轧辊表面CrAlNx涂层的摩擦磨损性能研究

采用真空离子镀的方法在材料为45钢的轧辊表面涂覆Cr Al Nx涂层,优化制备了Cr Al Nx涂层的制备工艺,研究了Cr Al Nx涂层的摩擦性能。通过现代分析手段扫描电子的显微镜(SEM)等方法进行了涂层表面形貌、涂层厚度和磨痕形貌的测试分析,研究结果表明:在GCr15配副件条件下,Cr Al Nx涂层摩擦系数均随速度和载荷的增加而降低,随着加载载荷和滑动速度的增加,GCr15配副件条件下的磨损率增大,其磨损方式主要表现为黏着磨损和磨粒磨损的混合形式。     

不同转速及载荷下炭/炭复合材料的摩擦磨损性能

在MM-200型摩擦磨损试验机上,对3K炭布叠层结构的炭/炭(C/C)复合材料进行低能条件下的摩擦磨损实验,用扫描电子显微镜对其磨损表面形貌进行观察分析.结果表明:在于摩擦条件下,随转速增加,复合材料的摩擦系数降低,磨损量增大.随载荷增加,复合材料的摩擦系数降低,磨损量增大.摩擦初始时主要磨损机理为磨粒磨损和粘着磨损,润滑膜产生后主要磨损机理为疲劳磨损.炭/炭复合材料在低能条件下的磨损是正常磨损,其摩擦系数在0.1～0.2,温度在0～100℃之间.     

不同摩擦条件下MoS2-Ti3SiC2的摩擦学性能

采用热压烧结法制备MoS2添加量为4%(质量分数)的Ti3SiC2复合陶瓷,并研究其与GCr15钢在干摩擦和油润滑条件下的摩擦磨损特性及磨损机制.结果表明,Ti3SiC2复合陶瓷与GCr15钢在干摩擦时,随时间的变化,占主导地位的磨损机制发生了变化,从以磨粒磨损为主转变为以粘着磨损为主.摩擦系数为0.176～0.283,磨损率最大为2.657×10-6mm3·N-1·m-1.油润滑条件下摩擦系数为0.062～0.134,磨损率在10-7～10-6mm3·N-1·m-1之间.复合陶瓷的干摩擦系数略高于单相Ti3SiC2的摩擦系数0.17.     

GCr15及G20CrNi2Mo轴承钢材料微观组织和摩擦磨损性能研究

为了探究不同轴承钢在不同载荷和速度下的摩擦磨损性能,使用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、洛氏硬度计等对GCr15高碳轴承钢和G20CrNi2Mo渗碳轴承的钢组织、物相及硬度进行了表征,利用UMT摩擦磨损试验机对轴承钢材料进行了不同条件下的干摩擦磨损实验,并分析了其磨损性能.结果表明:在该实验条件下,GCr15高碳轴承钢和G20CrNi2Mo渗碳轴承钢磨擦系数和磨损随着载荷的增加而减少,随摩擦速度的增加而增加;且摩擦速度较低时,GCr15 高碳轴承钢的摩擦磨损性能优于 G20CrNi2Mo 渗碳轴承钢,而当摩擦速度为0. 17 m·s-1时, G20CrNi2Mo渗碳轴承钢磨损性能优于GCr15高碳轴承钢.磨损机制结果表明,两种轴承钢干摩擦机制均为粘着磨损和磨粒磨损,且G20CrNi2Mo渗碳钢表面粘着磨损程度较严重.     

"摩圣"(PBC)技术及其摩擦磨损特性

采用液压高精度材料试验机考察了GCr15钢平面-球面接触摩擦副在机油和摩圣机油2种介质润滑下的摩擦磨损性能.用激光扫描显微镜(LSM)观察了磨痕表面形貌并测量了磨损体积.结果表明摩圣具有较好的抗摩擦磨损性能,缩短了磨损过渡阶段的持续时间,减轻了表面粘着磨损、剥落损伤,减弱了磨粒磨损,降低了金属磨损体积损失;载荷与位移幅值增加,摩圣的抗摩擦磨损能力增强.     

载荷对重型车辆发动机活塞环-缸套摩擦学性能的影响

利用SRV实验机模拟重型车辆发动机活塞环-缸套摩擦副的工作状态,测试了静载荷和动载荷条件下摩擦副的摩擦学性能。采用扫描电镜、能谱仪分析了磨痕形貌和化学成分,研究了摩擦副的磨损机制。结果表明:随静载荷的增加,摩擦副的摩擦因数减小,总失重量增加。摩擦副的磨损机理以磨粒磨损为主,在400N条件下活塞环的磨损机理为综合的磨粒磨损和黏着磨损。在低强度和中等强度动载荷条件下,摩擦副的摩擦因数随载荷的变化而呈循环变化,磨损机理以磨粒磨损为主。在高强度动载荷条件下,摩擦副的摩擦因数保持稳定,活塞环的磨损机理是综合的磨粒磨损、黏着磨损、疲劳磨损,缸套的磨损机理是综合的磨粒磨损、黏着磨损。摩擦副的总失重量随动载荷强度的增大而增加。     

