Fe2O3/MIL-53(Al)催化类芬顿氧化性能及其作用机制研究

以MIL-53(Al)和铁盐为原料,采用浸渍-焙烧的方法,制备了Fe_2O_3/MIL-53(Al)类芬顿催化剂.通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、射透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)及X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS),对Fe_2O_3/MIL-53(Al)、MIL-53(Al)及Fe_2O_3 3种材料的理化性质进行了表征.以亚甲基蓝为相关材料催化类芬顿反应氧化性能的指示剂,考察了Fe_2O_3/MIL-53(Al)、MIL-53(Al)及Fe_2O_3 3种材料催化类芬顿反应的活性.探讨了Fe_2O_3/MIL-53(Al)催化活性强化的相关作用机制.研究结果表明,Fe_2O_3/MIL-53(Al)的物化结构特征是以赤铁矿为主的纳米Fe_2O_3颗粒均匀、离散地分布在MIL-53(Al)之上,纳米Fe_2O_3颗粒尺寸大多集中在1～5 nm.与未负载纳米Fe_2O_3相比,其分散性和颗粒尺寸都展现出潜在优越性.Fe_2O_3/MIL-53(Al)材料催化类芬顿反应降解水溶液中亚甲基蓝的效果是未负载纳米Fe_2O_3的4.8倍(以反应速率常数计),且TOC去除率亦有明显优势.自由基猝灭实验结果表明Fe_2O_3/MIL-53(Al)催化类芬顿降解污染物的主要活性氧类物质为羟基自由基.MIL-53(Al)孔结构发达、孔分布均匀及孔尺寸较小且均一等结构特征,导致负载其中的Fe_2O_3具有孔道负载量大、颗粒分布离散且均匀、颗粒粒径小且均一等特点,从而强化了纳米Fe_2O_3催化类芬顿反应氧化降解水中污染物的性能.     

深度脱水污泥焚烧过程中调理剂的热转化行为及其对重金属挥发的影响

采用化学热力学平衡分析方法,应用污泥实测数据模拟计算了深度脱水后污泥焚烧过程中调理剂的热转化过程及逸出产物,并预测了含Cl调理剂与CaO耦合作用对重金属迁移转化及排放的影响.研究结果表明,污泥添加单一调理剂Al_2(SO_4)_3、Fe_2(SO_4)_3、FeSO_4、AlCl_3及FeCl_3后,Fe和Al在高温下主要以Al_2O_3(s)和Fe_2O_3(s)存在,主要气态产物是HCl和SO_2.调理剂CaO和FeCl_3共存且含量增加时,焚烧过程中HCl(g)逸出过程变慢,并且Fe_2O_3(s)易于和CaO(s)作用导致Fe_2O_3(s)存在温度区间变窄.污泥未添加调理剂焚烧过程中,重金属Cd、Pb、Cr、Tl、Hg、As易于以Cd(OH)_2(g)、PbO(g)、CrO_2(OH)_2(g)、AsO(g)、Hg(g)、Tl(g)形式挥发,而Cu、Zn、Ni以其氧化物形式存在而难挥发.调理剂FeCl_3及CaO添加到污泥后,重金属(Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn、Ni、Hg、Tl)的分布受FeCl3的影响大于CaO,导致其形成重金属氯化物而挥发,而Cr和As与CaO作用生成CaCr_2O_4(s)、Ca_3(AsO_4)_2(s)热稳定化学物,抑制了Cr、As的挥发.当脱水污泥与含硫化物掺烧时,重金属(Pb、Cu、Zn、Ni)挥发受到Cl的影响大于S,在低温区间其主要以硫酸盐为主,在中高温区间以氯化物存在,而Hg和Tl不受硫化物影响.     

