高龄男性老年人尿碘与甲状腺功能的相关性研究

目的 探讨高龄男性老年人尿碘水平与甲状腺功能的关系,为制订老年人的保健措施提供依据.方法 2010年,收集哈尔滨医科大学附属第四医院老年病房体检的75例临床健康的男性老年人,分别进行尿碘、甲状腺功能检测和B超检查.将被调查的对象分为碘适宜组和碘足量组,比较两组的甲状腺功能指标和B超检测结果.结果 本次调查的75例老年男性,年龄为(79.07±4.78)岁,尿碘中位数为198.4 μg/L.有62.67％(47/75)老年人碘营养状况适宜,但仍有部分个体(6.67％,5/75)处于碘过量状态.碘适宜组TSH水平[(1.91±0.82)mU/L]低于碘足量组[(4.98±0.60)mU/L,t=12.58,P＜0.05],碘适宜组FT3水平[(4.71±0.56)pmol/L]高于碘足量组[(3.31±0.43) pmol/L,t=12.18,P＜0.05],但两组FT4水平[(14.91±3.12)、(14.06±2.79)pmol/L]比较,差异无统计学意义(t=1.4,P＞0.05).碘足量组甲状腺体积[(20.9±6.1) cm3]高于碘适宜组[(17.9±5.6)cm3,t =2.11,P＜0.05].结论 足量碘摄入可能对高龄老人的甲状腺有影响.高龄人群的摄碘量是否应有所降低,应进一步研究.     

酪蛋白对高碘小鼠机体和甲状腺碘代谢水平的影响

目的 观察酪蛋白摄入对高碘小鼠机体和甲状腺碘代谢水平的影响.方法 采用2×3析因设计将小鼠分成6组,每组8只.饮水分为适碘(50 μg/L)、高碘(600 μg/L)2个水平;饲料分为3个水平:Ⅰ为普通饲料,Ⅱ、Ⅲ分别为加入酪蛋白10％、20％的普通饲料.喂养6、12个月后,酸消化砷铈催化分光光度法测定小鼠血清、尿液和甲状腺组织的含碘量.结果 6个月时,50Ⅰ、50Ⅱ、50Ⅲ、6001、600Ⅱ、600Ⅲ组小鼠血清含碘量分别为(85.59±8.78)、(64.59±9.06)、(72.53±11.69)、(110.04±9.37)、(81.06±9.94)、(86.63±19.59) μg/L,甲状腺组织含碘量分别为(0.21±0.09)、(0.29±0.08)、(0.24±0.05)、(0.50±0.10)、(0.37±0.13)、(0.42±0.12)g/kg,尿碘中位数分别为87.5、68.1、105.5、746.5、828.3、1014.2 μg/L.析因分析显示,碘和酪蛋白摄入水平明显影响血清含碘量(F值分别为27.95、18.52,P均＜0.05),但两者无交互作用(F=0.81,P＞ 0.05);甲状腺组织含碘量明显受碘摄入水平影响(F=31.35,P＜ 0.05),且酪蛋白与碘摄入水平间存在交互作用(F=3.34,P＜0.05).12个月时,上述6组小鼠血清含碘量分别为(88.54±12.33)、(72.45±7.73)、(72.93±13.61)、(106.26±12.00)、(90.03±7.90)、(104.88±11.67) μg/L,甲状腺组织含碘量分别为(0.58±0.12)、(0.40±0.14)、(0.69±0.16)、(0.84±0.13)、(0.89±0.13)、(1.02±0.11)g/kg,尿碘中位数分别为104.8、121.5、102.7、829.1、1080.8、895.2 μg/L.析因分析显示碘和酪蛋白摄入水平明显影响血清和甲状腺组织含碘量(F值分别为42.78、7.42和66.62、7.90,P均＜0.05),但两者无交互作用(F值分别为1.93、2.31,P均＞0.05).结论 机体长期摄人碘过多可明显增加血清、甲状腺和尿液中的含碘量,而酪蛋白摄人增多可促进高碘的排泄,部分抑制因高碘摄人而引发的血清和甲状腺含碘量增高趋势.     

