亚铁胁迫对水稻生长及矿质元素积累的影响

亚铁胁迫导致植株生长发育受抑制,影响了水稻产量和稻米品质。因此,明确亚铁胁迫的分子与生理机制,对水稻耐受型亚铁品种的选育至关重要。本文选用对亚铁毒害有显著差异的10个籼型水稻品种为材料,通过亚铁毒害胁迫水培处理,研究亚铁毒害对不同基因型水稻生长与Zn、Mn、P、K、Mg、Ca等矿质元素积累的影响。结果表明,高浓度Fe~(2+)处理后,水稻株高、根长和植株(地上部和根系)干物质量均受到显著抑制,同时水稻植株叶片中叶绿素含量降低,SOD、CAT活性和MDA含量明显高于根系,根膜、根系和地上部中Fe元素含量明显增高,而根系和地上部中其他矿质元素含量则显著低于正常供铁植株。可见,过量的Fe~(2+)会对水稻产生毒害,导致植株中Zn、Mn、P、K、Mg、Ca等营养元素严重缺乏,影响植株的正常生长发育,进而影响稻米产量和品质。因此,铁毒害造成水稻植株缺乏其他营养进而影响其生长发育,是铁毒害作用的重要生理机制。     

磷、铝胁迫对玉米幼苗生长和养分吸收的影响

选取5个基因型玉米品种,采用营养液培养,研究低磷和铝毒条件下不同基因型玉米苗期生长状况及对磷、钾、钙、镁、铁、锌的吸收。结果表明,耐低磷基因型玉米品种适应低磷的能力较强,具有较长的根系和较大的根干重,株高受低磷的影响明显小于敏感基因型玉米品种。低磷胁迫增大了植株的根冠比,改变了植株对营养元素的吸收及其地上部和根系的分配。铝胁迫下,铝敏感基因型玉米品种根伸长受到铝的抑制作用大于耐铝基因型玉米品种,各种营养元素的吸收累积明显受抑制,耐铝基因型玉米品种地上部和根系相对干重下降较少,而敏感基因型玉米品种相对干重显著下降。     

不同耐铝大麦品种对铝锰互作胁迫的生理响应研究

铝（Al）和锰（Mn）是限制酸性土壤作物生长的两大主要因素。以耐铝性差异较大的两个大麦品种为材料,研究了不同处理对大麦生长、叶片功能和氧化胁迫指标的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,铝毒害导致大麦根长下降,根系干物质量降低,锰毒害显著降低植株株高和地上部干物质量,铝锰共存时锰加重大麦铝毒害。铝锰胁迫降低功能叶叶绿素含量和光合能力,复合处理下叶片功能指标下降幅度高于单独铝或锰处理。胁迫处理下叶片功能指标的下降幅度以叶绿素a含量和叶片蒸腾速率最明显。胁迫处理对铝敏感品种的生长和叶片功能毒害强于耐铝品种。铝锰胁迫引起大麦功能叶丙二醛（MDA）含量增加,过氧化物酶（POD）和 超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性增强,铝敏感品种增幅更大,复合处理时两品种叶片 MDA 积累量及铝敏感品种 POD 和 SOD 活性增幅显著高于单独铝或锰处理。     

不同耐铝性大麦品种对铝锰胁迫的生理响应

为进一步明确大麦品种对铝锰胁迫的生理效应,研究了不同胁迫处理对大麦生长、叶片功能和氧化胁迫指标的影响。结果表明,铝毒害导致大麦根长和根系干物质量降低,锰毒害显著降低植株株高和地上部干物质量,铝锰共存时锰加重了大麦铝毒害。铝锰胁迫降低了功能叶叶绿素含量和光合能力,铝锰复合处理下叶片功能指标下降幅度高于单独铝或锰处理。胁迫处理下叶片功能指标的下降幅度以叶绿素a含量和叶片蒸腾速率最明显。胁迫处理对铝敏感品种的生长和叶片功能毒害强于耐铝品种。铝锰胁迫引起大麦功能叶丙二醛（MDA）含量增加,过氧化物酶（POD）和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性增强,铝敏感品种增幅更大,复合处理时两品种叶片MDA积累量及铝敏感品种POD和SOD活性增幅显著高于单独铝或锰处理。     

不同供Fe~(3+)水平对玉米苗期生长的影响

采用不同浓度Fe3+-EDTA(0、10、50、100、250、500μmol/L)处理2叶1心去胚乳的正红505玉米幼苗,16 d后测定其株高、茎粗、叶面积、根长、根体积、根鲜重、茎叶鲜重、叶绿素、活性铁含量等玉米生长发育指标,利用DPSv7.05统计分析软件进行统计分析。结果表明,低浓度供Fe3+抑制玉米地上部的生长,高浓度供Fe3+则明显抑制地下部的生长;正红505玉米苗期生长的最为适宜的供Fe3+浓度为100μmol/L。叶片活性铁和叶绿素含量均随供铁浓度增加而增加,二者相关性达到极显著水平,与供铁浓度符合逻辑斯蒂函数模型,并且与植株生长状态(株高、茎粗、叶面积、茎叶重量等)相关性也达到显著水平。活性铁含量和叶绿素含量可作为玉米早期潜在性缺铁诊断的综合指标。     