残留过氧化氢对微波-过氧化氢-碱预处理后污泥水解酸化的影响

前期研究发现,由于残留过氧化氢的影响,经过微波-过氧化氢-碱MW-H2O2-OH(p H=10)预处理的污泥进行水解酸化时存在产酸滞后期.因此,本研究通过批量试验,考察了残留过氧化氢对MW-H2O2-OH(p H=10和p H=11,MHO10和MHO11)预处理后污泥水解酸化的影响.结果表明,过氧化氢酶比二氧化锰具有更高效率的过氧化氢分解能力,能够在10 min内完全降解过氧化氢.水解酸化的8 d时间内,四组试验的SCOD(溶解性COD)浓度和总挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)浓度均呈现先增加后降低的趋势,优化水解时间均为0.5 d;MHO10组、MHO10+过氧化氢酶组(MHO10C)和MHO11+过氧化氢酶组(MHO11C)的优化水解酸化时间均为3 d,MHO11组的优化水解酸化时间为4 d.残留过氧化氢对MHO10预处理后污泥的水解酸化有抑制作用,存在产酸滞后期.与MHO10预处理相比,MHO11预处理释放的SCOD提高了19.29%,释放了更多的有机物,进而显著提高了总VFA产量,5 d时总VFA产量显著提高了84.80%,且MHO11组可以轻微缩短产酸滞后期.投加100mg·L-1过氧化氢酶,明显缩短解除了MHO10组和MHO11组0.5 d的产酸滞后期,并提高了总VFA产量,3 d时,MHO10C组、MHO11C组的总VFA浓度分别比MHO10组提高了23.61%、50.12%.MHO10组、MHO10C组和MHO11C组VFA的主要组分均为乙酸、异戊酸、正丁酸,而MHO11组VFA的主要组分为乙酸、丙酸、异戊酸,在各组的优化水解酸化时间,3种主要的VFA组分之和均占总VFA的75%以上,其中乙酸所占比例均在41%以上.     

Co-adsorption of gaseous benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m-xylene (BTEX) and SO2 on recyclable Fe3O4 nanoparticles at 0-101% relative humidities

We herein used Fe3O4 nanoparticles(NPs) as an adsorption interface for the concurrent removal of gaseous benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and m-xylene(BTEX) and sulfur dioxide(SO2), at different relative humidities(RH). X-ray diffraction, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller, and transmission electron microscopy were deployed for nanoparticle surface characterization.Mono-dispersed Fe3O4(Fe2O3·Fe O) NPs synthesized with oleic acid(OA) as surfactant, and uncoated poly-dispersed Fe3O4 NPs demonstrated comparable removal efficiencies.Adsorption experiments of BTEX on NPs were measured using gas chromatography equipped with flame ionization detection, which indicated high removal efficiencies(up to(95 ± 2)%) under dry conditions. The humidity effect and competitive adsorption were investigated using toluene as a model compound. It was observed that the removal efficiencies decreased as a function of the increase in RH, yet, under our experimental conditions, we observed(40 ± 4)% toluene removal at supersaturation for Fe3O4 NPs, and toluene removal of(83 ± 4)% to(59 ± 6)%, for OA-Fe3O4 NPs. In the presence of SO2, the toluene uptake was reduced under dry conditions to(89 ± 2)% and(75 ± 1)% for the uncoated and coated NPs, respectively, depicting competitive adsorption. At RH 100%,competitive adsorption reduced the removal efficiency to(27 ± 1)% for uncoated NPs whereas OA-Fe3O4 NPs exhibited moderate efficiency loss of(55 ± 2)% at supersaturation.Results point to heterogeneous water coverage on the NP surface. The magnetic property of magnetite facilitated the recovery of both types of NPs, without the loss in efficiency when recycled and reused.     

Ammonia and greenhouse gas emissions from a subtropical wheat field under different nitrogen fertilization strategies