妊娠期大鼠不同程度碘缺乏对胎鼠碘代谢和甲状腺功能的影响

目的 研究妊娠期大鼠不同程度碘缺乏对胎鼠碘代谢和甲状腺功能的影响.方法 40只Wistar雌性大鼠按体质量随机分为4组,每组10只,均食用低碘饲料(含碘量为50μg/kg);重、中、轻度缺碘(SID、MoID、MiID)组和正常碘(NI)组饮用含不同剂量碘化钾(0、54.9、163.8、381.7μg/L)的自来水(含碘量为8μg/L),每日总碘供给量分别为1.24、2.50、5.00、10.00μg.喂养3月后与按NI组条件饲养的Wistar雄性鼠交配,以妊娠20 d孕鼠和胎鼠为研究对象,过硫酸铵消化砷铈催化分光光度法测定孕鼠尿碘和胎鼠羊水含碘量,碱灰化砷铈催化分光光度法测定孕鼠血碘和胎盘组织含碘量,化学发光法测定孕鼠血清及胎鼠羊水甲状腺激素水平,检测并观察孕鼠和胎鼠的甲状腺质量及大体变化.结果 ①孕鼠尿碘、血碘,胎鼠羊水碘均随碘供给量减少呈降低趋势.NI、MiID、MoID、SID组孕鼠尿碘中位数分别为353.7、115.9、26.9、0μg/L,组间比较差异有统计学意义(χ2=32.884,P<0.01);MoID、SID组[(29.4±18.6)、(11.7±7.0)μg/L]孕鼠血碘明显低于NI组[(49.1±23.0)μg/L,P<0.05或<0.01).与NI组[(65.4±41.2)μg/L,(0.35±0.14)μg/g]比较,MiID、MoID、SID组胎鼠羊水碘[(48.3±23.1)、(29.2±14.7)、(19.5±6.7)μg/L]呈降低趋势,胎盘组织碘[(0.57±0.26)、(0.53±0.34)、(0.53±0.15)μg/g]呈升高趋势,但组间比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).②SID组孕鼠血清TT4[(14.3±4.1)mmol/L]和FT4[(10.8±3.6)pmol/L]明显低于NI组[(28.4±19.3)nmol/L,(20.2±8.0)pmol/L,P<0.05或<0.01],而FT3/FT4比值(0.34±0.16),甲状腺绝对质量[(48.4±22.7)mg]和相对质量[(144±76)mg/kg]明显高于NI组[(0.16±0.02)、(19.5±3.1)mg,(66±10)mg/kg,P<0.01];MiID、MoID组TT4[(25.5±13.1)、(22.1±6.1)nmoL/L]和FT4[(18.6±8.4)、(18.5±4.1)pmol/L]与NI组比较,有降低趋势,FT3/FT4比值(0.17±0.06、0.19±0.04),甲状腺绝对质量[(25.0±8.9)、(27.0±5.7)mg]和相对质量[(78±25)、(84±19)mg/kg]与NI组比较,有增高趋势,但组间比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);SID组孕鼠甲状腺明显充血肿大,MiID、MoID组轻度肿大.③SID组胎鼠羊水FT4[(1.07±0.87)pmol/L]低于NI组[(2.38±1.55)pmoVL],FT3/FT4比值(1.96±0.61)高于NI组(0.50±0.18),组间比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05或<0.01);MiID、MoID组FT4[(2.77±0.90)、(2.35±0.76)pmol/L]、FT3/FT4比值(0.46±0.15、0.61±0.21)与NI组比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);SID组胎鼠甲状腺有明显充血肿大,MiID、MoID组仅见轻度充血,其大小与NI组相似.结论 重度碘缺乏使孕鼠及其胎鼠均发生了明显甲状腺功能减退症,而轻度碘缺乏通过代偿可使胎儿甲状腺激素维持正常水平,中度碘缺乏对母亲和胎儿均有不同程度的负面影响.     

