长期有氧训练对老年人最大吸氧量的影响及有氧训练对策

通过对老年人进行科学监控运动强度的有氧训练,探讨老年人最大吸氧量的可训练性及有氧训练的方法。10名老年人(66±5岁)参加为期12个月的有氧训练,通过心率监测每次训练的强度。结果发现有氧训练6个月后受试者的体重(BW)和体成分指数(BMI)明显下降,而最大吸氧量(VO2max)显著上升(P<0.05);有氧训练12个月后,受试者BW和BMI比6个月前仅略有下降(P>0.05),VO2max则较训练前有更显著的提高(P<0.001)。结果提示,长期有氧训练有助于老年人控体重,且即使对60岁以上的老年人,VO2max的可训练性依然存在,并有一定的提升空间。而以心率监测运动强度,结合多种运动形式和伙伴式锻炼,有助于老年人坚持有氧训练并获得有氧运动能力的提高。     

对国际5种不同运动负荷法测定最大吸氧量的比较研究

测定最大吸氧量的运动负荷法有多种，由于负荷方法不同，测定时所用的时间、消耗的功以及测得的结果都有一定差异，难于相互比较。本文探讨了国际上常用测定最大吸氧量的５种运动负荷法［１Ｗ／Ｋｇ法（Ｎｏｗａｃｋｉ法）、Ｈｏｌｌｍａｎｎ法，ＢＡＬ法，Ｋｎｉｐｐｉｎｇ法，０．５Ｗ／Ｋｇ法］的特点，通过对１５名受试者的试验结果表明，５种负荷法中，１Ｗ／Ｋｇ法所用的时间最合理，消耗的总功率最少，而所达到的生理效应最好（最大通气量与最大吸氧量较高，心率较低，每搏吸氧量较高，负荷后第３分钟的血乳酸值较高），与其他方法比较，多项指标存在显著性差异，说明１Ｗ／Ｋｇ法是５种负荷法中较为理想的方法。     

运动心肺功能的主要指标及其影响因素的探讨

用逐级负荷踏车试验对２４名男女进行运动心肺功能的测定，其中男性１９名，女性５名。结果表明：最大摄氧量、相对最大摄氧量、最大心率、最大氧脉搏、最大通气量受性别、年龄、身高、体重、体力活动等影响。我们分别以最大摄氧量、最大氧脉搏、最大通气量为因变量，以性别、年龄、身高、体重为自变量，利用多元逐步回归分析进行筛选处理，找出其间的相互关系并分别建立预测方程，以便对前来检查者的心肺功能进行综合性的评价，为临床提供参考。     

桑拿脱水和低氧刺激后运动对白细胞热休克蛋白70表达及有氧能力的影响

目的:通过观察桑拿高温脱水和低氧恢复期运动时的白细胞热休克蛋白70(HSP70)、最大吸氧量(VO2max)、血乳酸(BLa)的变化,并与常温条件下相同运动负荷时相比较,探讨桑拿高温脱水和低氧刺激后恢复期运动对热休克蛋白表达和有氧能力的影响。方法:10名身体健康的体育系男性大学生,在三种不同环境下进行递增负荷运动:(1)桑拿前(常温条件,25℃,相对湿度65%);(2)桑拿后(进行桑拿浴之后,常温条件,25℃,相对湿度65%);(3)低氧后(低氧实施期之后,常温条件,25℃,相对湿度65%),分别测试递增负荷运动前安静时、运动后即刻、运动后3小时受试者白细胞HSP70表达、血液SOD活性和MDA含量及VO2max、血乳酸(BLa)和HR等生理机能指标。结果:(1)桑拿前安静时的HSP70(13701.87±5367.17)水平明显高于桑拿后(7517.57±1980.01,P<0.05)和低氧后(2850.79±2233.81,P<0.05);(2)桑拿后和低氧后运动后恢复期除MDA外,HSP70水平、SOD浓度低于桑拿前。(3)桑拿后和低氧后的VO2max及运动时间都较桑拿前略有增加。同时HRmax和BLa浓度有所下降,但无显著性差异(P>0.05)。以上结果表明,运动负荷可增加热休克蛋白70表达量,在桑拿后恢复期有可能具有“应激保护”作用。桑拿和低氧刺激后运动负荷的刺激,增加有氧能力,可能与热休克蛋白合成变化有关。     