Minimizing soil ammonia (NH₃) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) emission factors (EFs) has significant implications in regional air quality and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions besides nitrogen (N) nutrient loss. The aim of this study was to investigate the impacts of different N fertilizer treatments of conventional urea, polymer-coated urea, ammonia sulfate, urease inhibitor (NBPT, N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide)-treated urea, and nitrification inhibitor (DCD, dicyandiamide)-treated urea on emissions of NH₃ and GHGs from subtropical wheat cultivation. A field study was established in a Cancienne silt loam soil. During growth season, NH₃ emission following N fertilization was characterized using active chamber method whereas GHG emissions of N₂O, carbon dioxide (CO₂), and methane (CH₄) were by passive chamber method. The results showed that coated urea exhibited the largest reduction (49%) in the EF of NH₃-N followed by NBPT-treated urea (39%) and DCD-treated urea (24%) over conventional urea, whereas DCD-treated urea had the greatest suppression on N₂O-N (87%) followed by coated urea (76%) and NBPT-treated urea (69%). Split fertilization of ammonium sulfate-urea significantly lowered both NH₃-N and N₂O-N EF values but split urea treatment had no impact over one-time application of urea. Both NBPT and DCD-treated urea treatments lowered CO₂-C flux but had no effect on CH₄-C flux. Overall, application of coated urea or urea with NPBT or DCD could be used as a mitigation strategy for reducing NH₃ and N₂O emissions in subtropical wheat production in Southern USA.     

地表臭氧浓度升高对旱作农田N2O排放的影响

通过田间试验,在冬小麦和大豆生长季设置3种不同臭氧(O3)浓度的处理,包括自由空气(对照,CK)、100 n L·L-1O3浓度(T1)和150 n L·L-1O3浓度(T2),采用静态箱-气相色谱法测定N2O排放通量,研究地表O3浓度升高对冬小麦-大豆轮作系统N2O排放的影响.结果表明,与CK相比,在冬小麦返青期,T1和T2处理都降低了土壤-冬小麦系统N2O累积排放量,降幅分别为37.8%(P=0.000)和8.8%(P=0.903);在拔节-孕穗期,T1和T2处理使N2O累积排放量分别降低了15.0%(P=0.217)和39.1%(P=0.000);从冬小麦全生育期来看,T1、T2的N2O累积排放量分别降低了18.9%(P=0.138)和25.6%(P=0.000).由于本年度大豆生长季降水偏少,受干旱胁迫的影响,O3浓度升高对大豆田N2O排放的作用不明显.本研究表明地表O3浓度升高会减少旱作农田N2O排放量.     

Interactions of sulfuric acid with common atmospheric bases and organic acids: Thermodynamics and implications to new particle formation

Interactions of the three common atmospheric bases, dimethylamine ((CH₃)₂NH), methylamine (CH₃NH₂), ammonia (NH₃), all considered to be efficient stabilizers of binary clusters in the Earth's atmosphere, with H₂SO₄, the key atmospheric precursor, and 14 common atmospheric organic acids (COAs) (formic, acetic, oxalic, malonic, succinic, glutaric acid, adipic, benzoic, phenylacetic, pyruvic, maleic acid, malic, tartaric and pinonic acids) have been studied using the density functional theory (DFT) and composite high-accuracy G3MP2 method. The thermodynamic stability of mixed (COA)(H₂SO₄), (COA)(B1), (COA)(B2) and (COA)(B3) dimers and (COA)(H₂SO₄)(B1), (COA)(H₂SO₄)(B2) and (COA)(H₂SO₄)(B3) trimers, where B1, B2 and B3 refer to (CH₃)₂NH, CH₃NH₂ and NH₃, respectively, have been investigated and their impacts on the thermodynamic stability of clusters containing H₂SO₄ have been studied. Our investigation shows that interactions of H₂SO₄ with COA, (CH₃)₂NH, CH₃NH₂ and NH₃ lead to the formation of more stable mixed dimers and trimers than (H₂SO₄)₂ and (H₂SO₄)₂(base), respectively, and emphasize the importance of common organic species for early stages of atmospheric nucleation. We also show that although amines are generally confirmed to be more active than NH₃ as stabilizers of binary clusters, in some cases mixed trimers containing NH₃ are more stable thermodynamically than those containing CH₃NH₂. This study indicates an important role of COA, which coexist and interact with that H₂SO₄ and common atmospheric bases in the Earth atmosphere, in formation of stable pre-nucleation clusters and suggests that the impacts of COA on new particle formation (NPF) should be studied in further details.     