不同碘营养水平对妊娠期大鼠胎盘激素分泌的影响

目的 探讨不同碘营养水平对妊娠期大鼠胎盘激素分泌的影响.方法 Wistar大鼠225只(雌鼠165只,雄鼠60只),体质量约80～ 100g.将雌鼠按体质量随机分为5组:低碘1组、低碘2组、适碘(对照)组、高碘1组、高碘2组,每组33只.2个低碘组大鼠食用病区粮食,含碘量为13.46 μg/kg,分别饮用含0、5μg/L碘酸钾的去离子水;对照组和2个高碘组大鼠食用普通粮食,含碘量为22.00 μg/kg,分别饮用含50、3000、10000 μg/L碘酸钾的去离子水.饲养3个月,雌鼠与雄鼠合笼交配,于孕早期(5±2)d、孕中期(12±2)d、孕晚期(17±2)d处死母鼠,取血清.采用酶联免疫吸附测定法(ELISA)测血清绒毛膜促性腺激素(HCG)、绒毛膜促甲状腺激素(HCT)、孕激素.结果 孕晚期大鼠血清HCG组间比较差异有统计学意义(F=4.16,P＜ 0.05);孕晚期低碘1组[(16.08±4.45)U/L]、低碘2组[(17.43±2.70)U/L]较对照组[(13.68±3.52)U/L]显著升高(P均＜ 0.01).孕中、孕晚期大鼠血清HCT组间比较差异有统计学意义(F值分别为3.59、3.40,P均＜0.05);孕中期高碘1组[(70.11±10.97 )μU/L]、孕晚期高碘2组[(74.93±13.22)μU/L]较对照组[(57.14±12.56)、(58.17±8.54) μU/L]显著升高(P均＜0.01).低碘1组、对照组大鼠血清孕激素组内比较差异有统计学意义(F值分别为4.06、4.43,P均＜0.05);低碘1组孕晚期[(1462.80±286.48)pmol/L]低于孕旱[(1929.93±158.37)pmol/L,P＜0.05]、孕中期[(1856.44±542.08)pmol/L,P＜0.05];对照组孕中期[(2046.45±475.67)pmol/L]高于孕早期[(1714.39±461.71 )pmol/L,P＜ 0.05].结论 妊娠期母体胎盘HCG分泌在缺碘条件下增加,HCT分泌在碘过量条件下增加.孕激素在重度低碘情况下,随孕期增加而分泌下降,与HCG在孕期的变化趋势相反,易造成不良妊娠结果.     

胰岛素样生长因子Ⅰ在碘缺乏和碘过量小鼠甲状腺形态变化中的作用

目的 观察碘缺乏和碘过量小鼠甲状腺胰岛素样生长因子Ⅰ(IGF-Ⅰ)的水平及在甲状腺形态变化中的作用.方法 选用Balb/c小鼠48只,体质量约16 g,雌雄各半.按体质量、性别将小鼠随机分为3组:碘缺乏组(LI,饲料中含碘量为50μg/kg,饮去离子水);适碘组(对照,NI,饲料中含碘量为300μg/kg,饮去离子水)、碘过量组(HI,饲料中含碘量为300μg/kg,饮水中含碘量14 700μg/kg);每组16只.喂养12周后处死,取小鼠甲状腺,测量甲状腺的绝对及相对质量,HE染色,光镜下观察小鼠甲状腺的形态学变化;RT-PCR法检测IGF-Ⅰ mRNA表达:免疫组化法检测甲状腺IGF-Ⅰ蛋白质表达.结果 小鼠甲状腺的绝对质量和相对质量,组间比较差异有统计学意义(F值分别为315.881、405.921,P均<0.01);其中LI组[(10.71±4.03)mg,(44.98±15.39)mg/100 g体质量]和HI组[(3.42±1.17)mg,(13.50±3.89)mg/100 g体质量]高于NI组[(2.11±0.53)mg,(8.35±1.98)mg/100 g体质量,P均<0.01].光镜下,LI组小鼠滤泡体积变小,数量增多,上皮细胞呈柱状或高柱状,增生呈复层,滤泡腔内胶质减少或缺如;而HI组小鼠发生了胶质蓄积,滤泡增大,未见滤泡增生.甲状腺IGF-Ⅰ mRNA表达,LI组(1.03±0.32)明显高于NI组(0.65±0.19),组间比较差异有统计学意义(F=7.518,P<0.01),HI组与NI组比较有下降趋势,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).甲状腺IGF-Ⅰ蛋白质表达,LI组小鼠甲状腺滤泡上皮细胞内棕黄色颗粒明显多于NI组和HI组,而HI组却少于NI组.结论 碘缺乏和碘过量小鼠发生甲状腺肿,甲状腺IGF-Ⅰ mRNA和蛋白表达的改变,可能参与碘缺乏和碘过量导致甲状腺形态改变的过程,甲状腺白分泌的IGF-Ⅰ在缺碘性和高碘性甲状腺肿形成过程中可能起重要调节作用.     

