干熄焦炉内焦炭下降运动的实验研究

采用示踪法和数字摄像设备,研究了焦炭在干熄炉冷态模型内的下降行为,分别针对5种不同的布料及下料方式,得到了3种风帽条件下焦炭下降的特点和规律.实验结果表明:就焦炭总体下降的均匀性而言,椭圆风帽优于高风帽和低风帽,水平料面布料方式优于料峰布料方式,两侧加料(双料峰)方式优于中心加料(单料峰)方式.是否连续下料,并不显著影响焦炭下降的运动轨迹和平均速度的分布趋势.风帽对焦炭下降的影响是区域性的,当料层高度足够时,各种下降条件下风帽的选择不会使焦炭的下降均匀性及顺畅性产生本质的变化.     

Zinc Accumulation and Behavior in Tuyere Coke

A case study of zinc oxide, which represents the first report on the occurrence, crystalline features, formation mechanism, and influence of this mineral in tuyere coke, was conducted in this study. A number of zinc oxides, some of which were in hexagonal wurtzite habit, were observed to distribute mainly in coke pores, cracks, surfaces, and around coke minerals. The accumulation of zinc in tuyere coke may enhance the degradation of coke and increase the generation and accumulation of coke fine in a blast furnace, which would cause bad effect on blast furnace operation. Investigations into zinc behavior in tuyere coke can be important for further interpretations of coke degradation in the high temperature zone of a blast furnace.     

Microstructure of a Variety of Cokes After Alkali Enrichment

 It is difficult to distinguish tamping coke and top charging coke by conventional testing methods, such as cold strength, abrasion resistance, reactivity and strength after reaction. Some of tamping coke′s properties were even better than those of top charging coke, but from practical using effects of blast furnace, tamping coke was not as good as top charging coke. The reaction conditions were featured as high temperature, high alkali condition, intense reaction atmosphere and short time. Distribution of porosity in profile, microstructure and slag forming property of ash were analyzed and following conclusions were obtained. After alkali-rich reaction, there were obvious differences between top charging coke and tamping coke in microstructure. The porosity′s unevenness of tamping coke was greater than those of top charging coke, and tamping coke was with less and big pores in out space and inner part was dense with more throughout pores. After phase diagram and microstructure analysis, it could be obtained that ash forming characteristics of top charging coke were better than those of tamping coke, and top charging coke′s pores were blocked more seriously than those of tamping coke. From analysis of tuyere samples, it could be found that calcium content of ash in coke′s pores was small and it should belong to coke′s inherent ash; kalium (wK=28%) was unusually high in coke, so the situation of high alkali was close to real blast furnace reaction condition.     

Microstructure characteristics of dead stock coke from blast furnace

In order to reveal the relationship between the macroscopic properties and microstructure of dead stock coke, the differences between dead stock coke samples and feed coke samples were compared by industrial analysis, pore structure analysis, BET detection, XRD detection and SEM observation, etc. Dead stock coke samples and feed coke samples were both sampling from the stop experiment of a schreyerite BF in one factory in Xichang. Experimental results show that comparing with feed coke samples, the dead stock coke has significant differences in microcrystalline structure, stomatal structure, mineral distribution. The content of ash in dead stock coke increases, the number of super- atmospheric pores (pore size greater than 1000??m2) increases, the number of micropores (pore size of 0-50nm) and mesopores (pore size of 50-300nm) increase, and the crystallite size increases by about 4 times. In addition, the outer pores of the dead stock coke also adsorb a large amount of slag iron minerals, and the minerals are mainly magnesite, perovskite and iron carbon compounds. Then after the coke drops to the dead column area and stays for a long time, its porosity increases and the degree of graphitization increases.     

Changes in coronary risk profiles in employees after three years of multifactorial intervention

A mathematical model for computing stresses in sutured human skin wounds is presented. The model uses the incremental law of elasticity and elastic constants valid for in vivo orthotropic skin. The model is applied to compute the principal stress and displacements resulting from suturing small elliptical and circular wounds in a large flat sheet of skin, in order to determine the optimal suturing patterns. It is observed that the average stress index for a circular wound sutured toward the center is almost double that of a wound sutured transverse to the diameter. Thus, the latter type of suturing pattern is preferable. Similarly, suturing an elliptical wound transversely produces a lower average stress index than a circular wound of the same area. It is also found that the optimal ratio of semi-major to semi-minor axis of an elliptical wound is near 3 (for abdominal wounds), i.e., this ratio produces the most uniform stresses along the wound edges, where wound healing is slowest. Since high stresses have adverse effects on healing and blood flow, this work, depicting regions of high stresses, may be used along with other biological factors to help predict regions of slower healing in sutured wounds.     