磁性纳米复合物非均相类Fenton反应催化降解罗丹明B

以锰锌铁氧体Mn0.6Zn0.4Fe2O4(Fe-MNPs)为磁核,利用正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)水解制备得到可磁分离的"核-壳"结构纳米复合物Mn0.6Zn0.4Fe2O4@Si O2(Si-Fe-MNCs),并采用X射线衍射(XRD)、N2吸附-脱附、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和振动样品磁强计(VSM)对Si-Fe-MNCs进行了表征.同时,以难生物降解染料罗丹明B(Rh B)为目标污染物,利用Si-Fe-MNCs催化过氧化氢降解Rh B,考察了不同体系、过氧化氢用量、催化剂投加量及温度等对催化活性的影响.结果表明,当温度为303 K,催化剂用量为0.5 g·L-1,过氧化氢(质量分数15%)加入量为4 m L,Rh B(20 mg·L~(-1))加入量为50 m L时,H2O2利用率为81.3%,罗丹明B降解率为95%,CODC r去除率为98.0%;自由基验证实验及XPS表征结果表明,Rh B与Si-Fe-MNCs催化H2O2产生的·OH反应而得以降解,该反应为固液界面催化反应,FeMNPs中存在的氧空位对催化反应起到协同强化作用.     

Selective recovery of Cu(II) from strongly acidic wastewater by zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate: Affecting factors, efficiency and mechanism

The selective recovery of copper from strongly acidic wastewater containing mixed metal ions remains a significant challenge. In this study, a novel reagent zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate (Zn(DMDC)₂) was developed for the selective removal of Cu(II). The removal efficiency of Cu(II) reached 99.6% after 120 min reaction at 30°C when the mole ratio Zn(DMDC)₂/Cu(II) was 1:1. The mechanism investigation indicates that the Cu(DMDC)₂ products formed as a result of the displacement of Zn(II) from the added Zn(DMDC)₂ by Cu(II) in wastewater, due to the formation of stronger coordination bonds between Cu(II) and the dithiocarbamate groups of Zn(DMDC)₂. Subsequently, we put forward an innovative process of resource recovery for strongly acidic wastewater. Firstly, the selective removal of Cu(II) from actual wastewater using Zn(DMDC)₂, with a removal efficiency of 99.7%. Secondly, high-value CuO was recovered by calcining the Cu(DMDC)₂ at 800°C, with a copper recovery efficiency of 98.3%. Moreover, the residual As(III) and Cd(II) were removed by introducing H₂S gas, and the purified acidic wastewater was used to dissolve ZnO for preparation of valuable ZnSO₄·H₂O. The total economic benefit of resource recovery is estimated to be 11.54 $/m³. Accordingly, this study provides a new route for the resource recovery of the treatment of copper-containing acidic wastewater.     

氢氧化镁对水体内源磷释放的控制作用

本研究首先通过批量实验考察了氢氧化镁对水中磷酸盐的吸附性能,再通过底泥模拟释放实验考察了氢氧化镁覆盖和添加控制底泥中磷向上覆水体释放的效果及机制.结果表明,氢氧化镁对水中磷酸盐具有良好的吸附能力,其投加量的增加有利于水中磷酸盐被其所吸附去除,与Langmuir模型相比,其对水中磷酸盐的等温吸附行为更适合采用Freundlich和Dubinin-Radushkevitch （D-R）模型加以描述.氢氧化镁覆盖可以有效地控制底泥中磷向上覆水体的释放,使得上覆水中SRP浓度处于较低的水平,即使覆盖层的结构完整性受到扰动破坏而导致覆盖材料与表层底泥的混合,氢氧化镁仍然可以有效地控制底泥中磷向上覆水体的释放.氢氧化镁覆盖和添加均可以有效地降低最上层（0~10 mm）底泥间隙水中SRP的浓度,这对于其覆盖和添加有效控制底泥中磷向上覆水体的释放是至关重要的.人工合成的氢氧化镁对水中磷酸盐的吸附性能优于商业购买的氢氧化镁,前者控制水体内源磷向上覆水体释放的效果也优于后者.以上结果显示,氢氧化镁是一种有希望用于控制水体底泥内源磷释放的活性覆盖和改良材料.     