铝毒胁迫对两种基因型油菜苗期根系形态及生理特性的影响

运用水培法研究铝毒胁迫下两种基因型油菜苗期根系的生长特征及生理响应。结果表明,铝毒明显抑制了两种油菜根系总长、根表面积、根直径和根体积,且随着Al3+胁迫浓度的增加和处理时间的延长抑制效果增强,但湘杂油二号的根系生长受抑制相对较轻。两种基因型油菜根系的MDA含量、质膜透性、根系活力大小均在50 µmol/L Al3+处理时与对照差异不显著,100和200 µmol/L Al3+处理使MDA含量、质膜透性迅速上升,根系活力下降,且胁迫14d的伤害程度大于胁迫7d。在胁迫7d时,两种基因型油菜根系的SOD、POD和CAT活性整体上均呈上升趋势;当胁迫延长至14d时,二者的SOD活性增幅减少,POD和CAT活性呈下降趋势。Al3+胁迫促进了两种基因型油菜根系脯氨酸的积累,在7d和14d时铝毒处理的脯氨酸含量均高于对照;胁迫7d时根系可溶性蛋白含量和抗坏血酸含量先增加后下降,胁迫14d时两者均随着Al3+浓度增加而下降。由此可见,与浙双758比较,湘杂油二号的根系通过相对较高的保护酶活性及非酶保护物质含量来增强对铝毒的抗性。     

土壤高铝低磷胁迫对玉米苗期生长的影响

以酸性红壤为基质,研究酸性土壤中铝毒和低磷胁迫对不同基因型玉米苗期生长的影响。结果表明,高铝低磷胁迫下,玉米总根长变短,根直径、根表面积减小,根系活力、叶绿素含量、光合速率均降低。铝敏感基因型受铝毒的影响较大,而耐铝性强的基因型受影响较小。     

磷对水稻耐铝性及根尖细胞壁组分的影响

 为阐明外源磷供应引起水稻体内磷代谢和根尖细胞壁组分变化进而阐述磷、铝间的相互作用,以水稻菲优多系1号(耐铝毒基因型)和红良优166(铝毒敏感基因型)为材料,水培条件下先用0.5、10和30 mg/L磷预处理9 d,然后用50 μmol/L Al处理48 h,研究铝毒胁迫下磷对水稻根尖的防护效应及磷作用下根尖细胞壁组分变化与水稻耐铝性的关系。结果表明,50 μmol/L Al处理抑制水稻总根长,尤其是在0.5 mg/L磷预处理后用铝交替处理时该作用更为明显。铝毒胁迫下,0.5 mg/L磷预处理时两基因型水稻叶片的丙二醛(MDA)、抗坏血酸(ASA)、游离脯氨酸(Pro)含量显著高于其他处理,10 mg/L和30 mg/L磷预处理显著降低两基因型水稻叶片的MDA、ASA和Pro含量,表明充足的磷供应减轻了铝对水稻的伤害。耐铝毒水稻根尖的果胶和半纤维素2含量在30 mg/L磷与铝交替处理时显著低于0.5 mg/L 和10 mg/L 磷与铝交替处理,根系的酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活性在0.5 mg/L磷与铝交替处理时显著高于10 mg/L与30 mg/L磷与铝交替处理。而铝毒敏感水稻的根尖细胞壁多糖组分含量、ACP活性在不同浓度的磷、铝交替处理间无显著差异。表明铝耐性水稻在缺磷条件下通过提高ACP活性以提供更多的Pi与铝结合钝化铝,在磷充足条件下通过降低细胞壁多糖含量以减少铝结合位点,进而提高铝毒耐性。     

磷对盐胁迫下玉米幼苗脂质过氧化特性及抗氧化酶活性的影响

采用水培试验,研究不同浓度磷对盐胁迫下玉米幼苗生长、叶片和根系中脂质过氧化特性及其抗氧化酶活性的变化.研究表明,盐胁迫下,增施磷可明显缓解盐胁迫对玉米幼苗生长的抑制,各器官含水量增加,改善植株体内的水分代谢状况.随磷含量增加,玉米幼苗叶片细胞膜透性逐渐降低,叶绿素含量增加,叶片和根系中SOD、CAT和POD活性明显增加...     

