the miners offload their tasks to a group of neighbor devices). Simulation results show that under our mechanism, mining networks obtain more profits and consume less time on average.     

中央厨房冷链质量安全标准及可追溯信息技术应用

从食品冷链现代化和食品安全出发,建立中央厨房冷链物流质量管理的理论框架,把质量管理的领域拓展到产品整个生命周期.依据冷链物流质量安全管理理论,建立明确的质量安全标准,并通过可追溯信息化技术的应用,协助中央厨房获取冷链质量安全管理需求,并以更有效的方式快速地响应需求,支持中央厨房通过实现产品创新、管理创新、服务创新来提高顾客的满意度,从而保持并扩大企业产品的市场份额,提高企业的综合竞争力.     

Real Estate Management via a Decentralized Blockchain Platform

Blockchain technology is one of the key technological breakthroughs of the last decade. It has the ability to revolutionize numerous aspects of society, including financial systems, healthcare, e-government and many others. One such area that is able to reap the benefits of blockchain technology is the real estate industry. Like many other industries, real estate faces major administrative problems such as high transaction fees, a lack of transparency, fraud and the effects of a middleman including undue influence and commissions. Blockchain enables supporting technologies to overcome the obstacles inherent within the real estate investment market. These technologies include smart contracts, immutable record management and time-stamped storage. We utilize these key properties of blockchain technology in our work by proposing a system that has the ability to record real estate transactions in a private blockchain, using smart contracts. The immutability of the blockchain ledger and transactions can provide a safe space for the real estate business. Blockchain technology can also assist the authentication process by hastening background checks. Personal digital keys are provided to parties that are involved in a contract, thus minimizing the risk of fraud. We also discuss the rationale behind the advantages of using a blockchain in this manner, and how we selected the consensus mechanism for our proposed system.