Catalytic oxidation effect of MnSO4 on As(III) by air in alkaline solution

The catalytic oxidation effect of MnSO₄ on As(III) by air in an alkaline solution was investigated. According to the X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM-EDS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis results of the product, it was shown that the introduction of MnSO₄ in the form of solution would generate Na_0.55Mn₂O₄·1.5H₂O with strong catalytic oxidation ability in the aerobic alkaline solution, whereas the catalytic effect of the other product MnOOH is not satisfactory. Under the optimal reaction conditions of temperature 90°C, As/Mn molar ratio 12.74:1, air flow rate 1.0 L/min, and stirring speed 300 r/min, As(III) can be completely oxidized after 2 hr reaction. The excellent catalytic oxidation ability of MnSO₄ on As(III) was mainly attributed to the indirect oxidation of As(III) by the product Na_0.55Mn₂O₄·1.5H₂O. This study shows a convenient and efficient process for the oxidation of As(III) in alkali solutions, which has potential application value for the pre-oxidation of arsenic-containing solution or the detoxification of As(III).     

pH对过一硫酸氢盐湿法氧化去除甲硫醇恶臭气体的影响

以过一硫酸氢盐(PMS)作为氧化剂,利用化学吸收氧化法去除甲硫醇(CH3SH)恶臭气体.研究了p H(2~13)对CH3SH吸收过程、PMS氧化降解CH3SH过程的影响.结果表明,PMS不同于H2O2,在p H小于CH3SH p Ka(10.3)的弱碱性条件(p H=8~10)下,也可以有效去除CH3SH,而此时H2O2对CH3SH没有去除效果.可能的原因是,在弱碱性条件(p H=8~10)下PMS或可能产生的活性物种在气液相界面直接快速氧化CH3SH分子.     

Preparation and characterization of Pd/Fe bimetallic nanoparticles immobilized on Al2O3/PVDF membrane: Parameter optimization and dechlorination of dichloroacetic acid

Using a liquid–solid phase inversion method, a hybrid matrix poly(vinylidene fluoride)(PVDF) membrane was prepared with alumina(Al2O3) nanoparticle addition. Pd/Fe nanoparticles(NPs) were successfully immobilized on the Al2O3/PVDF membrane, which was characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy(SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy(TEM). The micrographs showed that the Pd/Fe NPs were dispersed homogeneously. Several important experimental parameters were optimized, including the mechanical properties, contact angle and surface area of Al2O3/PVDF composite membranes with different Al2O3 contents. At the same time, the ferrous ion concentration and the effect of hydrophilization were studied. The results showed that the modified Al2O3/PVDF membrane functioned well as a support. The Al2O3/PVDF membrane with immobilized Pd/Fe NPs exhibited high efficiency in terms of dichloroacetic acid(DCAA) dechlorination. Additionally, a reaction pathway for DCAA dechlorination by Pd/Fe NPs immobilized on the Al2O3/PVDF membrane system was proposed.     

南昌市城市空气PM2.5和PM10时空变异特征及其与景观格局的关系

基于2013—2015年南昌市9个空气环境监测点的连续数据,分析了空气PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)质量浓度(以下简称浓度)的时空变异规律,并以景观格局指数为定量指标,研究了监测点的两种颗粒物浓度与其周边500 m半径、1000 m半径缓冲区的土地利用状况的关系.结果表明:(1)南昌市3年来PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)浓度逐年显著降低.(2)通过聚类分析,9个监测站依据颗粒物污染可分为4大类,表现出一致的城乡梯度差异.(3)在斑块类型水平上,PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)浓度与500、1000 m半径缓冲区的C-PLAND(建筑用地覆盖率)、C-SHDI(建筑用地多样性指数)显著正相关,与1000m缓冲区的F-ED(林地边界密度)显著正相关;与F-PLAND(林地覆盖率)、C-Fi(建筑用地分离度指数)、F-MPS(林地平均斑块面积)显著负相关.在景观水平上,PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)浓度在500 m缓冲区与LPI(最大斑块所占景观比例)显著负相关;与1000 m缓冲区的MPS(平均斑块面积)显著负相关.景观格局指数直接反映土地利用状况,它与PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)浓度的相关性,表现出生态学中典型的"源汇景观"关系.     