慢性肾功能衰竭患者继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的外科治疗

目的:探讨甲状旁腺全切加自体胸锁乳突肌移植术治疗慢性肾功能衰竭患者继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的临床疗效。方法:回顾性分析民航总医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科2009年9月至2013年3月收治的32例继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症患者的临床资料,患者均行中央区加前上纵隔清扫切除全部甲状旁腺加自体胸锁乳突肌移植术。比较手术前后症状缓解程度,血清全段甲状旁腺激素(i PTH)、血钙、血磷和血红蛋白变化评价手术效果。结果:手术成功率100%。术后半年内所有患者骨痛、皮肤瘙痒均缓解。肌无力、不宁腿及睡眠质量均明显改善。术后半年血清i PTH[(80.62±81.28)pg/ml vs(1 492.9±1 170.70)pg/ml]、血钙[(2.15±0.33)mmol/L vs(2.39±0.22)mmol/L]、血磷[(1.09±0.38)mmol/L vs(2.25±0.60)mmol/L]和血钙磷乘积[(28.63±10.19)mg/d L vs(67.12±20.35)mg/dl]均较术前明显下降,且统计学差异显著(P0.01)。术后半年血红蛋白[(118.45±11.88)g/L vs(109.60±16.17)g/L]和红细胞压积[(37.16%±3.42%)vs(34.01%±5.25%)]均较术前明显升高(P0.05)。经病理证实,32例患者共切除甲状旁腺121枚,其中108枚位于气管食管沟,9枚位于前上纵隔,4枚位于甲状腺内。结论:中央区加前上纵隔清扫切除全部甲状旁腺加自体胸锁乳突肌移植术治疗继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症安全可靠,初次手术的成功率高。     

酪蛋白和高碘对小鼠甲状腺形态结构的影响

目的 观察酪蛋白和高碘对小鼠甲状腺形态结构的影响.方法 按2×3析因设计将实验小鼠分成6组,饮水分为适碘(50μg/L)、高碘(600μg/L)2个水平;饲料分为3个水平,Ⅰ:普通饲料,Ⅱ、Ⅲ:分别加入酪蛋白10%、20%的普通饲料.喂养12个月后,测定小鼠甲状腺质量,光、电镜观察甲状腺形态结构.结果 析因分析结果显示碘因素明显影响小鼠甲状腺绝对质量和相对质量(F值分别为1623、9.47,P＜0.01),且酪蛋白与碘之间具有交互作用(F值分别为5.29、4.68,P＜0.01或＜0.05).600 Ⅰ组[(7.60±2.40)rag、(143.3-1-43.2)mg/kg]、600Ⅲ组[(8.63±1.88)mg、(166.2±39.4)mg/kg]分别与50Ⅰ组[(5.91±0.82)mg、(117.0±22.2)mg/kg]和50Ⅲ组[(4.90-t-0.63)mg、(106.1±13.3)ng/kg]比较,甲状腺绝对质量和相对质量明显增高(P＜0.05或＜0.01)或具有增高趋势,而600Ⅱ组[(5.76±1.13)mg、(109.8±16.5)mg/kg]与600Ⅰ、600Ⅲ组比较,上述指标明显减少(P＜0.05或＜0.01).光、电镜下高碘组小鼠呈现高碘甲状腺肿、淋巴细胞浸润以及局部细胞代偿性功能增强现象,而随着酪蛋白摄入剂量增高,甲状腺形态结构改变程度明显减弱.结论 长期高碘可引发小鼠甲状腺胶质潴留性肿大和炎性损伤,对甲状腺炎的发生可能具有促进作用,而适当增加酪蛋白摄入可部分拮抗高碘引起的上述改变,对滤泡上皮细胞具有一定的保护作用.     