ZnO对焦炭与CO2反应的影响

摘要：锌作为有害元素,在高炉内循环富集给生产带来了一系列不利影响。采用醋酸锌水溶液浸泡法向焦炭中添加ZnO,研究了ZnO对焦炭与CO2反应的影响,采用3D光学数码显微镜对焦炭进行了微观观察,并对反应后焦炭表面形成物进行了XRD分析。结果表明,ZnO对焦炭与CO2反应有一定的催化作用,但焦炭表面的ZnO含量过高会降低其催化作用,其主要原因是ZnO和焦炭灰分中的SiO2很容易形成Zn2SiO4,并会在焦炭表面形成一层壳状物,堵塞焦炭气孔,阻碍焦炭与CO2的进一步反应。此外,锌蒸气较CO2更容易进入焦炭内部,并在其中发生还原与氧化循环反应,对焦炭内部结构造成破坏,从而影响焦炭反应后强度。     

首秦焦炭碳素溶蚀能力与显微结构的相关性

 摘 要： 捣固焦由于成本低且性能指标较好而逐步推广使用,然而首秦高炉在使用捣固焦后出现了炉内压量关系紧张、炉况不顺等问题。为了解这批焦炭的实际性能,进行了反应性试验、差热试验以及光学组织含量分析,结果表明：焦炭光学组织中镶嵌结构有抑制裂纹发展和缓解热膨胀的作用,而捣固焦的镶嵌组织含量较低,因此在高温和冲击受力的作用下更容易产生裂纹;分析6种焦粉失重曲线可以发现,同性组分ΣISO含量高的捣固焦粉从1 000 ℃升高到1 300 ℃过程中汽化反应失重率增加更快,在炉内可能引起的粒度降解更严重,从而造成炉况不顺。     

武钢6号高炉中修炉内残留焦炭分析

 为了进一步研究焦炭在高炉内的劣化行为,探索更加适合高炉的的焦炭评价指标,利用武钢6号高炉中修挖炉缸的机会,从炉内自上而下分层取出焦炭试样,测定分析经高温反应后的焦炭试样的各项理化性能。采用开元5E-MAG6700全自动工分仪测定其水分、灰分和挥发分,采用科翔XQK-2000型显气孔率测定仪测定其显气孔率和灰分。研究结果表明,炉内残留焦炭相对于入炉焦灰分质量分数较高,固定碳质量分数下降明显,焦炭孔隙内滞留大量炉渣。高炉内初渣中SiO2、Al2O3、CaO和MgO质量分数并不高,MnO和P2O5质量分数是终渣中几倍甚至10倍,有相当部分的造渣是在炉缸下部进行的。高炉内碱金属在炉腹下部至炉缸上部富集量最大,锌在炉缸上部富集量最大。通过对高炉中修残留焦炭的研究分析,对焦炭在高炉各部位的劣化行为规律认识更加深刻,并对高炉的特性把握更加准确,可用于指导高炉生产。     

高膨胀澳洲焦煤的配煤炼焦试验研究

澳洲某矿焦煤具有较高的粘结性和丰富的胶质体,国内大多焦化企业将其作为优质焦煤配用。经煤质分析发现,该矿点焦煤流动度低,仅256ddpm,膨胀度高,坩埚自由膨胀序数(CSN)达9,已达到肥煤指标,煤质非常特殊,配用不当,不仅容易产生大量泡焦,而且对炉墙破坏较大,但其单种煤成焦反应后强度高,可替代少量优质焦煤,配用时需控制配合煤的膨胀度。     

空压密封技术在宝钢焦炉上的应用

介绍了空压密封技术的工作原理和在焦炉上的应用实践,并突出了空压密封技术在新建焦炉上所起到的作用以及在蓄热室上的应用。空压密封技术不仅可以修复焦炉炭化室炉墙面的砖缝、细小裂缝,还可以用于检查新建焦炉炭化室的密封性能,减少新建焦炉初装煤时炉体窜漏及炉门冒烟的问题。     