耐力训练对青少年运动员最大摄氧量和动脉血酮体比的影响

目的:观察耐力训练对青少年运动员有氧能力和动脉血酮体比(AKBR)的影响。方法:18名青少年游泳运动员4周耐力训练前后,测定其递增负荷运动实验中VO2max、血乳酸和心率变化,以及恒定负荷运动实验后酮体含量和动脉血酮体比。结果:4周耐力训练后,受试者VO2max、最大运动时的负荷、心率、血乳酸水平较训练前显著提高,个体乳酸阈呈升高趋势;递增负荷运动中的摄氧量、心率和血乳酸动力学曲线右移;动脉血酮体比显著提高。结果表明,伴随青少年游泳运动员有氧运动能力的改善,在等量负荷运动条件下其肝线粒体氧化还原状态和能荷增强。     

不同海拔高度青少年最大氧供给和氧利用的特点及影响因素

目的探讨高原青少年最大氧耗量（ＶＯ２ｍａｘ）、最大氧供给量（ＤＯ２ｍａｘ）及氧利用的特点。方法对三个不同海拔高度（２２６０ｍ,３４１７ｍ,４３００ｍ）各１５例健康青少年的氧动力学指标进行测试。用自行车负荷递增法直接测定ＶＯ２ｍａｘ等气体交换指标;耳氧仪同步记录氧饱和度（ＳＯ２）;心阻抗法测定最大心指数（ＣＩｍａｘ）。结果血红蛋白浓度（Ｈｂ）随海拔高度的升高而增大（Ｐ＜０．０５）;ＶＯ２ｍａｘ、ＤＯ２ｍａｘ、ＣＩｍａｘ和ＳＯ２均随海拔升高而下降（Ｐ＜０．０５）;三个海拔高度的最大氧摄取率（ＥＲＯ２）无明显变化;ＶＯ２ｍａｘ和ＤＯ２ｍａｘ在三个海拔高度及总体样本中均呈显著直线相关（ｒ＝０．７７、０．７１、０．７２、０．９８,Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论高原青少年ＶＯ２ｍａｘ降低的原因为ＤＯ２ｍａｘ不足,而非氧利用障碍;ＣＩｍａｘ和ＳＯ２的下降是ＤＯ２ｍａｘ不足的决定因素,同时也是ＶＯ２ｍａｘ降低的主要原因。     

高原低氧对青少年最大氧供给和氧利用的影响

目的:探讨高原低氧对青少年最大氧耗量(VO2max)、最大氧供给量(DO2max)及氧利用的影响。方法:对三个不同海拔高度(2 260m,3 417m,4 300m)各15例健康青少年的氧动力学指标进行测试。用自行车负荷递增法直接测VO2max等气体交换指标;耳氧仪同步记录氧饱和度(SO2);心阻抗法测定最大心指数(CImax)。结果:血红蛋白浓度(Hb)随海拔高度的升高而增大(P<0.05);VO2max、DO2max、CImax和SO2均随海拔升高而下降(P<0.05);三个海拔高度的最大氧摄取率(ERO2)无明显变化;VO2max和DO2max在三个海拔高度及总体样本中均呈显著直线相关(r=0.77、0.71、0.72、0.98,P<0.05)。结论:随海拔高度的升高VO2max、DO2max逐渐下降。高原青少年VO2max降低的原因为DO2max不足,而非氧利用障碍;CImax和SO2的下降是DO2max不足的决定因素,同时也是VO2max降低的主要原因。     

瘦素受体基因多态性与有氧耐力及其训练效果的关联性研究

目的:探讨瘦素受体(OB-R)基因第6外显子Gln223Arg多态性与有氧耐力及有氧耐力训练效果的关联性。方法:对新征入伍的102名中国北方汉族士兵进行为期18周、每周3次、每次5000米、强度为95~105%通气阈(VT)的耐力训练。采用跑台逐级递增负荷运动实验测定受试者训练前后最大摄氧量(VO2max),并在12km/h跑速时测定跑节省化(RE)时的心率(HR)、通气量(VE)和摄氧量(VO2);利用限制性片断长度多态(PCR-RFLP)法进行OB-R基因Gln223Arg多态性解析。结果:(1)OB-R基因Gln223Arg多态性在中国北方汉族人群中的分布频率分别为AA:3%、AG:25%、GG:72%,符合Hardy-Weinberg遗传平衡定律;(2)按基因型分组后,A等位基因携带者(AA+AG)训练前的最大摄氧量相对值明显高于未携带者(GG),其他指标训练前后在两组之间无显著性差异。结论:OB-R基因第6外显子的Gln223Arg多态性与有氧能力可能存在关联,而与有氧耐力训练效果不关联。     

