低温热能有机物朗肯循环发电系统的最佳负载特性实验研究

针对低温热能的回收利用,搭建了采用涡旋膨胀机的有机物朗肯循环发电实验系统,以异丁烷为工质,研究了热源温度和负载对小型有机物朗肯循环发电系统性能的影响.结果表明:在不同的热源温度和工质流量条件下,都存在一个最佳负载电阻,使得系统具有最大的发电功率、比发电功率和发电效率;在设计发电系统时,应为涡旋膨胀机匹配合适的永磁发电机和负载电阻,以使系统发挥最优性能;当热源温度不超过120℃时,系统的最大发电功率为1.05kW,最高发电效率为4.51%,膨胀机的最大转速和膨胀比分别可达2 922r/min和3.03.     

变冷凝工况地热有机朗肯循环发电系统

针对有机朗肯循环发电系统中冷凝介质温度随环境温度变化而变化,地热源载热流体参数恒定的问题,采用EES软件计算分析了饱和有机朗肯循环发电系统在使用工质R245fa和R601a时输出净功随冷凝介质温度变化的规律,同时分析了膨胀机最佳入口温度、膨胀比和工质流量3个主要参数的变化。结果表明：当地热流体温度为130 ℃,冷凝介质温度从30 ℃降到0 ℃时,有机工质在膨胀机入口的最佳温度升高且波动幅度达15 ℃,同时系统净输出功增长达120%;工质质量流量增加超过30%,膨胀比增大约2倍。     

回热式有机朗肯循环系统热力性能

膨胀机和工质泵作为有机朗肯循环系统的重要动力部件,在不同的热源温度下,合适的膨胀机及工质泵转速能够有效提高ORC系统的热效率。本文基于回热式ORC系统的热力学分析,选用R245fa为工质研究了膨胀机转速、工质泵转速以及热源温度对系统性能的影响。结果表明：膨胀机转速的增加使得工质质量流量、蒸发器换热量、膨胀机输出功和系统净输出功有所上升,而蒸发压力和热效率下降;工质泵转速的增加会使得工质质量流量、蒸发压力、蒸发器换热量及系统净输出功升高,系统热效率先增加后降低;热源温度的升高会导致蒸发压力下降,工质质量流量、蒸发器换热量、膨胀机输出功、净输出功及热效率均随之增加。     

基于有机朗肯循环的内燃机余热回收系统准动态模拟

作为一种有效的提高内燃机整体热功转化效率的技术手段,基于有机朗肯循环(organic rankine cycle,ORC)的内燃机余热回收技术受到越来越多的关注。通常来讲,组织合理的ORC的最关键的技术在于选择合理的循环工质和合适的膨胀机。对于车用内燃机余热回收,同时需要考虑内燃机的运行工况以及由此带来的烟气流量和温度的变化,以对余热回收系统进行有效的控制,达到最佳的工作效率。采用数值模拟的方法对内燃机排气进行余热回收,在不同软件环境下建立一维详细内燃机子模型和有机朗肯理想循环子模型,并将其进行耦合,达到根据内燃机工况变化进行准动态模拟的要求。通过对水,R123a和R245fa三种不同循环工质的考察发现,利用水作为循环工质具有最高的热效率,然而由于水是湿工质,大多情况下不能产生过热蒸汽,因而不适于作为余热回收的工质。对于两种有机制冷剂,R245fa比R123a具有更高的循环效率。通过对WHSC循环准动态模拟显示,需要对ORC的工质流量根据内燃机工况进行控制。通过目前较简单的控制,循环总效率可提高8.1%。     

基于总效率最优的中低温余热有机朗肯循环性能

为提高有机朗肯循环在回收中低温余热领域的效率,建立固定换热面积的蒸发器离散模型,分析变压力比、冷凝温度、蒸发温度和工质质量流率对有机朗肯循环性能的影响。研究结果表明:当蒸发温度和压力比一定时,存在不同的最佳冷凝温度使系统总效率和循环效率最高,其值分别可达8.95%和7.20%;当冷凝温度一定时,系统总效率随蒸发温度升高而增加;系统总效率与工质质量流率变化规律一致;而除在蒸发温度变化工况下,冷却水温度对系统总效率的影响不超过0.23%。     