淀粉稳定Fe3O4纳米粒子对水中As(V)的吸附特性研究

以可溶性淀粉作为稳定剂制备纳米Fe_3O_4粒子,探讨了反应时间、p H值、初始砷浓度和腐殖酸对Fe_3O_4纳米粒子吸附水体中As(V)的吸附效果影响.实验结果表明,淀粉稳定的Fe_3O_4纳米粒子对水体中As(V)的吸附动力学过程符合准二级动力学,吸附等温线符合Langmuir吸附模型;吸附容量随着溶液p H的增加逐渐降低,在p H为8.0的弱碱性水体中对As(V)的最大吸附容量可达202.56 mg·g~(-1);此外,腐殖酸(HA)能降低纳米粒子对As(V)的吸附能力.     

Capture of carbon dioxide from flue gas on TEPA-grafted metal-organic framework Mg2(dobdc)

Carbon dioxide （CO2） adsorption on a standard metal-organic framework Mg2（dobdc） （Mg/DOBDC or Mg-MOF-74） and a tetraethylenepentamine （TEPA） modified Mgz（dobdc） （TEPA-Mg/DOBDC） were investigated and compared. The structural information, surface chemistry and thermal behavior of the adsorbent samples were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction （XRD）, infrared spectroscopy （IR）, thermogravimetric analysis （TGA） and nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherm analysis. CO2 adsorption capacity was measured by dynamic adsorption experiments with N2-CO2 mixed gases at 60℃. Results showed that the CO2 adsorption capacity of Mg/DOBDC was significantly improved after amine modification, with an increase from 2.67 to 6.06 mmol CO2/g adsorbent. Moreover, CO2 adsorption on the TEPA-Mg/DOBDC adsorbent was promoted by water vapor, and the adsorption capacity was enhanced to 8.31 mmol CO2/g absorbent. The adsorption capacity of the TEPA-Mg/DOBDC adsorbent dropped only 3% after 5 consecutive adsorption]desorption cycles. Therefore, this kind of adsorbent can be considered as a promising material for the capture of CO2 from flue gas.     

温和条件下磁性Pd-MgFe2O4/MgAl(O)催化4-氯苯酚高效加氢脱氯

以镁铁尖晶石MgFe₂O₄为磁核,在磁核表层包覆MgAl水滑石后经高温焙烧形成MgAl （O）复合氧化物包覆的磁性载体MgFe₂O₄/MgAl （O）,进而负载纳米金属Pd制成磁性催化剂Pd-MgFe₂O₄/MgAl （O）.通过X射线衍射（XRD）、X射线光电子能谱分析（XPS）、傅里叶红外光谱（FT-IR）、透射电镜（TEM）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、选区电子衍射（SAED）、比表面积（S_BET）和振动样品磁强计（VSM）等手段对催化材料进行表征.结果表明,MgFe₂O₄-LDH转化为磁性MgFe₂O₄/MgAl （O）载体有利于催化材料比表面积的增加、结构稳定性的提升及相应催化活性位点的增加,进而有利于提升4-氯苯酚高效加氢脱氯效率.研究进一步考察了催化剂负载量、催化剂用量、底物浓度、反应温度、反应溶剂等条件对4-氯苯酚降解效率的影响.结果发现,在优化反应条件下催化反应的转换频率TOF （0.04 s^-1）可媲美常温、常压、无碱性添加剂等温和条件下4-氯苯酚高效加氢脱氯反应的最佳文献报道水平.磁性催化剂Pd-MgFe₂O₄/MgAl （O）循环使用4次后仍保持很好的催化活性.     