我国优秀男子现代五项运动员有氧能力特征

目的:了解我国男子优秀现代五项运动员的有氧能力特征。方法:测试对象为中国国家男子现代五项队运动员10名,测试最大摄氧量(VO2max),判定运动员的无氧阈(AT)。测试仪器采用德国产Jaeger Oxycon Pro心肺功能仪以及LE6000跑台进行测试,最大摄氧量(VO2max)测试程序是以10km/h、0.5%坡度起始,每分钟递增0.8km/h,速度达到18.0km/h时每分钟递增1%坡度。运动至力竭。结果:我国现代五项运动员的VO2max测值为4.86±0.43L/min和62.9±4.58ml·kg-1·min-1,VEmax为153.8±15.25L/min,HRmax为195.8±12.69b/min,O2/HR为24.67±2.83ml。VT-VO2为3.72±0.43L/min和48.12±3.35ml·kg-1·min-1,VT%VO2max为76.50±4.03,VT-HR为176.5±10.16b/min,VT-V为15.44±0.21km/h。结果表明:我国男子现代五项运动员的有氧能力水平低于其他相关的耐力性项目运动员,应加强有氧能力的训练,提高有氧能力。我国男子现代五项重点运动员有氧能力水平差异较大,应根据个性特征进行有针对性的个性化训练安排。     

超重、肥胖对青少年心肺功能的影响

本研究以４９４名１０－１９岁男女青少年（包括超重、肥胖者８１名）为研究对象，利用判断分析探讨超重、肥胖对青少年心肺功能的影响。结果表明，超重肥胖与正常体重青少年间的主要差异表现在最大氧耗量、是大氧脉搏、最大氧耗量相对值、最大氧脉搏相对值、肺活量／体重和最大耐受时间等指标方面；但各指标的相对重要性在男女孩中表现不同。本文进一步分析了这一性别差异，并对产生该差异的体格发育影响因素进行了讨论。     

跑节省化评价有氧耐力及其训练效果实验研究

目的:探讨跑节省化(RE)指标在表达耐力能力方面的重要程度与应用价值。方法:102名新兵进行18周5000米长跑训练,每周训练3次,以95%和105%个体通气无氧阈(VT)时的心率作为强度控制标准,以Polar心率表作为控制手段。测定其训练前后的VO2max、VT和RE及其相关指标,并运用主成分分析方法对表达有氧能力初始水平和训练效果的不同指标进行重要程度的分析。结果:18周耐力训练使VO2max增加了1.56%,VT-VO2提高了2.59%,而RE各值均显著下降(范围为7.68%～9.43%,P<0.01)。在表达耐力初始水平方面,RE各指标的贡献率较大;在表达耐力训练效果方面,VO2max与RE各指标的贡献率和因子载荷较大。结论:RE在评价普通人群(即训练初期)的耐力及其耐力训练效果方面优于VO2max和VT指标。     

对我国越野滑雪运动员的无氧阈和最大有氧能力的研究

本文报道了我国41名(男19名,女22名)越野滑雪运动员的V_(O2max)和AT。与国外同项目运动员相比,我国优秀越野滑雪运动员的V_(O2max)同某些滑雪运动强国的运动员相似,但AT明显偏低。作者认为,AT低是限制我国越野滑雪成绩提高的主要因素之一。     

最大摄氧量平台出现概率及影响平台的生理学因素研究

目的:探讨最大摄氧量平台出现概率及影响平台出现的生理学因素。方法:以30名体育系大学本科生为研究对象,测试其最大摄氧量,通过采用不同的平滑方式探讨影响平台出现概率的方法学因素,并依据平台出现时间的长短将研究对象分为两组,同时记录心肺功能的相关指标;测试其无氧功率与400m跑运动成绩;通过对比两组人群的有氧能力与无氧能力探讨影响平台的生理学因素。结果:最大摄氧量平台出现的概率随采样时间间隔的延长而降低;两组人群的跑台持续运动时间、达到最大摄氧量的时间、达到最大摄氧量直至运动结束的时间均有显著性差异,而无氧能力无显著性差异。结论:在递增负荷运动过程中,采用不同采样间隔的数据平滑方法是影响平台出现概率的主要方法学因素,心肺功能动用的快慢是影响平台的生理因素,而无氧供能能力与平台无关。     