焦炭在白云鄂博矿高炉冶炼中的热态性能变化

 冶金焦炭已经成为现代高炉炼铁技术所需的必备原料之一,被喻为钢铁工业的“基本食粮”,具有重要的战略价值和经济意义。随着低碳时代的来临和大喷煤技术的运用,焦炭的功能逐渐被替代。为了保证炉内的透气性以及透液性,作为高炉软熔带的“百叶窗”,焦炭作为料柱骨架和通道的作用更为突出,因此深入理解焦炭在白云鄂博矿高炉冶炼过程中的热态性能变化对指导白云鄂博矿的高效冶炼至关重要。以从包钢4号高炉中取出的入炉焦与风口焦为研究对象,使用X射线衍射仪、热重立式炉、扫描电镜、能谱仪等分析手段,对比研究了它们的基础特性、灰分的主要物相、反应性(CRI)与反应后强度(CSR)、微观孔隙结构及碱金属的含量及分布,从而得到焦炭在白云鄂博矿冶炼中的热态性能变化。结果表明,高炉中的焦炭在下降过程中发生气化反应,灰分含量提高,挥发分含量降低,SiO₂含量显著降低,但是CaO、K₂O、Na₂O、MgO等碱性氧化物含量有所增加。二次加热前期焦炭发生氮气吸附,质量没有减少反而增加;后期焦炭发生碳气化反应,质量快速下降,风口焦的反应性提高,反应后强度降低。风口焦表面出现了类似蜂窝状的孔隙,且孔隙分布不均匀,特别是被渣铁侵蚀的焦炭基质,其气孔壁变得粗糙,孔隙出现合并。碱金属在风口焦中富集,碱性氧化物含量增加。风口焦石墨碳所对应的(002)衍射峰半峰宽急剧减小,扁平峰消失,峰形尖锐。晶体结构趋向有序,石墨化程度提高。     

低氟烧结矿微气孔的形成机理及对烧结矿强度的影响

通过对低氟烧结矿显微结构的分析研究发现：微气孔直接控制着烧结矿裂纹的产生和扩展，并对烧结矿的强度有影响。低氟烧结矿中的微气孔是在铁酸钙（ＳＦＣＡ）结晶之后及玻璃体凝固之前形成的。低氟烧结矿中存在大量微气孔是由于其粘结相的熔点和结晶能力低造成的。因此提高低氟烧结矿粘结相的熔点及结晶能力是降低微气孔率、提高强度的根本途径。     

焦炭与烧结矿在耦合反应过程中的溶损特性

为了研究高炉冶炼中焦炭的溶损行为,选用2种不同反应性的焦炭考察焦炭与烧结矿在不同温度下的耦合反应,研究不同温度下焦炭溶损与烧结矿还原的关系。研究结果表明,焦炭溶损和烧结矿还原的耦合反应随着反应温度的升高逐渐加剧,且焦炭反应性提高有利于烧结矿的还原。焦炭溶损率与烧结矿还原度呈正线性相关性,焦炭反应性(CRI)与拟合曲线的斜率k呈反比,而与截距b呈正比,截距可以表征焦炭对烧结矿的初始还原能力。耦合反应后焦炭的光学各向异性指数OTI增大、平均孔径和气孔率大幅增大,反应性较大的焦炭易于在焦炭表面溶损,反应后的孔径较大;而反应性较小的焦炭在反应过程中CO₂气体易于扩散至焦炭内部均匀溶蚀各级气孔。     

Infiltration of carbon in pores within coke and charcoal by methane cracking

In order to modify metallurgical coke to increase its resistance to oxidation by CO₂, pores within the coke were infiltrated by methane cracking. Carbon produced by methane cracking can impregnate small pores (about 30 nm < pore radius < about 0.3μm) in which considerable oxidation takes place. This carbon can prevent CO₂ from intruding into these pores, reducing the oxidation rate by one third. Y. Shigeno, formerly Visiting Scholar, Department of Materials Science and Mineral Engineering, University of California     

钾、钠对焦炭劣化作用

为了研究碱金属钾、钠对焦炭劣化作用的区别,首先将焦炭置于不同含量的钾、钠气氛下进行吸附实验,然后对吸附碱金属后的焦炭进行扫描电镜观察、能谱及X射线衍射分析和热态性能测试.由于钠更加容易以表面吸附的形式覆盖在焦炭表面,所以在碱蒸气质量比相同的气氛下,钠的吸附量要高于钾.表面吸附的碱金属对焦炭溶损反应有阻碍作用.在相同吸附量情况下,吸附钾后的焦炭中与碳化学结合的钾居多,反应性更高.另外,钾金属本身对焦炭破坏作用就很大,钾原子会插入碳层引起微晶多维膨胀,使焦炭微观组织产生破裂,并且这些新生的裂纹导致吸附钾焦炭与吸附钠焦炭在溶损方式上的不同.      