土壤锌、铜、铁、锰形态区分方法的选择

用化学连续提取的方法将土壤中的锌、铜、铁、锰依结合状态区分为交换态、碳酸盐结合态(石灰性土壤)、氧化锰结合态、有机结合态、无定形氧化铁结合态、晶形氧化铁结合态和硅铝酸盐矿物态.初步认为选定的形态及提取方法适于土壤中锌、铜、铁、锰等元素的研究.     

福建省4种主要乔木枝叶燃烧含碳物质排放特性分析

森林可燃物燃烧释放的大量含碳物质对大气环境和生态系统碳平衡具有重要影响,揭示森林可燃物燃烧的含碳物质排放特性具有重要的科学意义.运用自主设计的生物质燃烧系统,模拟福建省4种主要乔木树种——马尾松、杉木、樟树、桉树的枝、叶燃烧,分析其在不同燃烧状态（阴燃、明燃）下含碳气体（CO、CO₂、C_xH_y）和PM_2.5的排放因子（分别以EF_CO2、EF_CO、EF_CxHy、EF_PM2.5表示）及PM_2.5中的碳质组分之间的差异性.结果表明,马尾松、杉木、樟树、桉树燃烧排放的含碳气体、PM_2.5的排放因子及PM_2.5的碳质组分在不同燃烧状态下差异较大,阴燃时EF_CO2、EF_CO、EF_CxHy、EF_PM2.5平均值在分别为（1 400.7±76.5）（297.6±16.2）（25.2±3.9）（23.9±4.3）g/kg,明燃时分别为（1 582.8±73.2）（253.6±16.1）（17.2±3.7）（8.4±2.8）g/kg,除CO₂外其他多为阴燃显著高于明燃.针叶树种（杉木、马尾松）枝、叶在阴燃时EF_PM2.5高于阔叶树种（樟树、桉树）,而明燃时差异相对较小.PM_2.5中OC（有机碳）、EC（元素碳）、TC（OC+EC）的质量分数阴燃时分别为45.6%、12.0%、57.6%,明燃时分别为42.9%、17.6%、60.5%.EF_OC/EF_PM2.5、EF_EC/EF_PM2.5、EF_OC/EF_EC在两种燃烧状态下具有不同的特征,其特征值可作为区分不同燃烧源或不同燃烧状态的指标;EF_OC/EF_PM2.5在明燃和阴燃时差异不大,平均值分别为0.49、0.46;EF_EC/EF_PM2.5明燃显著高于阴燃,平均值分别为0.18、0.12;4种乔木的枝、叶燃烧的EF_OC/EF_EC明燃低于阴燃,平均值分别为2.59和4.01.在两种燃烧状态下OC与PM_2.5的排放因子均呈显著相关.研究显示,不同燃烧条件以及不同燃料燃烧对排放含碳物质具有显著影响.      

Amino-functionalized core-shell magnetic mesoporous composite microspheres for Pb(II) and Cd(II) removal

Amino-functionalized Fe3O4@mesoporous SiO/ core-shell composite microspheres NH2-MS in created in multiple synthesis steps have been investigated for Pb（Ⅱ） and Cd（Ⅱ） adsorption. The microspheres were characterized by transmission electron microscope （TEM）, scanning electron microscope （SEM）, N2 adsorption-desorption, zeta potential measurements and vibrating sample magnetometer. Batch adsorption tests indicated that NH2-MS exhibited higher adsorption affinity toward Pb（Ⅱ） and Cd（Ⅱ） than MS did. The Langmuir model could fit the adsorption isotherm very well with maximum adsorption capacity of 128.21 and 51.81 mg/g for Pb（Ⅱ） and Cd（Ⅱ）, respectively, implying that adsorption processes involved monolayer adsorption. Pb（Ⅱ） and Cd（Ⅱ） adsorption could be well described by the pseudo second-order kinetics model, and was found to be strongly dependent on pH and humic acid. The Pb（Ⅱ）- and Cd（Ⅱ）-loaded microspheres were effectively desorbed using 0.01 mol/L HC1 or EDTA solution. NH2-MS have promise for use as adsorbents in the removal of Pb（Ⅱ） and Cd（Ⅱ） in wastewater treatment processes.