Effect of high‐intensity resistance circuit‐based training in hypoxia on aerobic performance and repeat sprint ability

Recent acute studies have shown that high‐intensity resistance circuit‐based (HRC ) training in hypoxia increases metabolic stress. However, no intervention studies have yet proven their effectiveness. This study aimed to analyze the effect of 8 weeks of HRC in hypoxia on aerobic performance, resting energy expenditure (REE ), repeat sprint ability (RSA ) and hematological variables. Twenty‐eight subjects were assigned to hypoxia (FiO₂ = 15%; HRC _hyp: n = 15; age: 24.6 ± 6.8 years; height: 177.4 ± 5.9 cm; weight: 74.9 ± 11.5 kg) and normoxia (FiO₂ = 20.9%; HRC _norm: n = 13; age: 23.2 ± 5.2 years; height: 173.4 ± 6.2 cm; weight: 69.4 ± 7.4 kg) groups. Each training session consisted of two blocks of three exercises (Block 1: bench press, leg extension, front pull down; 2: deadlift, elbow flexion, ankle extension). Each exercise was performed at 6 repetitions maximum. Participants exercised twice weekly for 8 weeks and before and after the training program blood test, REE , RSA and treadmill running test were performed. Fatigue index in the RSA test was significantly decreased in the HRC _hyp (−0.9%; P  <  .01; ES  = 2.75) but not in the HRC _norm. No changes were observed in REE and hematological variables. Absolute (4.5%; P  =  .014; ES  = 0.42) and relative (5.2%; P  =  .008; ES  = 0.43) maximal oxygen uptake (VO ₂max), speed at VO ₂max (4%; P  =  .010; ES  =  0.25) and time to exhaustion (4.1%; P  =  .012; ES  =  0.26) were significantly increased in HRC _hyp but not in the HRC _norm. No significant differences between groups were found. Compared with normoxic conditions, 8 weeks of HRC training under hypoxic conditions efficiently improves aerobic performance and RSA without changes in REE and red blood O₂‐carrying capacity.     

Sprint vs. interval training in football

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of high-intensity aerobic interval and repeated-sprint ability (RSA) training on aerobic and anaerobic physiological variables in male football players. Forty-two participants were randomly assigned to either the interval training group (ITG, 4 x 4 min running at 90 - 95 % of HRmax; n = 21) or repeated-sprint training group (RSG, 3 x 6 maximal shuttle sprints of 40 m; n = 21). The following outcomes were measured at baseline and after 7 weeks of training: maximum oxygen uptake, respiratory compensation point, football-specific endurance (Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test, YYIRT), 10-m sprint time, jump height and power, and RSA. Significant group x time interaction was found for YYIRT (p = 0.003) with RSG showing greater improvement (from 1917 +/- 439 to 2455 +/- 488 m) than ITG (from 1846 +/- 329 to 2077 +/- 300 m). Similarly, a significant interaction was found in RSA mean time (p = 0.006) with only the RSG group showing an improvement after training (from 7.53 +/- 0.21 to 7.37 +/- 0.17 s). No other group x time interactions were found. Significant pre-post changes were found for absolute and relative maximum oxygen uptake and respiratory compensation point (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that the RSA training protocol used in this study can be an effective training strategy for inducing aerobic and football-specific training adaptations.     

NRF2基因多态性与中国北方地区汉族男性有氧能力的关联

目的探讨核呼吸因子2(NRF2)基因多态性与中国北方平原地区汉族男性有氧能力的关联性。方法102名无训练史的健康男子进行18周有氧耐力训练,测试训练前后的最大摄氧量(VO2max)和12km/h跑速下的跑节省化(RE)。用PCR-RFLP分析NRF2基因的rs12594956、rs7181866和rs8031031多态性。结果(1)三个多态位点均符合H-W平衡。rs8031031和rs7181866强连锁不平衡(D’=0.966,r2=0.903);(2)三个单点多态性及其构成的单体型与VO2max的初始值及训练敏感性均不关联;(3)rs8031031多态性与RE/VO2(L/min)关联,CT基因型显著高于CC基因型;rs7181866和rs8031031的多态性与△RE/VO2(L/min,ml/min/LBM)关联,AG或CT基因型比相应的其他基因型有更高的训练敏感性;单体型分析表明携带ATG单体型群体的RE/VO2(L/min)训练敏感性最高(P=0.006),比其他群体高57.54%。提示NRF2基因的多态性可能预测部分中国北方地区汉族男性有氧能力的差异。     

Making weight: a case study of two elite wrestlers.