2009年西藏牧区人群碘营养及育龄妇女血清甲状腺激素水平分析

目的 了解西藏牧区人群碘营养水平、碘缺乏病病情和育龄妇女甲状腺功能。方法 2009年,在拉萨市当雄县牧区和曲水县农区各抽取30户家庭采集饮用水样和盐样检测含碘量;抽取8～ 10岁儿童、18～49岁育龄妇女和18 ～60岁成年男子3类人群,每类人群至少50人,检测尿碘,并对儿童和育龄妇女进行甲状腺触诊检查,检测育龄妇女血清甲状腺激素水平,并诊断个体甲状腺功能状态。盐碘测定用直接滴定法（GB/T 13025.7-1999）;水碘测定用砷铈氧化还原法(GB/T 5750.1-2006);尿碘测定用过硫酸铵消化——砷铈催化分光光度法(WS/T 107-2006);甲状腺检查按照《地方性甲状腺肿诊断标准》(WS 276-2007)执行。结果 牧区和农区水碘中位数分别为1.3、0.7μg/L,二者比较差异无统计学意义(Z=- 1.809,P＞ 0.05)。牧区居民全部食用非碘盐;农区居民碘盐覆盖率为90.0％ (27/30)。牧区人群尿碘中位数(50.2 μg/L)低于农区（193.2 μg/L,Z=- 10.48,P＜ 0.01）;牧区儿童和育龄妇女甲状腺肿大率[1.0％(1/100)]低于农区[18.0％ (18/100),x2=16.8,P＜ 0.01]。牧区育龄妇女血清FT4、TT4水平[(14.0±2.0)pmol/L、(85.6±17.5)nmol/L]显著低于农区[(16.2±6.3 )pmol/L、(95.4±21.1) nmol/L,t值分别为- 2.06、- 2.20,P均＜0.05];牧区育龄妇女甲状腺功能异常率[5.9％(2/34)]显著低于农区[25.5％( 12/47),x2=5.328,P＜ 0.05],亚临床甲状腺功能减退的发生率[2.9％(1/34)]显著低于农区[21.3％(10/47),x2=5.651,P＜ 0.05]。结论 牧区人群碘摄入量明显低于农区,尿碘水平反映牧区人群存在严重碘缺乏,但血液生化和甲状腺肿大率与尿碘不符,仅表现为隐性碘饥饿,未构成甲状腺肿大流行。     

短期铁缺乏对大鼠甲状腺功能的影响

目的 研究短期铁缺乏对大鼠甲状腺功能的影响,并探讨其机制,为碘缺乏病的防治工作提供新的线索和思路.方法 选择健康SPF/VAF级初断乳SD雄性大鼠22只,按体质量随机分为对照组(饲料含铁量为65 mg/kg)和铁缺乏组(饲料含铁量为15 mg/kg),每组11只.喂养4周后,测定大鼠体质量和甲状腺质量,并计算甲状腺相对质量.取大鼠全血并分离血清,采用生化法检测血红蛋白、血清铁水平和总铁结合力;化学发光法检测血清游离三碘甲腺原氨酸(FT3)、游离甲状腺素(FT4)和促甲状腺激素(TSH)水平.甲状腺常规固定包埋切片后,免疫组化染色观察甲状腺过氧化物酶(TPO)蛋白表达情况.结果 铁缺乏组大鼠体质量[(214.3±18.1)g]比对照组[(243.8±16.4)g]减轻(t=4.002,P＜0.01),甲状腺绝对质量[(11.9±1.6)mg]比对照组[(13.4±1.3)mg]降低(t=2.369,P＜0.01),但甲状腺相对质量[(0.055±0.004)g/kg]与对照组[(0.055±0.006)g/kg]比较未见明显变化(t=0.162,P＞0.05).铁缺乏组大鼠血红蛋白水平[(100.4±8.9)g/L]和血清铁水平[(7.0±0.8)μmol/L]比对照组[(146.5±16.3)g/L、(26.1±5.1)μmol/L]降低(t值分别为8.233、12.277,P均＜0.01),总铁结合力[(124.8±6.3)μmol/L]比对照组[(74.0±4.6)μmol/L]升高(t=21.531,P＜0.01).铁缺乏组大鼠血清FT3、FT4和FT3/FT4[(4.71±0.53)、(29.69±2.63)pmol/L、0.16±0.02]均较对照组[(5.69±0.61)、(31.98±2.49)pmol/L、0.18±0.01]降低(t值分别为4.044、2.096、3.255,P＜0.01或＜0.05).铁缺乏组大鼠TPO蛋白表达强度较对照组减弱.结论 铁缺乏可导致甲状腺功能低下,可能与铁缺乏状态下TPO活性降低有关,碘铁联合补充可能会改善铁缺乏地区碘缺乏病防治的效果.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the effect of short-term iron deficiency on thyroid function of rat and its mechanism, and to provide new clues and ideas for prevention and control of iodine deficiency disorders. Methods Twenty-two healthy SPF/VAF level weaning male SD rats were randomly divided into control group(iron content in diet was 65 mg/kg) and iron deficiency group(iron content in diet was 15 mg/kg) by body weight, and 11 in each group respectively. After 4 weeks feeding, body weight and thyroid glands weight were measured, and the relative weight of thyroid gland was calculated. Rat whole blood was collected and serum was separated. Hemoglobin, serum iron levels and total iron binding capacity were tested using biochemical assay;serum free iodine thyroid three original acid (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels were detected by chemiluminescence;after thyroid were fixed in formalin, embedded with paraffin and sectioned regularly, and immunohistochemical stained, the protein expression of thyroid peroxidase(TPO) was observed. Results Compared with control group [(243.8 ± 16.4)g], iron deficiency group of animals had less body weight[(214.3 ± 18.1 )g, t = 4.002, P ＜ 0.01];there was a lower absolute thyroid weight in iron deficiency group[(11.9 ± 1.6)mg]than in control group[(13.4 ±1.3)mg, t = 2.369, P ＜ 0.01], but no significant changes of the relative weight of thyroid gland between the two groups[(0.055 ± 0.004),(0.055 ± 0.006)g/kg, t = 0.162, P ＞ 0.05]. Hemoglobin and serum iron in iron deficiency group were ( 100.4 ± 8.9)g/L and (7.0 ± 0.8)μmol/L, which were less than that in control group[( 146.5 ±16.3)g/L, (26.1 ± 5.1 )μmol/L, t = 8.233,12.277, all P ＜ 0.01]. Total iron binding capacity in control group was (74.0 ± 4.6)μ mol/L and that in iron deficiency group[(124.8 ± 6.3)μmol/L], and the difference was significant (t = 21.531, P＜ 0.01). At the same time, their serum hormones FT3, FT4 and FT3/FT4[(4.71 ± 0.53), (29.69 ±2.63)pmol/L, 0.16 ± 0.02]were lower than that in control group[(5.69 ± 0.61),(31.98 ± 2.49)pmol/L, 0.18 ±0.01, t = 4.044,2.096,3.255, P ＜ 0.01 or ＜ 0.05]. The expression of TPO protein decreased in iron deficiency group than in control group. Conclusions Iron deficiency reduces thyroid function, which perhaps is due to the reduction of TPO activity. Combined supplementation of iodine and iron will possibly improve the prevention effect on iodine deficiency disorder in iron deficiency areas.     