铝胁迫造成橡胶苗死亡的机制研究

铝毒是酸性土壤中抑制植物生长和产量的主要因子,但其对橡胶幼苗生长的影响研究甚少。本研究设置50、100、200 mmol/L 3种Al³⁺处理浓度,采用水培试验研究了铝胁迫下橡胶幼苗叶片叶绿素含量、叶片相对含水量、根系活力、根系导水率、H₂O₂和O₂^-含量变化。结果表明：叶片SPAD值、叶片相对含水量、根系活力、根系导水率随胁迫时间的延长而逐渐降低,H₂O₂和O₂^-含量则逐渐增加,且浓度越高对各个指标的影响越显著。铝毒害可造成根系活性氧（H₂O₂和O₂^-）的累积,进而造成根系活力和导水率下降,叶片SPAD值和相对含水量下降,最终导致橡胶幼苗死亡。     

低磷胁迫下不同基因型水稻阶段性磷营养特征

采用盆栽试验研究了低磷胁迫条件下不同磷效率基因型水稻在分蘖期、孕穗期和成熟期的磷营养特征。在分蘖期,耐低磷基因型水稻吸磷量无论在何种磷处理条件下均显著高于低磷敏感基因型,低磷胁迫时,除99112T外其他耐低磷基因型水稻的磷利用效率也显著高于低磷敏感基因型;到孕穗期,耐低磷基因型水稻在低磷胁迫时仍具有较高的吸磷量,但是磷利用效率与低磷敏感基因型相比却没有明显差异;至成熟期,耐低磷基因型水稻的磷效率的贡献因子依次为：磷利用效率、吸收效率和转运效率。较低的吸磷量是99012S（低磷敏感基因型）在不同生育时期磷效率低下的主因,在生育前期磷吸收和利用效率低下及后期磷利用效率低下是另一个低磷敏感基因型99056S磷效率低下的主要原因。低磷胁迫还滞后了低磷敏感基因型的磷吸收,并随着低磷胁迫的加剧而增强。     

Effects of Soil Salinity and Alkalinity on Grain Quality of Tolerant,Semi-Tolerant and Sensitive Rice Genotypes

Soil salinity and alkalinity adversely affects the productivity and grain quality of rice.The grain quality of 19 rice genotypes characterized as salt tolerant (T),semi-tolerant (ST) and sensitive (S) was assessed in lysimeters containing saline and highly alkaline soils.Head rice recovery was reduced by salinity stress whereas it was not affected by alkalinity stress.The ratio of length to width (grain dimensions) was significantly reduced in the T genotype even at low electrical conductivity (EC,4 mS/cm) and alkalinity (pH 9.5),whereas in the ST genotype,it was significantly reduced at high salinity (EC 8 mS/cm).There was no significant effect of any levels of salinity or alkalinity on grain dimensions in the S genotype.Amylose content was significantly reduced in T and ST groups even at low EC (4 mS/cm) and alkalinity (pH 9.5) and the effect in the S genotype was only at high salinity.Starch content showed significant reduction at high salinity and alkalinity (EC 8 mS/cm and pH 9.8) in the T and ST genotypes and no significant effect was observed in the S genotype.The effect of both levels of salinity (EC 4 and 8 mS/cm) and high alkalinity (pH 9.8) on gel consistency was observed only in the S genotype.The tolerant genotypes IR36 under high salinity,and CSR10 and CSR11 under alkali stress showed less reduction in amylose content.The T genotype BR4-10,and ST genotypes CSR30,CSR29 and CSR13 showed better gel consistency under saline and alkali stress.Amylose content was affected even at low salinity stress and thus important to be considered in breeding rice for salt tolerance.Overall,the grain quality of T and ST genotypes was less affected by saline and alkali stress compared to S ones.     

Genetic variation in the sensitivity of anther dehiscence to drought stress in rice

Field-based screens for genetic variation in reproductive-stage drought tolerance are often confounded by genetic variation in root depth, flowering date and biomass at flowering. To reduce these confounding effects and to impose drought stress more precisely, we grew contrasting genotypes of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in shallow containers of flooded soil. When water was withheld from the shallow-rooted indica genotype IR64 for 6 days starting at −17, −7, 0, 10 and 20 days after heading (DAH), the impact on grain yield was greatest at −7 and 0DAH. The most sensitive yield component was filled grain percentage (spikelet fertility). Data on yield and spikelet fertility were also obtained for another shallow-rooted lowland indica (BRRI Dhan 31) and two deep-rooted upland tropical japonicas (Azucena and Moroberekan). Compared with well-watered controls, withholding of water for 6 days reduced spikelet fertility by ∼80% in IR64, BRRI Dhan 31 and Azucena but by 22% in Moroberekan. In a detailed comparison, water was withheld from IR64 for 5 days and from Moroberekan for 6 days, starting 3 days before the heading date of well-watered controls. Under these stress conditions, heading was delayed for 4 days in IR64 and 6 days in Moroberekan. Spikelet fertility in the top four rachis branches was reduced by 80% in IR64 and 16% in Moroberekan, a difference attributable principally to reduced anther dehiscence and lower stigma pollen density in IR64. Two properties of Moroberekan may contribute to high anther dehiscence after stress/re-watering: (i) constitutively superior development of fibrous structures in the endothecium at the anther apex and base and (ii) better maintenance of pollen size. All ovaries of Moroberekan received pollen—an average of 60 grains in well-watered plants and 42 grains in stressed/re-watered plants. In well-watered IR64, all ovaries received an average of 31 grains, whereas in stressed/re-watered IR64, 67% of ovaries received no pollen and the remainder received an average of eight grains. Moroberekan may, therefore, be a source of reproductive-stage drought tolerance through genes that maintain anther dehiscence during recovery from low water status.     