Two mature elite Sambo wrestlers were studied during a 22-day pre-European Championship period, during which they were to lose weight and maintain their top physical performance characteristics. During this time the athletes underwent intensive training coupled with a hypocaloric diet. Both lost approximately 8% of their initial body weight, while maintaining their pre-weight loss maximum oxygen uptake, anaerobic threshold and maximum isometric strength. These variables therefore increased when expressed relative to the lower body weight. Isometric endurance and short-term sprinting ability, however, were compromised by the weight-loss regimen, decreasing by up to 7% and 13% respectively. Following a well-planned weight-reduction programme coupled with serious training, aerobic power and isometric strength were unaffected and/or improved, but prolonged anaerobic exercise performance was impaired.     

有氧运动训练对增龄小鼠线粒体DNA缺失的影响

应用PCR技术 ,检测小鼠心肌、骨骼肌、肝脏、肾脏和大脑等组织mtDNA的缺失 ,探讨衰老及有氧运动训练延缓衰老的可能机制。结果发现 ,老年小鼠各组织mtDNA 3 866bp片段缺失发生率高于青年鼠。在所测的五种组织中肝脏mtDNA的缺失比例最低 ,大脑最高 ,说明衰老线粒体的功能下降是多系统的 ,但程度表现不均衡。长期有氧运动训练可显著减少 3 866bp片段缺失在心肌及骨骼肌中的积累 ,但肾脏mtDNA片段缺失有增多趋势 ,提示运动训练可能通过提高机体心肌、骨骼肌抗氧化应激能力 ,降低自由基影响 ,进而保护mtDNA。     

Physiological characteristics of well-trained synchronized swimmers in relation to performance scores.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between the physiological characteristics of synchronized swimmers and their performance scores. The subjects were 16 trained female synchronized swimmers with a mean age of 17.2 +/- 1.7 years (mean +/- SD). The examined variables were body dimensions (height, width, body mass, circumference of the body and segment length), body composition, isokinetic muscle strength of the elbow and knee during extension and flexion, abdominal muscle endurance, anaerobic power (leg extension power and peak blood lactate concentration), aerobic power (maximum oxygen uptake [VO2max], swimming velocity at the onset of blood lactate accumulation [OBLA-V]), and flexibility (standing trunk flexion, prone trunk extension and distance between the open legs). The performance scores had significant correlations (p < 0.05) with isokinetic muscle strength of the elbow extension and flexion, and the knee extension, abdominal muscle endurance, leg extension power, VO2max x wt(-1), OBLA-V and distance between the open legs. However, no significant correlations were found between the performance scores and anthropometric variables. This study showed that the performance scores of synchronized swimmers correlated significantly with the functional aspects, and that muscle strength, muscle endurance and aerobic capacity seem to be particularly important determinants.     

A new model of short acceleration‐based training improves exercise performance in old mice

In order to identify a more appealing exercise strategy for the elderly, we studied a mouse model to determine whether a less time‐consuming training program would improve exercise performance, enzyme activities, mitochondrial respiration, and metabolomic parameters. We compared the effects of short‐session (acceleration‐based) training with those of long‐session endurance training in 23‐month‐old mice. The short‐session training consisted of five acceleration‐based treadmill running sessions over 2 weeks (the acceleration group), whereas the endurance training consisted of five‐one‐hour treadmill sessions per week for 4 weeks (the endurance group). A control group of mice was also studied. In the acceleration group, the post‐training maximum running speed and time to exhaustion were significantly improved, relative to pretraining values (+8% for speed, P<.05; +10% for time to exhaustion, P<.01). The post‐training maximum running speed was higher in the acceleration group than in the endurance group (by 23%; P<.001) and in the control group (by 15%; P<.05). In skeletal muscle samples, the enzymatic activities of citrate synthase, lactate dehydrogenase, and creatine kinase were significantly higher in the acceleration group than in the endurance group. Furthermore, mitochondrial respiratory activity in the gastrocnemius was higher in the acceleration group than in the control group. A metabolomic urine analysis revealed a higher mean taurine concentration and a lower mean branched amino acid concentration in the acceleration group. In old mice, acceleration‐based training appears to be an efficient way of increasing performance by improving both aerobic and anaerobic metabolism, and possibly by enhancing antioxidant defenses and maintaining muscle protein balance.