捣固焦高温气化反应特性

通过模拟高炉实际条件,研究了温度、富碱条件等对五种捣固焦气化反应的影响,并结合光学组织和微观气孔结构分析了捣固焦在高温下的碳溶反应规律。实验结果表明,反应温度升高和富碱均能较大地提高捣固焦气化反应失碳率。不富碱时,捣固焦气化反应失碳率随温度升高先缓慢增长而后急剧升高,在1000℃以下时反应较少;富碱后,四种捣固焦失碳率随温度升高先急剧升高而后趋于平稳,在1100℃时已达到最大值。捣固焦内部闭气孔比例较大,大气孔较少,微小气孔较多,局部存在盲肠状气孔,反应后大气孔和贯穿孔数量增加。除反应性最低的捣固焦A外,其他四种捣固焦以基础各向异性和粗粒镶嵌结构为主,在1000℃和1100℃时抗碱金属侵蚀能力较差.      

锌对捣固焦和顶装焦气化反应的催化作用

采用液相吸附法研究了不同温度、富锌量等条件对捣固焦和顶装焦气化反应的影响,并结合XRD、扫描电子显微镜和光学显微镜对比分析了锌对2种焦炭气化反应后的微晶结构、显微结构、孔结构的影响。研究结果表明,升高温度和增大富锌量均能使焦炭反应性增大,反应后焦炭强度减小。反应温度低于1 000℃时,锌对焦炭气化反应的影响较小,而在1 100℃时,2种焦炭的反应率随富锌浓度的增大快速增大,且富锌后顶装焦的反应率比捣固焦高约1%~2%。XRD分析表明,锌对焦炭有序化微晶气化反应的催化作用大于无序化微晶,从而导致气化反应后焦炭微晶片层的堆积高度减小,石墨化程度降低。结合扫描电子显微镜和光学显微全景图发现,锌在催化焦炭气化反应过程中孔壁变薄甚至消失,孔面积和孔直径增大,孔的贯穿连通程度加大,为锌蒸气的渗透和气化反应的动力学提供有利条件,导致反应进一步被加剧,但捣固焦较致密的孔结构使其在气化反应中具有优于顶装焦的抗锌催化能力。     

高炉焦炭石墨化过程中的微观组织和冶金性能演变

当前低碳高炉冶炼条件下使得炉内焦炭层变薄,恶化了料柱的透气透液性,焦炭在炉缸高温区石墨化过程中产生的焦粉是导致该现象出现的主要原因之一.为了研究焦炭在高炉下部的石墨化过程对其在炉缸内的冶金性能影响,研究了1100~1500℃不同温度下焦炭的石墨化度改变;同种焦炭石墨化程度与焦炭反应性及反应后强度之间的关系;不同石墨化度焦炭与碱金属侵蚀之间的关系;观察并分析了试验后不同焦炭试样的微观形貌.结果表明,随着温度的升高,焦炭石墨化程度加深,且温度每升高100℃,焦炭石墨化度约提高1.8倍,层间距d₀₀₂值约降低2%,微晶结构层片直径L_a值约提高3%,层片堆积高度L_c值约提高15%;焦炭的表面气孔减少,特别是大气孔减少,焦炭表面镶嵌组织减少,各向同性组织增多,焦炭的结构有序化程度增强.随着焦炭石墨化程度的加深,焦炭的反应性逐渐减小、反应后强度逐渐提高,焦炭表面的劣化情况减弱,生成的大气孔减少,气孔壁破坏趋势减弱.碱金属对焦炭的反应性有促进作用,使焦炭的反应性提高,反应后强度降低.而焦炭的石墨化对焦炭的碱侵害具有一定的抵抗作用,降低了焦炭表面的劣化程度.      

莱钢高炉风口取样研究

通过风口取样,对莱钢1#1 080 m3高炉风口区域焦炭、碱金属以及炉渣成分的变化情况进行了详细的检测分析。结果表明,在高炉结瘤操作时,高炉风口区焦炭粉化严重,死料柱的透气性与透液性差,风口焦炭碱金属含量增加;高炉炸瘤后,随着喷吹煤比的增加,风口焦平均粒度有减小趋势;风口焦样粒度沿高炉径向向炉缸中心减小;风口边缘渣碱度比靠近中心渣碱度低。