HCO3-和高pH对不同锌效率水稻锌及其他养分吸收的影响

 以IR36（锌高效水稻基因型）和IR26（锌低效水稻基因型）为材料研究了HCO3-（10 mmol/L）和高pH （8.0）对不同锌效率水稻基因型锌以及其他元素（P， K， Ca， Mg， Fe， Cu， Mn）的吸收、运转和积累的影响。与对照相比，高pH对两种基因型水稻锌以及其他元素的吸收、运转和积累都起到了一定的抑制作用；而HCO3-处理条件下，IR26对锌以及其他营养元素的吸收受到明显抑制，IR36则表现出较强的适应性，植株吸收和利用锌等其他元素的能力得到维持，甚至提高。这一研究结果表明，提高水稻对高浓度HCO3-的抗性是在石灰性土壤中提高水稻耐缺锌的重要手段之一。     

水稻根尖边缘细胞对铁胁迫的缓解效应

 从20个水稻品种中筛选出较耐亚铁的水稻品种协优9308和敏感品种IR64,采用静置培养（使边缘细胞附于根尖）和摇床培养（移除根尖边缘细胞）,测定根相对伸长率、含水量、根尖保护酶（POD、SOD、CAT）活性以及各根段铁含量,研究边缘细胞对水稻根尖铁胁迫的缓解效应。结果表明,铁毒处理抑制根的伸长、降低幼根的含水量,移除边缘细胞的根相对伸长率以及含水量都低于保留边缘细胞的根,且随着铁毒处理时间的增加,根相对伸长率和幼根的含水量总体呈现下降趋势。在200 mg/L铁毒处理下,根尖保护酶（POD、SOD、CAT）活性受到抑制（除静置培养下协优9308的POD活性外）,摇床培养对酶活性的抑制程度较大。铁毒处理使根段铁含量显著上升,静置培养下根段铁含量从0~2 mm到8~10 mm依次增大,摇床培养除8~10 mm根段外其余均无显著差异。说明边缘细胞在水稻根尖铁毒防御中起着一定的作用。     

水稻锌营养高效基因型筛选的农艺性状指标研究

 以耐低锌水稻品种IR34、IR36、IR8192和锌敏感水稻品种IR26、测64-7、二九丰为材料，采用HEDTA螯合缓冲营养液培养法，在各种锌离子活度（pZn2+）9.7、10.3、10.6、11.0、11.3、>11.5下，研究了水稻锌营养基因型差异在农艺性状上的表现。结果表明，水稻锌营养存在明显的基因型差异，这种差异在低锌离子活度对水稻秧苗的农艺性状影响上有明显的区别，其中出叶速率和相对出叶数、株高尤其是鞘高及最大根长差异都较明显，可作为鉴定筛选锌高效和锌敏感的有效形态指标。低锌离子活度下秧苗缺锌症的出现与否和早迟，也可作为鉴定筛选锌高效和锌敏感水稻品种的指标。另外，这些指标对锌离子活度反应差异最大时的锌离子活度大多在pZn2+10.6～11.0，这个活度可能也是筛选锌高效水稻基因型时的最佳锌离子活度。     

Relation of Root Growth of Rice Seedling with Nutrition and Water Use Efficiency Under Different Water Supply Conditions

The arid/semiarid regions contribute the forty- three percent of crop planted each year. In these regions, rice is mostly grown under rainfed conditions, where the chances plants to face drought are during the growing season. The primary determinant of cr…     

Effect of Phosphorus Deficiency on Leaf Photosynthesis and Carbohydrates Partitioning in Two Rice Genotypes with Contrasting Low Phosphorus Susceptibility

Phosphorus (P) deficiency is one of the major limiting factors to the crop production in most of the soils throughout the world [1]. The traditional way to alleviate P deficiency is the application of P fertilizer. However, the scarcity of P mineral resou…