碘缺乏对BALB/c小鼠促甲状腺激素β剪接变体基因表达的影响

目的 制备碘缺乏小鼠模型,检测促甲状腺激素(TSH)β剪接变体(TSHβ-Ⅴ)是否受循环中甲状腺激素的调节,探讨免疫系统来源的TSHβ-Ⅴ在维持甲状腺自稳态中的作用.方法 选用离乳BALB/c小鼠20只,雌雄各半.小鼠按体质量和性别随机分为2组,每组10只.对照组:饮去离子水,普通饲料喂养;低碘组:饮去离子水,低碘饲料(含碘量20 - 40μg /kg)喂养,每日碘摄入量约为0.25μg/d.3个月后处死小鼠,化学发光免疫分析法(CIA)检测小鼠血清中甲状腺激素和TSH水平,实时定量(RT)-PCR法测定小鼠骨髓、外周血、甲状腺、垂体TSHβ-Ⅴ的表达.结果 低碘组小鼠血清总甲状腺素(TT4)、游离甲状腺素(FT4)、总三碘甲腺原氨酸(TT3)、游离三碘甲腺原氨酸(FT3)[ (0.47±0.70)nmol/L、(2.41±0.28)pmol/L、(0.76±0.08 )nmol/L、(4.01±0.40) pmol/L]显著低于对照组[(55.2±3.68)nmol/L、(32.72±1.02) pmol/L、(1.10±0.06)nmol/L、(5.40±0.38 )pmol/L,t=43.81、86.04、9.81、7.51,P均＜0.01];低碘组小鼠TSH[(35.67±17.39)mU/L]明显高于对照组[(0.24±0.10)mU/L,t =-6.11、,P＜0.001];低碘组小鼠骨髓、外周血TSHβ-Ⅴ mRNA表达水平[(9.62±0.60)、(9.25±0.83)]均低于正常对照组(7.69±0.36、7.11±0.41,t=6.77、5.64,P均＜0.001);低碘组小鼠甲状腺TSHβ-Ⅴ mRNA表达(9.32±0.91)与对照组(9.12±0.62)相比较,差异无统计学意义(t=0.45,P＞0.05);在骨髓、外周血、甲状腺未检出天然型TSHβ;垂体中TSHβ-Ⅴ mRNA和天然型TSHβ表达水平(1.99±0.61、- 7.17±1.78)均高于对照组(5.75±0.98、-1.43±0.51,t=-8.02、- 7.60,P均＜0.01].结论 低碘饮食引发小鼠甲状腺功能低下,抑制骨髓和外周血TSHβ-Ⅴ mRNA的表达,提示免疫系统来源的TSHβ-Ⅴ可能具有比天然型TSHβ更重要的免疫-甲状腺调节作用.     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.