C/C复合材料与石墨材料干态摩擦磨损行为

在M-2000型摩擦磨损实验机上,以GCr15钢为配副,对石墨材料和C/C复合材料在干态条件下的滑动摩擦进行研究。结果表明:C/C复合材料的摩擦系数和体积磨损均比石墨材料的低。具有光滑层炭结构 (SL) 的C/C复合材料的摩擦系数和体积磨损量比具有粗糙层结构 (RL) 的C/C复合材料低;低密度石墨的摩擦系数和体积磨损量比高密度石墨材料高。随时间延长,RL结构的C/C复合材料摩擦系数在60、80、200 N时有小幅度的增长,另三种则下降; SL结构的C/C复合材料摩擦系数除60 N外基本保持平稳;石墨材料的摩擦系数随时间延长表现出增长趋势。SEM观察表明: RL结构的C/C复合材料摩擦表面随载荷增加而趋向完整,SL结构的C/C复合材料的摩擦表面随载荷增加变化不大。而高密度石墨摩擦表面比密度低的石墨完整。C/C复合材料比石墨更适宜用作航空发动机轴间密封材料。      

AZ80A、ZK60A和ME20M镁合金干摩擦学性能研究

镁合金被广泛应用于航空航天、汽车及军事等领域,但其摩擦学性能对零部件的服役寿命和可靠性具有重大影响.本研究采用往复式球-盘摩擦方式,通过与GCr15钢球配副,研究干摩擦条件下AZ80A、ZK60A和ME20M镁合金在不同滑动速度和载荷条件下的摩擦磨损行为.采用扫描电子显微镜和能谱仪分析镁合金的显微结构及磨损机理.结果表明:当滑动速度超过0.10 m/s时,随着速度的增加,合金的摩擦系数逐渐降低,而磨损率则先减小后增大,其原因在于摩擦热的作用导致摩擦表面形成了氧化物,同时材料表面软化,剪切力降低,使摩擦系数和磨损率不断减小;当滑动速度增加到0.20 m/s时,摩擦表面温度升高,金属软化导致磨损表面金属氧化物剥落,增大了合金的磨损率.随着载荷的增加,合金的摩擦系数和磨损率持续降低.干摩擦条件下镁合金的磨损机理逐渐由磨粒磨损和塑性变形转变为磨粒磨损、氧化磨损、粘着磨损和塑性变形.与ZK60A和ME20M相比,AZ80A镁合金表现出较好的摩擦学性能,这归因于合金的高硬度、β-Mg17 Al12硬质相的支撑作用以及摩擦过程中形成的氧化物.     

电流密度对Ni-W合金镀层摩擦磨损性能的影响

现有的Ni-W合金镀层摩擦磨损性能研究较少涉及镀层制备条件的影响。在不同电流密度下采用脉冲电沉积法在45钢表面制备了Ni-W合金镀层,测试了Ni-W合金镀层在干摩擦及油润滑摩擦条件下的摩擦磨损性能,并观察磨损形貌,分析其磨损机理。结果表明:在干摩擦状态下,随着电流密度增加,Ni-W合金镀层的磨损量逐渐降低,但摩擦系数逐渐升高,45钢的磨损主要是黏着磨损中的擦伤磨损,Ni-W合金镀层主要为磨粒磨损,个别存在少量疲劳磨损;在油润滑摩擦状态下,随着电流密度增加摩擦系数保持稳定,磨损量逐渐降低,Ni-W镀层与45钢的磨损形式均为磨粒磨损,45钢存在少量疲劳磨损。     

连续制动条件下泡沫陶瓷/金属双连续相复合材料的摩擦磨损性能EI北大核心CSCD

为解决履带式特种车辆机械制动器过热失效问题,采用挤压铸造法制备SiC/Cu和SiC/Fe双连续相复合材料,研究两种材料在连续紧急制动工况和连续高温制动工况下的摩擦磨损性能。结合扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线能谱分析(EDS)、三维形貌仪等手段分析摩擦因数、温度和磨损率的变化规律,揭示相应的磨损机理。结果表明:在连续紧急制动实验中,接触表面经历了摩擦膜形成和层间断裂过程,摩擦因数随接合次数增加略微下降,并趋于稳定。在前40次接合中,SiC/Cu和SiC/Fe摩擦副的磨损率整体下降。在40~60次接合中,SiC/Cu摩擦副黏着磨损、氧化磨损和疲劳磨损加剧,磨损率升高。而SiC/Fe摩擦副以磨粒磨损为主,磨损率较低。在连续高温制动实验中,摩擦因数在前6次接合中逐渐升高,制动时间逐渐缩短。在第6次接合后,摩擦副边缘区域出现的黏着磨损和疲劳磨损导致力矩下降,摩擦因数和制动时间均呈先降后升趋势。连续高温制动过程中以严重的黏着磨损为主,SiC/Cu和SiC/Fe摩擦副的磨损率均随接合次数增加而升高。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.