双螺杆水蒸气膨胀机的研究与开发

针对双螺杆水蒸气膨胀机的工作过程进行了理论研究,结果表明,在欠、过膨胀工作过程中回收功减少,且当压差相等时欠膨胀引起的做功能力下降幅度较小。通过研究内容积比、进口蒸汽热力参数和欠、过膨胀对双螺杆水蒸气膨胀机回收功和容积流量影响时发现:内容积比存在最优值,其可使膨胀机回收功最大;欠膨胀会导致膨胀功下降,膨胀机的容积流量减少。由此,提出了双螺杆膨胀机的经济性设计思路:在大中型双螺杆膨胀机的设计时宜采用欠膨胀工况,使膨胀终了压力接近且略大于出口背压,相应的内容积比小于最优内容积比。采用该思路进行设计,不仅可以得到较好的回收功,而且可使得膨胀机容积流量减少、经济性提高,为指导双螺杆膨胀机的设计提供借鉴。     

发动机双回路朗肯循环的性能分析和参数优化

为提高发动机余热回收中双回路有机朗肯循环(DORC)的余热回收效率,通过热力学第一定律,建立包括蒸发器、涡轮、冷凝器和泵的有机朗肯循环模型。基于该模型,研究高温回路工质(R123、R245fa、R141b和水)、蒸发压力(1~7 MPa)和涡轮入口温度(480~680 K)对发动机余热回收系统性能的影响规律,以系统净输出功、热效率和效率为评判标准,找到最佳工质和热力参数。结果显示,高温回路蒸发压力的增加,对所有工质都有明显优化作用,而当工质被加热成过热气体后再进入涡轮做功,对湿工质水而言,过热度增大,系统性能提高,对干工质R245fa和等熵工质R123、R141b,过热度增大却没有明显优化甚至有恶化作用。水工质DORC表现最好,相应的净输出功、热效率和效率分别为95.44 k W、13.84%和63.20%。考虑系统的换热面积,R123是四种工质中最理想的工质,对应的单位换热面积的净功量为6.39 k W/m~2。     

低温级以CO2为工质的复叠式制冷循环热力学分析

传统的复叠式制冷循环通常采用的几种工质破坏臭氧层且温室效应较强，为此，对低温级以CO2为工质的复叠式制冷系统进行热力学理论分析，计算了不同蒸发温度下最佳COP及其对应的低温循环冷凝温度和流量比．通过对几种工质组合(R22-R12，R134a-CO2，NH3-CO2，R290-CO2，CO2-CO2，CO2-CO2加膨胀机)的比较，可发现自然工质的COP与传统工质的相当．综合考虑环境因素及设备的选择，自然工质系统值得推荐．     

低温余热回收用涡旋膨胀机性能模拟研究

采用R123为循环工质,建立了应用于低温余热回收系统中涡旋膨胀机工作过程的数学模型,分析了吸、排气损失和泄漏、传热对涡旋膨胀机工作过程的影响.结果表明:涡旋膨胀机实际工作过程与理论过程存在偏差,吸气和排气过程存在压力损失,整个过程中伴随着泄漏与热传递;膨胀腔内工质的质量在吸气结束时低于理论值,膨胀过程中工质的质量先减小再增大;实际输气量和输出功率随转速的增加而增大,但增加量随转速的增加而减小;容积效率随转速的增加而增大;降低径向和轴向间隙可以提高膨胀机的容积效率.     

不同热源温度的低温热能-LNG双级有机朗肯循环经济分析及优化

有机朗肯循环可高效地同时回收低温热能和LNG冷能。在3个不同的热源温度下,选定10种有机工质,以标准发电成本为目标函数,采用粒子群优化算法对带有直接膨胀循环的双级并联有机朗肯系统进行优化。结果表明,在100、125和150℃下,最优低温工质始终为氨,其最佳标准发电成本分别为0.4199、0.3997和0.3776￥/( kW·h)。在最佳经济性下,热源温度为150℃时,其静态投资回收期约为7.14年,动态投资回收期约为10.5年。各设备的投资成本占比中,换热器总占比最大,为60%以上,工质泵占比最小,约为17%。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with